List of monarchs of Nepal

Last updated

Prithvi Narayan Shah (oldest picture) (cropped).jpg
King Girvan Yuddhavikram Shah (1797-1816) (restoration) (cropped).jpg
Tribhuvan 1937 (cropped).jpg
Mahendra Ratna 1957 (cropped).jpg
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah c. 1967 (restoration).jpg
Gyanendra 01.jpg
From left to right, top to bottom: (a) Prithvi Narayan Shah, who began the unification process of the present-day country of Nepal; (b) Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah, during whose reign the British attacked Nepal and forced him to sign the Treaty of Sugauli, which defined the present-day borders; (c) Tribhuvan, who ended the Rana regime and reduced the role of the monarch to that of a figurehead; (d) Mahendra, who began direct rule by the king and introduced the Panchayat system; (e) Birendra, who made the country a constitutional monarchy; (f) Gyanendra, who was deposed and became the last king of Nepal.

The monarchs of Nepal were members of the Shah dynasty who ruled over the Kingdom of Nepal from 1743 to its dissolution in 2008. However, from 1846 until the 1951 revolution, the country was de facto ruled by the hereditary prime ministers from the Rana dynasty, reducing the role of the Shah monarch to that of a figurehead. [1] In November 1990, after the Jana Andolan movement, the new Constitution was adopted and the country became a constitutional monarchy. [2] The monarchy was abolished on 28 May 2008 by the 1st Constituent Assembly and the country was declared a federal parliamentary republic, in the aftermath of the 2006 Loktantra Andolan movement. [3] [4]

Contents

Prithvi Narayan Shah ascended the throne of the Gorkha Kingdom in 1743 after the death of his father Nara Bhupal Shah. [5] He founded Nepal after invading Nuwakot in 1744 which started the unification process of the present-day country of Nepal. [6] Shah died on 11 January 1775 after ruling for over 31 years; by the end of his reign, he had won over Nuwakot, Makwanpur, and Nepal Valley. [7] Upon Prithvi Narayan's death, his son Pratap Singh Shah was appointed as the king. [8] He died prematurely at the age of 26 in 1777; on the same day, his young son, Rana Bahadur Shah, became king with his mother, Queen Rajendra, and later his uncle, Bahadur Shah, as regent. [9] [10] Later Rana Bahadur abdicated the throne and his illegitimate son Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah became the king. [note 1] During the reign of Girvan, the Anglo-Nepalese War broke out, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816, resulting in Nepal losing a third of its territory. [15] The king died on 20 November 1816 after contracting smallpox. [16] Rajendra Bikram Shah succeeded his father at the age of three under the regency of his step-grandmother Queen Lalita Tripura Sundari Devi and Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa. [17] He declared that he would rule Nepal only with the advice of Rajya Lakshmi Devi and handed her all of his powers which led to the Kot massacre in 1846. [18] After the massacre, Jung Bahadur Rana rose to power and de facto ruled the country and started the Rana dynasty who ruled the country for over a century. [19] The next year, Rajendra was imprisoned by Jung Bahadur at Hanuman Dhoka and his son Surendra Bikram Shah ascended the throne. [20] His powers were limited; he died in 1881, three years after his eldest son, Trailokya. [21] Surendra's grandson Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah became the king, but like his grandfather, he did not have many powers. [22] Prithvi died prematurely at the age of 36 and his five-year-old son, Tribhuvan, succeeded him. [23]

In 1950, Tribhuvan went into exile at the Indian Embassy in a campaign aimed at removing the Ranas from power, in response Gyanendra, grandson of Tribhuvan was named the new king of Nepal by the Rana government. [24] Tribhuvan returned to Nepal after a mutual agreement between Ranas (which ended the Ranas rule) and was crowned the king again in 1951. [25] Upon Tribhuvan's death, Mahendra became king in 1955. [26] In 1960, he began the party-less political system, Panchayat. [27] During a hunting event, he suffered a heart attack, and his son Birendra assumed the throne in 1975, two years after his father's death. [28] [29] In 1990, pro-democracy riots broke out in Nepal, resulting in the country becoming a constitutional monarchy. [30] On 1 June 2001, the Nepalese royal family were killed in a mass shooting, including the king, and the government named Birendra's son Dipendra as the perpetrator. [31] Dipendra went into a coma after shooting himself and was declared king while in the coma; he died in hospital three days later. [32] [33] His uncle Gyanendra was crowned again and his reign saw the growing insurgency of the Nepalese Civil War. [34] In 2008, Gyanendra stepped down as the king of Nepal and the country became the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. [35] [36]

