Tuva

Last updated

Tuva Republic
Republic
Республика Тыва
Other transcription(s)
 • TuvanТыва Республика
Anthem: Men – Tyva Men
Map of Russia - Tuva.svg
Coordinates: 51°47′N94°45′E / 51.783°N 94.750°E / 51.783; 94.750 Coordinates: 51°47′N94°45′E / 51.783°N 94.750°E / 51.783; 94.750
CountryRussia
Federal district Siberian [1]
Economic region East Siberian [2]
EstablishedMarch 31, 1992
Capital Kyzyl
Government
 • Body Great Khural [3]
 •  Head [4] Sholban Kara-ool [5]
Area
[6]
 • Total170,500 km2 (65,800 sq mi)
Area rank 21st
Population
 • Rank 77th
 •  Rural
46.9%
Time zone UTC+7 (MSK+4   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg [7] )
ISO 3166 code RU-TY
License plates 17
OKTMO ID93000000
Official languagesRussian; [8]   Tuvan [9]
Website http://gov.tuva.ru/
Tuva
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic Тувагийн
Russian name
Russian Тыва́
Romanization Tyva
Tuvan name
Tuvan Тыва Республика
Tuvan Transliteration name
Tuvan TransliterationTyva Respublika
Hindiktig-hol lake, Tuva. Hindiktig-hol.JPG
Hindiktig-hol lake, Tuva.

Tuva ( /ˈtuːvə/ ; Russian : Тува́) or Tyva (Tuvan : Тыва), officially the Tyva Republic (Russian:Респу́блика Тыва́, tr. Respublika Tyva,IPA:  [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva] ; Tuvan : Тыва Республика, romanized: Tyva Respublika [tʰɯˈʋa resˈpʰuplika] ), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic, also defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a state). [10]

Contents

The Tuvan republic lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and Mongolia to the south. The region is also claimed by the Taiwanese major political party Kuomintang as part of the Republic of China. In the 2010 Russian census, the territory claimed a population of 307,930 (2010 census). [11] Its capital is the city of Kyzyl.

From 1921 to 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent, but partially recognized nation, acknowledged only by its neighbors the Soviet Union and Mongolia. [12] It was known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926 and thereafter as the Tuvan People's Republic. [13] A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. Tuva is governed by the Great Khural, which elects a chairman to four-year terms.

History

Map of the Tuva Republic. Tuva republic map.png
Map of the Tuva Republic.

The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC –93 AD) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the Yenisei Kyrgyz (7th –13th century), Mongol Empire (1206–1271), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758). [14] Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds, inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan republic. [14]

From 1758 to 1911, it was part of China's Qing dynasty and administered by Outer Mongolia. [15] During the Xinhai Revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups. [16] Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing protectorate over the then independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers were already settled in Tuva at that time. [17] Tuva became nominally independent as the Uryankhay Republic before being brought under Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914. [18]

A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar"). [19] Meanwhile, in 1911 Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Aleksandr Kolchak's White Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named the governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav. [20]

From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic, popularly called Tannu-Tuva. In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl , meaning "red". Tuva was de jure an independent state between the World Wars. The state's first ruler, Prime Minister Donduk, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Kremlin, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East. [21]

In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943 Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically reduced. [22]

Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament) but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic after the Soviet victory in World War II. [23] Salchak Toka, the leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973. [24] It became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, on 10 October 1961. [23]

Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tuva in 2007 Vladimir Putin in Tuva 2007-54.jpg
Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tuva in 2007

In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei, a philologist at Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both were in short supply), and also to improve the status of Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks and attacks on outlying settlements with 168 murdered. [25] Russian troops eventually were called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access. [26]

Tuva was a signatory to the 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. A new constitution for the republic was drawn up on 22 October 1993. This created a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a Grand Khural, which deals with local legislation. [27] This constitution was passed by 53.9% (or 62.2%, according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993. [28] At the same time, the official name was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва). [29]

Geography

The geographic "center of Asia", 2015 Tsentr Azii avgust 2015g.jpg
The geographic "center of Asia", 2015

The republic is situated in the far south of Siberia. Its capital city of Kyzyl is located near the geographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, and the west is a drier lowland.

