Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is itself surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south, Turkmenistan to the south-west. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic languages world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. While the Uzbek language is the majority spoken language in Uzbekistan, Russian is widely used as an inter-ethnic tongue and in government. Islam is the majority religion in Uzbekistan, most Uzbeks being non-denominational Muslims. In ancient times it largely overlapped with the region known as Sogdia, and also with Bactria.
Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan.
Kokand is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. Administratively, Kokand is a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlement Muqimiy. The population of Kokand as of 2022 was approximately 259,700. The city lies 228 km (142 mi) southeast of Tashkent, 115 km (71 mi) west of Andijan, and 88 km (55 mi) west of Fergana. It is nicknamed "City of Winds".
Russian Turkestan was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. It was populated by speakers of Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik.
The Emirate of Bukhara was a Muslim-Uzbek polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.
The Khanate of Bukhara was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids. From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its capital during the reign of Ubaidullah Khan. The Khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Abu'l-Khayrid ruler, the scholarly Abdullah Khan II.
`Alimqul was a warlord in the Kokand Khanate, and its de facto ruler from 1863 to 1865.
Altun Bishik is a mythological figure through whom the Khanate of Kokand claimed descent from the Timurid dynasty.
The Syr-Darya Oblast was one of the oblasts of the Russian Empire, a part of Russian Turkestan. Its center was Tashkent.
Sayid Muhammad Khudayar Khan, usually abbreviated to Khudayar Khan, was a Khan of Kokand who reigned between 1845 and 1875 with interruptions. He was the son of Shir Ali Khan. During the reign of Khudayar Khan, the Khanate was suffering from a civil war and from interventions of the Emir of Bukhara. Subsequently, the Russian invasion into Central Asia first forced the Khanate to become a vassal of the Russian Empire, and in 1876 the Khanate was abolished as a result of the suppression of an uprising. In 1875, Khudayar Khan, who took a pro-Russian position, during the uprising had to flee to Orenburg in Russia. He died in exile.
Muhammad Ali Khan, commonly referred to as Madali Khan, was the official Khan of Kokand from c. 1822 to 1842. He became the official ruler of Kokand at the age of 14 after his father Muhammad Umar Khan died of an illness in 1822, although some sources claim his mother Mohlaroyim was really in charge due to Madali's young age and inexperience.
Alim Khan was the Khan of Kokand c. 1801 to 1810. He became Khan after the death of his father Narbuta Bey.
Narbuta Bek was the Khan of Kokand from c. 1764 to 1801. He was the grandson of Abdul Karim Bek his only successor of not killed by Irdana Bek in a coup for power. He had three sons: Alim, Umar, and Shahrukh. His son Alim succeeded him as khan until he was overthrown by Umar.
Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan, also known as Malla-Khan, was the Khan of Kokand from 1858 to 1862; he was the son of Shir Ali Khan and the stepbrother of Khudayar Khan. He was assassinated in 1862 and succeeded by his seventeen-year-old stepbrother Shah Murad Khan, who ruled for only several days until Muhammad Khudayar Khan came back to power.
Shir Ali Khan was the Khan of Kokand from June 1842 to 1845. He belonged to the Ming tribe that ruled Kokand.
The Turkestan Autonomy or Kokand Autonomy was a short-lived state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917 and existed until 22 February 1918. It was a secular republic, headed by a president.
Abd al-Rahim Biy - the second ruler from the Uzbek dynasty of Ming in the Kokand Khanate.
Kazakh invasion of Northern Bukhara also known as a Kazakh invasion of Mā Warāʾ an-Nahr was a military campaign of the Kazakh Khanate led by Tawakkul Khan against the Khanate of Bukhara in 1598 and 1599.
