Uzes (people)

Last updated

Uzes were a group of medieval Turkic people in East Europe. They were known as Tork in Russian chronicles. [1] Like most medieval Turkic people, they were Tengrists.

Contents

Early years

The roots of Uzes can be traced back to Oghuz Yabgu State (750-1055) located to the east of Caspian Sea. Oghuz State was the neighbour of the Khazar Khaganate in the west and north of the Caspian Sea. Oghuz-Khazar relations were not stable. Oghuz State was sometimes an ally and sometimes an enemy of the powerful Khazar Khaganate. In the 10th century a group of Oghuz people fought in the Khazar army. [2] (Dukak, the father of Seljuk was one of them.) They fought mainly against Pechenegs, a rival Turkic people. After the Khazar Khaganate disintegrated, they had to move west because of Kypchaks raids from the east. [3]

Later years

In 1054 they settled around Dnieper river. However five years later they were defeated by the Kievan Rus. They further moved west to Danube river where they were repelled by their old enemy the Pechenegs in 1065. After 1065 they paid homage to Byzantine Empire and the Russian princes. Most of them converted to Christianity. They served as soldiers in the Byzantine Empire. During the battle of Manzikert between the Byzantines and the Seljuks in 1071 they served in the right flank of the Byzantine army. However, according to some accounts they switched sides and contributed to the Seljuks victory. [1]

Uzes settled in Marmara, Western Black Sea, Central Black Sea, Central Anatolia and Thrace, most of them hybrid with Turkmens and assimilated to Muslim Oghuz Turks. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [ excessive citations ]

Aftermath

Some Turkologists including Vasily Radlov proposed that Gagauz people and some of the Manav People are descendant of Uzes. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] According to that view the origin of the name Gagauz is Gök Oguz ("Sky Oghuz"). However this view is not universally accepted by other scholars. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oghuz Turks</span> Western Turkic people

The Oghuz Turks were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in Central Asia. The name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for "tribe". Byzantine sources call the Oghuz the Uzes. By the 10th century, Islamic sources were calling them Muslim Turkmens, as opposed to Tengrist or Buddhist. By the 12th century, this term had passed into Byzantine usage and the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim. The term "Oghuz" was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by the terms Turkmen and Turcoman, from the mid-10th century on, a process which was completed by the beginning of the 13th century.

Seljuk Beg was an Oghuz Turkic warlord, eponymous founder of the Seljuk dynasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gagauz people</span> Turkic ethnic group of southern Moldova and southwestern Ukraine

The Gagauz are a Turkic ethnic group native to southern Moldova and southwestern Ukraine (Budjak). Gagauz are mostly Eastern Orthodox Christians. The term Gagauz is also often used as a collective naming of Turkic people living in the Balkans, speaking Gagauz language, a language separated from Balkan Gagauz Turkish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kipchaks</span> Medieval Turkic nomadic people of Central Asia and Europe

The Kipchaks or Qipchaks, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were a Turkic nomadic people and confederation that existed in the Middle Ages, inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the 8th century as part of the Second Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the Kimek Khanate and later as part of a confederation with the Cumans. There were groups of Kipchaks in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, China, Syr Darya and Siberia. The Cuman–Kipchak confederation was conquered by the Mongols in the early 13th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Rum</span> Turkish state in central Anatolia from 1077 to 1308

The Sultanate of Rum was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). The name Rûm was a synonym for the medieval Eastern Roman Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. The name is derived from the Aramaic (rhπmÈ) and Parthian (frwm) names for ancient Rome, itself ultimately a loan from Greek Ῥωμαῖοι (Romaioi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akçakoca</span> Municipality in Düzce, Turkey

Akçakoca is a town in Düzce Province, in the East Marmara region of Turkey, located about 200 km east of Istanbul. It is the seat of Akçakoca District. Its population is 27,878 (2022). The town was named after a Turkish chieftain of the 14th century CE who captured the area for the Ottoman Empire, and sports a statue in his honor. The town features a modern mosque of unusual design. Tourist attractions include beaches and a small ruined Genoese castle. It is the regional center of hazelnut cultivation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pechenegs</span> Extinct Oghuz Turkic people

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a semi-nomadic Oghuz Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cumans</span> Turkic nomadic people

The Cumans, also known as Polovtsians or Polovtsy, were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language.