Biosphere reserve

Landscape of Tuva Schast'e ne za gorami, schast'e v gorakh!.jpg
Landscape of Tuva
Little Yenisey in Tuva The Kaa-Khem River in Tuva.jpg
Little Yenisey in Tuva
Ubsunur Hollow Tuvinskie prostory.jpg
Ubsunur Hollow

Rivers

There are over 8,000 rivers in the republic. The area includes the upper course of the Yenisei River, the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries. There are also numerous mineral springs in the area.

Major rivers include:

Lakes

There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes, including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km2) – the largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site).

Mountains

The area of the republic is a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of the territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier.

Natural resources

Major natural mineral resources of Tuva include coal, iron ore, gold, and cobalt. Fauna include sable, lynx, wolverine, weasel, maral, Siberian ibex, musk deer, bears, snow leopards, ground squirrels, flying foxes, and eagles.

Climate

Administrative divisions

The Tuva Republic is administratively divided into seventeen districts and two cities under republic jurisdiction (urban okrugs) (Kyzyl and Ak-Dovurak). The districts are further subdivided into sumons (rural settlements), towns under district jurisdiction (urban settlements), and urban-type settlements.

Demographics

Population: 307,930 (2010 Census); [11] 305,510 (2002 Census); [31] 309,129 (1989 Census). [32]

Vital statistics

Vital statistics
Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service [33]
YearsAverage population (x 1000)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Fertility rates
19702336,5591,9384,62128.28.319.8
19752536,9502,3064,64427.59.118.4
19802727,1332,7484,38526.210.116.1
19852878,1102,6245,48628.39.119.1
19903098,1162,6645,45226.38.617.73.22
19913047,2712,8734,39823.99.514.52.97
19923036,5453,0063,53921.69.911.72.68
19933026,1303,4802,65020.311.58.82.50
19943036,0764,0861,99020.113.56.62.46
19953046,1724,0102,16220.313.27.12.47
19963055,7054,1101,59518.713.55.22.25
19973054,9083,95495416.112.93.11.91
19983065,2673,6311,63617.211.95.42.02
19993064,8944,14275216.013.52.51.86
20003064,8714,17070115.913.62.31.83
20013054,9924,16582716.313.62.71.85
20023055,7274,5761,15118.815.03.82.10
20033056,2764,6331,64320.615.25.42.28
20043046,1274,0902,03720.213.56.72.19
20053035,9794,3261,65319.814.35.52.11
20063025,9503,8022,14819.712.67.12.06
20073027,5683,6873,88125.112.212.92.60
20083037,8743,5264,34826.011.614.32.68
20093058,2423,6664,57627.012.015.02.97
20103078,2623,5664,69626.911.615.33.03
20113088,4783,4035,07527.511.016.53.25
20123108,2663,4714,79526.711.215.53.35
20133118,1113,3994,72826.110.915.23.42
20143137,9213,4194,50225.310.914.43.48
20153157,4893,2584,23123.810.313.53.39
20163177,4213,1124,30923.29.813.43.35
20173206,9772,7884,18921.98.713.23.19
20183236,5392,8573,68220.28.811.42.97
20193266,1582,7183,44018.68.310.32.72

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census, [11] Tuvans make up 82.0% of the republic's population. Other groups include Russians (16.3%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group		1959 census1970 census1979 census1989 census2002 census2010 census1
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Tuvans 97,99657.0%135,30658.6%161,88860.5%198,44864.3%235,31377.0%249,29982.0%
Russians 68,92440.1%88,38538.3%96,79336.2%98,83132.0%61,44220.1%49,43416.3%
Khakas 1,7261.0%2,1200.9%2,1930.8%2,2580.7%1,2190.4%8770.3%
Others3,2821.9%5,0532.2%6,7252.5%9,0202.9%7,5262.5%4,4271.4%
18,689 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [34]

As can be seen above, during the period 1959–2010 there has been more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 50% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan (Turkic) and Russian (Slavic).