Monarchs

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Prithvi Narayan Shah
  • The Great [37]
  • पृथ्वीनारायण शाह
(1723-01-11)11 January 1723 [38] [39]  –11 January 1775(1775-01-11) (aged 52) [5] [27] 3 April 1743 [40] [note 2] 11 January 1775 (31 years, 314 days) [5] [27] Son of Nara Bhupal Shah Shah Prithvi Narayan Shah (oldest picture) (cropped).jpg
Pratap Singh Shah
  • प्रतापसिंह शाह
(1751-04-16)16 April 1751 [16]  –17 November 1777(1777-11-17) (aged 26) [42] 11 January 1775 [43] 17 November 1777 (2 years, 310 days) [43] Son of Prithvi Narayan ShahShah Pratap Singh Shah.jpg
Rana Bahadur Shah
  • रण बहादुर शाह
(1775-05-25)25 May 1775 [44]  –25 April 1806(1806-04-25) (aged 30) [45] 17 November 1777 [44] 8 March 1799 (21 years, 111 days) [14]
(abdicated)		Son of Pratap Singh ShahShah Rana Bahadur Shah.jpg
Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah
  • गीर्वाणयुद्ध विक्रम शाह
(1797-10-19)19 October 1797 [46]  –20 November 1816(1816-11-20) (aged 19) [47] [48] 8 March 1799 [49] [20] 20 November 1816 (17 years, 257 days) [47] [48] Son of Rana Bahadur ShahShah King Girvan Yuddhavikram Shah (1797-1816) (restoration) (cropped).jpg
Rajendra Bikram Shah
  • राजेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह
(1813-12-03)3 December 1813 [16]  –10 July 1881(1881-07-10) (aged 67) [16] 20 November 1816 [50] [42] 12 May 1847 (30 years, 173 days) [51]
(abdicated)		Son of Girvan Yuddha Bikram ShahShah King Bikram Shah Deva of Nepal (cropped).jpg
Surendra Bikram Shah
  • सुरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह
October 1829 [52]  –17 May 1881(1881-05-17) (aged 51) [53] 12 May 1847 [20] 17 May 1881 (34 years, 5 days) [53] Son of Rajendra Bikram ShahShah King Surendra Bikram Shah 1 (cropped).jpg
Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah
  • पृथ्वी वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1875-08-08)8 August 1875 [54] [55]  –11 December 1911(1911-12-11) (aged 36) [56] 17 May 1881 [57] [58] 11 December 1911 (30 years, 208 days) [56] Grandson of Surendra Bikram ShahShah Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah standing (cropped).png
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
(1st reign)
  • त्रिभुवन वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1906-06-30)30 June 1906 [56]  –13 March 1955(1955-03-13) (aged 48) [59] 11 December 1911 [60] 7 November 1950 (38 years, 331 days) [59]
(went into exile)		Son of Prithvi Bir Bikram ShahShah King Tribhuvan (cropped).png
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(1st reign)
  • ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
 (1947-07-07) 7 July 1947 (age 76) [33] 7 November 1950 [61] 7 January 1951 (61 days) [24]
(stepped down)		Grandson of Tribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahShah 2018.1.105(51-52) V (31945575448) (cropped).jpg
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
(2nd reign)
  • त्रिभुवन वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1906-06-30)30 June 1906 [56]  –13 March 1955(1955-03-13) (aged 48) [59] 7 January 1951 [62] 13 March 1955 (4 years, 65 days) [59] Son of Prithvi Bir Bikram ShahShah Tribhuvan 1937 (cropped).jpg
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah
  • महेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1920-06-11)11 June 1920 [63]  –31 January 1972(1972-01-31) (aged 51) [64] 13 March 1955 [65] 31 January 1972 (16 years, 324 days) [64] Son of Tribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahShah Mahendra Ratna 1957 (cropped).jpg
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah
  • वीरेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1945-12-28)28 December 1945 [66] [67]  –1 June 2001(2001-06-01) (aged 55) [31] [68] 31 January 1972 [note 3] [68] 1 June 2001 (29 years, 121 days) [31] [68]
( assassinated )		Son of Mahendra Bir Bikram ShahShah Birendra Bir Bikram Shah c. 1967 (restoration).jpg
Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah
  • दीपेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1971-06-27)27 June 1971 [69]  –4 June 2001(2001-06-04) (aged 29) [70] 1 June 2001 [note 4] [32] 4 June 2001 (3 days) [70]
( declared braindead )		Son of Birendra Bir Bikram ShahShah Crown Prince Dependra Bikram Shah Dev.jpg
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(2nd reign)
  • ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
 (1947-07-07) 7 July 1947 (age 76) [33]  –present4 June 2001 [71] 28 May 2008 (6 years, 359 days) [72]
(deposed)		Son of Mahendra Bir Bikram ShahShah Gyanendra 01.jpg

Timeline

Gyanendra Bir Bikram ShahDipendra Bir Bikram ShahBirendra Bir Bikram ShahMahendra Bir Bikram ShahTribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahGyanendra Bir Bikram ShahTribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahPrithvi Bir Bikram ShahSurendra Bikram ShahRajendra Bikram ShahGirvan Yuddha Bikram ShahRana Bahadur ShahPratap Singh ShahPrithvi Narayan ShahList of monarchs of Nepal