Cuman or Kuman was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing. It was a literary language in Central and Eastern Europe that left a rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language of the Golden Horde.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seljuk dynasty</span> Oghuz Turkic dynasty

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which at their heights stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkic migration</span> Historical expansion of Turkic tribes and languages

The Turkic migrations were the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 6th and 11th centuries. In the 6th century, the Göktürks overthrew the Rouran Khaganate in what is now Mongolia and expanded in all directions, spreading Turkic culture throughout the Eurasian steppes. Although Göktürk empires came to an end in the 8th century, they were succeeded by numerous Turkic empires such as the Uyghur Khaganate, Kara-Khanid Khanate, Khazars, and the Cumans. Some Turks eventually settled down into sedentary societies such as the Qocho and Ganzhou Uyghurs. The Seljuq dynasty settled in Anatolia starting in the 11th century, resulting in permanent Turkic settlement and presence there. Modern nations with large Turkic populations include Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and Turkic populations also exist within other nations, such as Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, the Crimean Tatars, the Kazakhs in Mongolia, the Uyghurs in China, the Azeri in Iran, and the Sakha Republic in Siberia.

The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qiniq (tribe)</span> Oghuz-Turkmen tribe

Qiniq also spelled Qïnïq, Qynyk or Qynyq, was an Oghuz Turkic tribe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the western steppe</span>

This article summarizes the History of the western steppe, which is the western third of the Eurasian steppe, that is, the grasslands of Ukraine and southern Russia. It is intended as a summary and an index to the more-detailed linked articles. It is a companion to History of the central steppe and History of the eastern steppe. All dates are approximate since there are few exact starting and ending dates. This summary article does not list the uncertainties, which are many. For these, see the linked articles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkoman (ethnonym)</span> Medieval ethnohistorical term used for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin

Turkoman, also known as Turcoman, was a term for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin, widely used during the Middle Ages. Oghuz Turks were a western Turkic people that, in the 8th century A.D, formed a tribal confederation in an area between the Aral and Caspian seas in Central Asia, and spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.

Turkic history is the history of Turkic peoples. The Göktürks were the first state established under the name of Turk.

A reason for the longevity of the Byzantine Empire is how they managed their foreign relations. When excluding the Roman Empire of which the Byzantine Empire is a direct continuation of, it still stands as the longest living regime to have ruled in Europe. Armed combat was the primary method with the evolved traditions of the Roman Empire, however Byzantine diplomacy which eventuated with their many treaties was used extensively as well. A lot of what we know of the world during the Middle Ages comes from the records of Byzantine scholars, which were detailing the Empire's interactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manavs</span> Anatolian Turkish tribe