"Conquest of Central Asia by Russia". By the 1820s, goods produced in the British Empire began to compete with products imported from the Russia. Great Britain had begun to openly state its remedies for Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia. In order to strengthen its position in the Asian markets, Russia created preferential customs conditions for bringing Russian products to the region. By the time of Nikolay I, the diplomatic and military influence of tsarist Russia in the region increased. 1834 Novo-Aleksandrovsk fortress was built at the crossroads leading to Uzbek khanates. At the end of 1839 and at the beginning of 1840, Count Perovsky, the governor-general of Orenburg, organized an unsuccessful winter military campaign against Khiva Khanate. In 1847, General Oruchev conquered the northeastern coast of the Aral Sea and founded the fortress of Raim (Kazalinsk). Island flotilla consisting of steamships "Nikolay" and "Konstantin" was established. By the years 1850–55, Kumushkurgan, Chimkurgan, Koshkurgan, Okmachit fortresses belonging to the Kokand Khanate, and the Ili River valley, where the Verniy fortress was later built, were captured by Russian troops. was captured. During the reign of Alexander II, the conquest of Central Asia became one of the priorities of the foreign policy of the empire. The attacks of the military units of the Kokand Khanate on the Russian settlements established in southern Kazakhstan, the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and the shores of the Aral Sea became a pretext for the acceleration of the march to the south. In 1865, Major General M. G. Chernyaev captured Tashkent and forced the city elders to sign a peace treaty. Emperor Alexander II issued an order to the governor-general of Orenburg and noted that if the people of Tashkent wish to accept Russian citizenship, it is necessary to satisfy their wish. In 1866, Russian troops captured Khojand and Jizzakh fortress. Chinoz fortress was built. The territories of Khojand and Chirchigorty were transferred to Russia. In July 1867, according to the emperor's decree, the Turkestan military district headed by the governor-general was established. In 1868, the troops of the Turkistan Military District under the command of Adjutant General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman started military operations against the Bukhara Khanate. In May, Russian troops approached Samarkand and occupied the city without a fight. In June, Bukhara Emir signed a peace treaty. Zarafskhan district was established. General Abramov's division captures Karshi and returns it to the emir of Bukhara. Shahrisabz and Kitab were occupied as a result of Major General Abramov's military operations in 1870. Shahrisabz and Kitab estates will be handed over to the emir of Bukhara. In 1873, as a result of extensive military operations, a campaign was organized from Turkestan, Mangishlok and Orenburg to Khiva Khanate. 49 companies, 32 hundredths, 34 guns and 2 steamers were involved in military operations. By May, the Hazorasp fortress was conquered, and soon Khiva, Kungirot, Khojayli, Mangit fortresses and Gurlan Bey surrendered. In August, a peace treaty was concluded with the Khanate of Khiva. The Khanate of Khiva accepted Russian vassalage, and the rule of Muhammad Rahim Bahadir Khan (Feruz) was preserved. In the fall of 1873, a new political agreement was signed with the Khanate of Bukhara. As a result of the military operations of 1875–1876, the Fergana Valley uprising against Khudoyar Khan and the Russian government was suppressed. Then the Kokan Khanate was abolished and the Fergana region within Russia was established. In 1881, the Akhal-Tekin oasis surrendered under fierce attacks of Russian troops, Ashkhabad was conquered. A convention was signed between Russia and Iran aimed at defining the border. In 1884 Marv surrendered. In 1885, the Turkmen tribes living in the Pendin and Murgob oases received Russian citizenship. Kushka has become the southernmost border town of Russia. Thus, by the 80s of the 19th century, the process of formation of Russia's borders in Central Asia came to an end. In 1895, between the Russia and Britain governments, an agreement was signed to confirm the spheres of influence with the dividing line in the Pamir Mountains.
The siege of Tashkent was the last major clash in the Russo-Kokand war, fought between the Khanate of Kokand and the Russian Empire. The battle would cause the death of the then de-facto leader of Kokand Alimqul, and the weakening of the khanate as a whole. The Russian Empire would annex the city, strengthening its position in Central Asia, and facilitating it's later conquest of Bukhara.