Tuvans in 2016 Sai khonash posetiteli.jpg
Tuvans in 2016

Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as the atheist ideology crept in, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream. [35]

Ethnic Russians make up 34.3% of the population (as of 2010 Census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers. [36] Russians account for 29.1% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 28.4% in Kyzyl. [37]

Religion

Buddhist temple of Kyzyl (Tsechenlin'/Tsechenling). Buddiiskii khram "Tsechenlig".jpg
Buddhist temple of Kyzyl (Цеченлиң/Tsechenling).
Religion in Tuva as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas) [38] [39]
Buddhism
 
61.8%
Atheism and irreligion
 
11.8%
Tengrism and Tuvan Shamanism
 
8%
Spiritual but not religious
 
7.6%
Other and undeclared
 
7.2%
Other Christians
 
1.4%
Protestantism
 
1.4%
Russian Orthodoxy
 
0.8%

Two religions are widespread among the people of Tuva: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism. Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama. In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days. [40] On September 20, he blessed and consecrated the yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days previously. [41]

The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions. [42]

Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of the Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries. [43] During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing. [44] [45]

Shamanism is being revived as well, including in organized Tengrian forms.

According to a 2012 survey, [38] 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism, 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity, 1% to Protestantism. In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist. [38]

Politics

President of the Republic of Tuva Sholban Kara-ool (right) in 2016 Podpisaniia soglasheniia.jpg
President of the Republic of Tuva Sholban Kara-ool (right) in 2016

The head of the government in Tuva is the Chairman of the Government, who is elected for a four-year term. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak. As of 2007, the Chairman of the Government was Sholban Kara-ool. Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural, has 162 seats; each deputy is elected to serve a four-year term. The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992.

The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993. On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool, 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva. [46] Sholban Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007. [47]

Economy

A coal mine in Tuva Chadan ugol.jpg
A coal mine in Tuva

Tuva has a developing mining industry (coal, cobalt, gold, and more). Food processing, timber, and metalworking industries are also well-developed. Most of the industrial production is concentrated in the capital Kyzyl and in Ak-Dovurak. According to the HDI, the Republic of Tuva is the least developed region in Russia.

Tourism

Tuva is a region with a unique history, culture, and nature. All native zones of the Earth except savanna (even rainforest, see Southern Siberian rainforest) are featured in Tuva. There are more than 100 mineral springs in Tuva. The biggest of which are the warm mineral springs Ush-Beldir and Tarys, the temperature of the water is 52-85 °C.

Cold mineral springs and salt lakes are popular among tourists and the general population for their medicinal qualities. The geographical location of Tuva between the east-Siberian taiga and central-Asian landscape engenders a wealth of flora and fauna.

Tuva landscape Gory Tuvy.jpg
Tuva landscape

Transportation

Tuva does not have a railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there. [48]

Culture

Wrestling competition in stadium "Khuresh" (from Tuvan, a reversed spelling of "Khuresh"). Tuvan wrestlers 3.jpg
Wrestling competition in stadium "Хүреш" (from Tuvan, a reversed spelling of "Khuresh").
A yurt in Tos Bulak. Yurt in Tos Bulak.jpg
A yurt in Tos Bulak.
Tuvan throat singer Kongar-ool Ondar. Kongar-ool na rodovom meste.jpg
Tuvan throat singer Kongar-ool Ondar.

Traditionally the Tuvan people are a Central Asian yurt-dwelling nomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music features Tuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which the singer sings a fundamental tone and an overtone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by the Tuva National Orchestra, on events such as the 'International Khoomei Day', held at the National Tuvinian Theatre, Kyzyl. [49]

The singer Sainkho Namtchylak has an international following. Namtchylak is also very involved with Tuvan culture, every year inviting Western musicians to perform in Kyzyl and to learn about Tuva, its culture, and its music.

In recent years, Kongar-ool Ondar, another Tuvan throat singer, has become well known in the West, in large part because of the film Genghis Blues featuring Ondar and American blues singer Paul Pena. [ citation needed ]

Huun-Huur-Tu has been one of the most well-known Tuvan music ensembles since the late 1990s, while the Alash ensemble came to prominence in the early 2000s.[ citation needed ]

The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving soft stone (agalmatolite). A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals such as horses.

Important archaeological excavation in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1, [50] dating to the ninth Century BC. and Arzhaan-2, where Scythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed. A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl. [49]

Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei - the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains". [51]

Khuresh, the Tuvan form of wrestling, is a very popular sport. The competitors wear colorful costumes with long-sleeved robes, with the objective of throwing their opponent to the ground. Competitions are held at the annual Naadym festival at Tos-Bulak.