Manavs or Manav Turks; are Hanafi Sunni Turkic people living in northwest Anatolia, especially in Sakarya, Bilecik, Balıkesir, Bursa, Çanakkale, Kocaeli, Eskişehir, Bolu and Düzce provinces. Manav; Which the Byzantine Empire placed as a buffer from the Balkans to Western Anatolia, refers to the people formed by the mixing of the Cuman, Uzes, Pecheneg Turks with the Oghuz Turks.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sümer, Faruk (2007). "Oğuzlar". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 325–330. ISBN   978-975-389-455-5.
  2. ↑ Essay by Osman Karatay Turkish history page
  3. ↑ Turkish history research page (in Turkish)
  4. ↑ “Paid Turkic Soldiers in the Byzantine Army (XI.-XII. Centuries)”, Selçuk University Journal of Turkic Studies, P. 25, 2009, p. 53-69.
  5. ↑ “The Byzantine Empire's Transfer of Cuman-Area Communities from the Balkans to Anatolia Against the Turkish Expansion in Western Anatolia”
  6. ↑ “IV. Two Rivals Struggling in Western Anatolia After the Crusade: The Latin Kingdom of Istanbul and the Empire of Nicaea”, Cihannüma Journal of History and Geography Studies, p.1, July, 2015, p. 9-25.
  7. ↑ The Late Byzantine Army Arms and Society 1204-1453, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1992
  8. ↑ BASKICI, M. Murat, Anatolian Economic and Social Structure in the Byzantine Era (900-1261), 2nd Edition, Phoenix Publishing House, Ankara, 2009.
  9. ↑ BELDICEANU-STEINHERR, Irene, “Non-Muslim Population in Bithynia (second half of 14th century - first half of 15th century)” , Ottoman Principality 1300-1389, ed. Elizabeth A. Zacharadou, trans. Gul Cagali Guven, Ismail Yergun, Tülin Altinova, 2nd Edition, History Foundation Yurt Publishing, Istanbul, 1997, p. 8-22.
  10. ↑ GOLUBOVSKİY, P.V., Peçenegi, Torki i Polovtsı Rus i Step Do Nashestviya Tatar, Veche, Moskva, 2011.
  11. ↑ The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261-1453, trans. . Bilge Umar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  12. ↑ ÖZTÜRK, Meriç T., The Provincial Aristocracy In Byzantine Asia Minor (1081-1261), Boğaziçi University, Unpublished Master Thesis, İstanbul, 2013 .
  13. ↑ VASARY, Istvan, Cumans and Tatars Eastern Soldiers in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans (1185-1365), 2nd Edition, trans. Ali Cevat Akkoyunlu, Yapı Kredi Publications, Istanbul, 2015
  14. ↑ WOLF, Robert Lee, “The Latin Empire Of Constantinople 1204-1261”, A History Of The Crusaders, Volume II Later Crusades (1189-1311), General ed. Kenneth M. Setton, ed. by. Robert Lee Wolf and Harry W. Hazard, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Milwaukee and London, 1969, p. 187-233.
  15. ↑ “A Broken Miror: The Kipchak World In The Thirteenth Century”, The Other Europe in the Middle Ages, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, ed. by. Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2008, p. 379-412.
  16. ↑ KEÇİŞ, Murat, “XIII.-XIV. Northwest Anatolian Road Networks According to Century Byzantine and Islamic Sources”, Belleten, C. LXXVII, P. 280, 2013, Ankara, p. 849-874.
  17. ↑ Özdemİr, Mustafa (2017). "14-17. Yüzyillar Arasinda Anadolu'ya Gelen Türk Göçlerİ Ve Anadolu'nun Doğusunda Meydana Gelen Demografİk Değİşmeler" [Between The 14th And 18th Centuries, Turkish Migration In Anatolia And Changes In The Demographic Structure Of The Eastern Anatolia]. Akra International Journal Of Culture Art Literature And Educational Sciences (in Turkish). 5 (12): 51–76.
  18. ↑ Yalvar, C. (2021). "ANADOLU'DA SON TÜRK İSKÂNI: İZNİK İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA KUMAN-KIPÇAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) İLE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KÖYLERİNDEKİ VARLIKLARI" [LAST TURKISH SETTLEMENT IN ANATOLIA: KUMAN-KIPÇAKS IN THE İZNİK EMPIRE AND ITS ASSETS IN THE VILLAGES OF YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) AND ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) VILLAGES]. Turkish World Studies (in Turkish). 127: 11–36. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Anadolu'ya yerleştirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)".
  20. ↑ Yilmaz, Adil (2018). "Bızans'in Anadolu'ya Yerleştırdığı Son Türkler" [The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium]. Eski̇çağ Araştirmalari Dergi̇si̇[Journal of Ancient Researches] (in Turkish) (3): 29–32.
  21. ↑ "Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav Türkmen Ağızları Üzerine Birkaç Not" (PDF).
  22. ↑ "Muharrem ÖÇALAN SAKARYA- İZMİT YÖRESİ YERLEŞİK TÜRKMENLERİ MANAV AĞIZLARINDA ÖTÜMSÜZ PATLAYICI ÜNSÜZ DEĞİŞMELERİ" (PDF).
  23. ↑ Acar, Kenan. "GAGAVUZ TÜRKÇESİ İLE KOCAELİ YERLİ (MANAV) AĞIZLARI ARASINDAKİ PARALELLİKLER, 2022, VI. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, PARALLELS BETWEEN GAGAVUZ TURKISH AND KOCAELİ NATİVE TURK (MANAV) DİALECTS, Kenan Acar, 2022, VI. International Turkish World Social Sciences Symposium".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.