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ The king married Maithili Brahman widow Kantavati Jha after taking an oath to make their illegitimate son the heir apparent. Rana Bahadur Shah had two wives and children before marrying Kantavati. [11] [12] At Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah's birth, he was declared as the crown prince; within a year of his birth, Kantavati contracted tuberculosis and, in order to see Girvan become the king, Rana Bahadur abdicated the throne and placed his first wife, Raj Rajeshwari, as regent. [13] [14]
  2. ↑ as King of Gorkha Kingdom [41]
  3. ↑ He was officially crowned on 24 February 1975. [29]
  4. ↑ Reigned whilst in a coma, following the royal massacre. [70]

Citations

  1. ↑ J. Demy, Timothy; M. Shaw, Jeffrey (19 September 2019). Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. ISBN   978-1-4408-3933-7. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  2. ↑ Momen, Md Nurul (2020). Building Sustainable Communities. Springer Nature. p. 158. ISBN   978-981-15-2393-9. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  3. ↑ "Deposed Nepal king surrenders crown". The Guardian. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  4. ↑ "Nepalese celebrate opening of new era and end of monarchy (Published 2008)". The New York Times. 28 May 2008. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Shrestha, Nanda R. (8 February 2017). Historical Dictionary of Nepal. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23. ISBN   978-1-4422-7770-0. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  6. ↑ Devi, Sanasam Sandhyarani (28 December 2011). India Nepal Relations: Historical, Cultural and Political Perspective. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 10. ISBN   978-93-82573-35-7. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  7. ↑ Bhattarai, Krishna P. (2009). Nepal. Infobase Publishing. pp. 38–39. ISBN   978-1-4381-0523-9. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  8. ↑ Aryal, Krishna Raj (1975). Monarchy in the Making of Nepal. Aryal. p. 51. ASIN   B0006CNNJW. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  9. ↑ Parajulee, Ramjee P. (2000). The Democratic Transition in Nepal. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 28–29. ISBN   978-0-8476-9577-5. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  10. ↑ Adhikari, Indra (12 June 2015). Military and Democracy in Nepal. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN   978-1-317-58906-8. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  11. ↑ Rajopadhyaya, Alish (8 August 2020). "Rana Bahadur Shah: This 'insane' king of Nepal was also an example of social reforms". OnlineKhabar. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  12. ↑ Gregson, Jonathan (5 June 2002). Massacre at the Palace: The Doomed Royal Dynasty of Nepal. Miamax. p. 44. ISBN   978-0-7868-6878-0. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  13. ↑ Rolamba. Joshi Research Institute. 1985. p. 16. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  14. 1 2 Stiller, Ludwig F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center. p. 39. ASIN   B0000CQTQ3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Śreshṭha, Buddhi Nārāyaṇa (2003). Border Management of Nepal. Bhumichitra. p. 30. ISBN   978-99933-57-42-1. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Shreshtha, Chuda Bahadur (2004). Nepal, Coping with Maoist Insurgency. Chetana Lokshum. p. 282. ISBN   978-99946-31-88-9. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  17. ↑ Digby, William (1890). A Friend in Need, 1857; Friendship Forgotten, 1887: An Episode in Indian Foreign Office Administration. Indian Political Agency. p. 32. ISBN   978-1103767182. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  18. ↑ Singh, Mahendra Man (30 June 2013). Forever Incomplete: The Story of Nepal. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN   978-81-321-1805-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  19. ↑ Kosinski, L. A.; Elahi, K. M. (6 December 2012). Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 112. ISBN   978-94-009-5309-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  20. 1 2 3 Manandhar, Vijay Kumar (2004). A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. Adroit Publishers. p. 234. ISBN   978-81-87392-45-3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  21. ↑ Chambers's Encyclopaedia. G. Newnes. 1959. p. 276. ISBN   978-1343836129. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  22. ↑ Aryal, I. R.; Dhungyal, T. P. (1970). A New History of Nepal. Voice of Nepal; [distributor: Educational Enterprise. p. 184. ASIN   B0000CQPYF. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Steinberg, S. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. p. 1235. ISBN   978-0-230-27091-6. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  24. 1 2 Gautama, Rājeśa (2005). Nepali Congress. Adroit Publishers. p. 355. ISBN   978-81-87392-61-3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  25. ↑ Tuladhar, Daman Raj (1980). Contemporary Nepal, 1945-1955. Laxmi Publications. p. 22. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  26. ↑ Liu, Siyuan (5 February 2016). Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre. Routledge. p. 278. ISBN   978-1-317-27886-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  27. 1 2 3 Pradhan, Kumar (1991). The Gorkha Conquests: The Process and Consequences of the Unification of Nepal, with Particular Reference to Eastern Nepal. Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN   978-0195627237.
  28. ↑ Background Notes, Nepal. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. 1984. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  29. 1 2 Weinraub, Bernard (24 February 1975). "World's Only Hindu King Is Crowned in Nepal Ritual (Published 1975)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
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