Language

The Tuvan language is Turkic, although with many loan-words from Mongolian. It is currently written with a modified Cyrillic alphabet, previously used Turkic runes, later Mongolian, then Latin alphabets. Then, Tuva was administered as part of Outer Mongolia, and the language difference was a determining factor in Tuva seeking full independence from Outer Mongolia, following the collapse of the Qing dynasty of China in 1911.[ citation needed ]

A Tuvan language speaker

Religion

Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and to predict the future. [49]

In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes. The temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl – the residence of Khambo Lama, head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions In the old believers ' settlements were able to collect and record of conservatives extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art. [49]

Music

Sports

Champion of London Paralympics, archer Mikhail Oyun Vstrecha Mikhaila Oiuna, chempiona Paralimpiady-2012 05.jpg
Champion of London Paralympics, archer Mikhail Oyun

Bandy is played in Tuva. [52] Mongolian-style wrestling is very popular, as are most martial arts. [53] Obviously, horse riding related sports are also predominant in the area. [54]

Education

The most important facilities of higher education include the Tuvan State University and the Tuvan Institute of Humanities, both in the capital, Kyzyl.[ citation needed ]

Miscellanea

Tuvan Stamp from 1927. Stamp Tannu Tuva 1927 2k.jpg
Tuvan Stamp from 1927.
Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu in 2012. 2012-01-21 Sergei Shoigu.jpeg
Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu in 2012.

See also

Related Research Articles

Tuvan Peoples Republic former partially recognized socialist republic within the Soviet Union

The Tuvan People's Republic, known as the Tannu Tuva People's Republic until 1926, was a partially recognized socialist republic that existed between 1921 and 1944. The country was located in the same territory as the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia, known as Uryankhay Krai, north-west of Mongolia, and now corresponds to the Tuva Republic within the Russian Federation.

Kyzyl City in eastern Russia

Kyzyl is the capital city of the Tuva Republic, Russia. The name of the city means "red" or "crimson" in Tuvan. Population: 109,918 (2010 Census); 104,105 (2002 Census); 84,641 (1989 Census).

Turan, Tuva Republic Town in Tuva, Russia

Turan is a town and the administrative center of Piy-Khemsky District in the Tuva Republic, Russia, located 70 kilometers (43 mi) northwest of Kyzyl, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 4,981.

Shagonar Town in Tuva, Russia

Shagonar is a town and the administrative center of Ulug-Khemsky District in the Tuva Republic, Russia, located on the left bank of the Yenisei River, 124 kilometers (77 mi) west of Kyzyl, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 10,956.

Ak-Dovurak Town in Tuva, Russia

Ak-Dovurak is a town in the Tuva Republic, Russia, located on the Khemchik River, 301 kilometers (187 mi) west of Kyzyl. Population: 13,468 (2010 Census); 12,965 (2002 Census); 15,191 (1989 Census).

Barun-Khemchiksky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Barun-Khemchiksky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 6,290 square kilometers (2,430 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Kyzyl-Mazhalyk. Population: 12,847 (2010 Census); 12,683 ; 31,421 (1989 Census). The population of Kyzyl-Mazhalyk accounts for 39.5% of the district's total population.

Bay-Tayginsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Bay-Tayginsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 7,922.82 square kilometers (3,059.02 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Teeli. Population: 10,803 (2010 Census); 12,321 ; 13,401 (1989 Census). The population of Teeli accounts for 31.4% of the district's total population.

Chaa-Kholsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Chaa-Kholsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 2,900 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Chaa-Khol. Population: 6,036 (2010 Census); 6,532. The population of Chaa-Khol accounts for 53.8% of the district's total population.

Chedi-Kholsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Chedi-Kholsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic. The area of the district is 3,707 square kilometers (1,431 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Khovu-Aksy. Population: 7,685 (2010 Census); 8,081. The population of Khovu-Aksy accounts for 47.8% of the district's total population.

Kyzylsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Kyzylsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic. Its administrative center is the urban locality of Kaa-Khem. Population: 27,659 (2010 Census); 22,678 ; 22,205 (1989 Census). The population of Kaa-Khem accounts for 54.4% of the district's total population.

Piy-Khemsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Piy-Khemsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic. The area of the district is 9,200 square kilometers (3,600 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Turan, Tuva Republic. Population: 10,092 (2010 Census); 11,431 ; 14,236 (1989 Census). The population of Turan accounts for 49.4% of the district's total population.

Tere-Kholsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. Its administrative center is the rural locality of Kungurtug. Population: 1,882 (2010 Census); 1,835. The population of Kungurtug accounts for 77.9% of the district's total population.

Tes-Khemsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Tes-Khemsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is 6,680 square kilometers (2,580 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Samagaltay. Population: 8,174 (2010 Census); 8,908 ; 10,413 (1989 Census). The population of Samagaltay accounts for 39.6% of the district's total population.

Todzhinsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Todzhinsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic. The area of the district is 44,800 square kilometers (17,300 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Toora-Khem. Population: 6,020 (2010 Census); 5,931 ; 6,448 (1989 Census). The population of Toora-Khem accounts for 39.7% of the district's total population.

Ulug-Khemsky District District in Tuva Republic, Russia

Ulug-Khemsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the seventeen in the Tuva Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders Krasnoyarsk Krai in the north, Kyzylsky and Chedi-Kholsky Districts in the east, Ovyursky and Tes-Khemsky Districts in the south, and Chaa-Kholsky District in the west. The area of the district is 5,335.40 square kilometers (2,060.01 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Shagonar. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 19,266, with the population of Shagonar accounting for 56.9% of that number.

History of Tuva

The territory currently known as Tuva has been occupied by various groups throughout its history. Sources are rare and unclear for most of Tuva's early history. Archeological evidence indicates a Scythian presence possibly as early as the 9th century BC. Tuva was conquered relatively easily by the succession of empires which swept across the region. It was most likely held by various Turkic khanates until 1207. It was then ruled by Mongols until the 18th century, when it submitted to Manchu rule under the Qing dynasty. Slow Russian colonization during the 19th century led to progressive annexation of the region to Russia in the 20th century. The region was then controlled by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union before finally joining the Russian Federation in 1992. Throughout this whole time, the borders of Tuva have seen very little modification.

Chadan (town) Town in Tuva, Russia

Chadan is a town and the administrative center of Dzun-Khemchiksky District in the Tuva Republic, Russia, located on the Chadan River, 224 kilometers (139 mi) west of Kyzyl, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 9,035. The Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu was born in Chadan.

Samagaltay Selo in Tuva, Russia

Samagaltay is a rural locality and the administrative center of Tes-Khemsky District of Tuva, Russia. Population: 3,233 (2010 Census); 3,507 (2002 Census); 3,648 (1989 Census).

Toora-Khem Selo in Tuva, Russia

Toora-Khem is a rural locality and the administrative center of Todzhinsky District of Tuva, Russia. Population: 2,387 (2010 Census); 2,233 (2002 Census); 1,851 (1989 Census).

References

  1. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ↑ Constitution, Article 10.2
  4. ↑ Constitution, Article 10.3
  5. ↑ Official website of the Government of the Tuva Republic. Sholban Valeryevich Kara-ool Archived March 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  6. ↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  7. ↑ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  8. ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  9. ↑ Constitution, Article 5.1
  10. ↑ "Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System | The Constitution of the Russian Federation". Constitution.ru. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  11. 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  12. ↑ Alatalu, Toomas (January 1, 1992). "Tuva. A State Reawakens". Soviet Studies. 44 (5): 881–95. doi:10.1080/09668139208412051. JSTOR   152275.
  13. ↑ Toomas Alatalu (1992). "Tuva: a State Reawakens". Soviet Studies . 44 (5): 881–895. doi:10.1080/09668139208412051. JSTOR   152275.
  14. 1 2 History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003.
  15. ↑ Shurkhuu, D. (2014). "Similarities and Differences between Mongolia and Tuva in the Evolution of Bilateral Ties" (PDF). Senri Ethnological Studies. 86: 127–144. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  16. ↑ L. Zhazhmsran. 1995
  17. ↑ "Статья в Мегаэнциклопедии Кирилла и Мефодия". megabook.ru (in Russian). Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  18. ↑ Robertson, P. (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9781608197385 . Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Kyzyl city, Russia info, features, photos". russiatrek.org. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
  20. ↑ Shuldyakov, V.A. (2008). Сибирские казаки в Урянхайском крае (1918 – 1919): неизвестная страница Гражданской войны (in Russian). 3 (Современные научные исследования: теория, методология, практика: Сб. науч. тр. профессорско-препод. состава по итогам отчетов кафедры обществен-ных наук по НИР за 2007 г. Вып. 2. ed.). Omsk: ANO VPO "Omsk Economic Institute" Press. pp. 114–132.
  21. ↑ Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 281. ISBN   052-147-771-9.
  22. ↑ "Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?" . Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  23. 1 2 "ТЫВА Tuva". hubert-herald.nl. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Сын своего времени". tuva.asia (in Russian). Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  25. ↑ Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pg. 230
  26. ↑ "Tuva". Geographic Bureau — Siberia and Far East/Tuva. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Конституция Республики Тыва". gov.tuva.ru (in Russian).
  28. ↑ ”Tyva republic approves own constitution”, BBC Monitoring Service, December 15, 1993.
  29. ↑ "Конституция Республики Тува — ОСНОВЫ КОНСТИТУЦИОННОГО СТРОЯ Статья 1. п 2" (in Russian). Retrieved December 19, 2020. The names Republic of Tuva and Tuva are equivalent
  30. ↑ "Top Attractions of Russia" . Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  31. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  32. ↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  33. ↑ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики (in Russian). Gks.ru. May 8, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  35. ↑ Archived September 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ Староверы Республики Тыва. Фото (in Russian). Rodonews.ru. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  37. ↑ Этносоциальный профиль тувинцев (in Russian). tuva.asia. June 2, 2016.
  38. 1 2 3 "2012 Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". sreda.org; retrieved February 22, 2018.
  39. ↑ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012; retrieved February 22, 2018. Arena Atlas Religion Maps (archived)
  40. ↑ "Dalai Lama". Avantart.com. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  41. ↑ The World Encyclopedia of Flags; ISBN   1-84038-415-8
  42. ↑ "Russia's Daily Online". Kommersant. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  43. ↑ Zhukovskaia, N. L. (April 1, 2001). "Lamaism in Tuva". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 39 (4): 48–49. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959390448. ISSN   1061-1959. S2CID   144636457.
  44. ↑ Archived August 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ "Tyvans keen to protect traditions". BBC News. September 19, 2009. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  46. ↑ "Tuva-Online: New Head for Tuva Chosen by President Putin". En.tuvaonline.ru. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Tuva-Online: 40-year-old Head of Tuva Backed by Parliament". tuvaonline.ru. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  48. ↑ "Tyva coal line PPP plan revised". Railway Gazette. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  49. 1 2 3 4 "The Republic of TUVA, travel guide" (PDF). ИПК «ПЛАТИНА». 1: 50. 2016.
  50. ↑ Caspari, Gino; Sadykov, Timur; Blochin, Jegor; Hajdas, Irka (September 1, 2018). "Tunnug 1 (Arzhan 0) – an early Scythian kurgan in Tuva Republic, Russia". Archaeological Research in Asia. 15: 82–87. doi:10.1016/j.ara.2017.11.001. ISSN   2352-2267.
  51. ↑ Культура Республики Тыва - Официальный портал Республики Тыва. gov.tuva.ru (in Russian). Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Google Translate". bandynet.ru. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  53. ↑ http://gov.tuva.ru/press_center/news/children/31187/
  54. ↑ http://gov.tuva.ru/press_center/news/konkursy/37307/
  55. ↑ "Philately's Ugliest Ducklings: Rehabilitating the 1934–36 Issues of Tannu Tuva". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011. by James Negus at TTCS. Originally published in The Philatelic Journal, July–September 1960.
  56. ↑ "Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans", by I. Zakharov Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  57. ↑ "Man Vs Wild Siberia 1–5". YouTube. November 27, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  58. ↑ The Republic of China (ROC), now based in Taiwan, is involved in territorial disputes with many governments bordering mainland China. Due to the One-China policy, it has no formal diplomatic relations with any of these states. The ROC recognizes neither the People's Republic of China (PRC) nor its border agreements or treaties with any other countries. Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China states that "The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly." Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China now overrides this provision, with the power of the National Assembly to alter transferred to the Legislative Yuan and the electorate.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.