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Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions.
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Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions.
The federal districts are groupings of the federal subjects of Russia. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between the federal and regional bodies of law, and ensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies operating in the regions. [1] The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000.
Since 30 September 2022, the Russian Federation has consisted of eighty-nine federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation. [2] However, six of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea, the Donetsk People's Republic, the Kherson Oblast, the Lugansk People's Republic, the federal city of Sevastopol, and the Zaporozhye Oblast—are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. All federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Federal Assembly). They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.
De jure, excluding the occupied Ukrainian territories, there are 6 types of federal subjects—21 republics, 9 krais, 46 oblasts, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast, and 4 autonomous okrugs.
Autonomous okrugs are the only ones that have a peculiar status of being federal subjects in their own right, yet at the same time they are considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception).
On 18 March 2014, as a part of the annexation of Crimea and following the establishment of the Republic of Crimea (an independent entity that was recognized only by Russia), a treaty was signed between Russia and the Republic of Crimea incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol as constituent members of the Russian Federation. [3] According to the Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a federal subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. [3] Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries. [4]
Similarly, Russia also annexed four Ukrainian oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporozhzhia on 30 September 2022 after internationally-unrecognized referendums held days prior, during the invasion of Ukraine that began in late February, which were organized by Russian occupation authorities in territories where hostilities were ongoing and much of the population had fled. [5] It occurred seven months after the start of the invasion and less than a month after the start of the Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive. The signing ceremony was held in the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow in the presence of occupation authority heads Leonid Pasechnik, Denis Pushilin, Yevgeny Balitsky, and Vladimir Saldo, and Russian President Vladimir Putin. Like Crimea, none of the four occupied regions are internationally recognized as part of Russia. [6]
Prior to the adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia, the administrative-territorial structure of Russia was regulated by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 August 1982 "On the Procedures of Dealing with the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the RSFSR". [7] The 1993 Constitution, however, did not identify the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions as the responsibility of the federal government nor as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the subjects. This was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. [7] As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. While the implementation details may be considerably different, in general, however, the following types of high-level administrative divisions are recognized:
Autonomous okrugs and okrugs are intermediary units of administrative divisions, which include some of the federal subject's districts and cities/towns/urban-type settlements of federal subject significance.
Typical lower-level administrative divisions include:
In the course of the Russian municipal reform of 2004–2005, all federal subjects of Russia were to streamline the structures of local self-government, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia. The reform mandated that each federal subject was to have a unified structure of municipal government bodies by 1 January 2005, and a law enforcing the reform provisions went into effect on 1 January 2006. According to the law, the units of the municipal division (called "municipal formations") are as follows: [8]
Territories not included as a part of municipal formations are known as inter-settlement territories , a concept introduced in 2019. [10]
The Federal Law was amended on 27 May 2014 to include new types of municipal divisions: [11]
In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions. [12]
Federal legislation introduced on May 1, 2019, added an additional territorial unit: [13]
All the federal subjects are grouped into eight federal districts, [14] each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia. The envoys serve as liaisons between the federal subjects and the federal government and are primarily responsible for overseeing the compliance of the federal subjects with federal laws.
For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions. [15] Economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones.
In order for the Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of military units, their training, and other operational activities, the federal subjects are grouped into five military districts. [16] Each military district operates under the command of the district headquarters, headed by the district commander, and is subordinated to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The Southern Federal District is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. Its territory lies mostly on the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Southern Russia. The Southern Federal District shares borders with Ukraine, the Azov Sea, and the Black Sea in the west, and Kazakhstan and the Caspian Sea in the east.
An okrug is a type of administrative division in some Slavic-speaking states. The word okrug is a loanword in English, alternatively translated as area, district, county, or region.
Kovrovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the sixteen in Vladimir Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,817 square kilometers (702 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Kovrov. Population: 30,174 (2021 Census); 31,477 (2010 Census); 31,148 ; 30,044 (1989 Soviet census).
Biryuch is a town and the administrative center of Krasnogvardeysky District in Belgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Tikhaya Sosna River. Its population was 7,114 (2021 Census); 7,846 (2010 Census); 8,079 (2002 Census); 8,526 (1989 Soviet census)..
Agulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is 793.5 square kilometers (306.4 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Tpig. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 11,204, with the population of Tpig accounting for 24.4% of that number.
Dakhadayevsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the republic. The area of the district is 1,450 square kilometers (560 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Urkarakh. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 36,709, with the population of Urkarakh accounting for 12.0% of that number.
Gumbetovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 730 square kilometers (280 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Mekhelta. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 22,046, with the population of Mekhelta accounting for 15.0% of that number.
Khabarovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It consists of two unconnected segments separated by the territory of Amursky District, which are located in the southwest of the krai. The area of the district is 30,014 square kilometers (11,588 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Khabarovsk. Population: 85,404 (2010 Census); 90,179 (2002 Census); 85,218 (1989 Soviet census).
Belgorodsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Belgorodsky Municipal District. It is located in the southwest of the oblast, on the border with Ukraine. The area of the district is 1,472 square kilometers (568 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Maysky. Population: 191,744 (2021 Census); 108,778 (2010 Census); 90,430 ; 68,870 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Maysky accounts for 7.4% of the district's total population.
Borisovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Borisovsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 650.3 square kilometers (251.1 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Borisovka. Population: 23,904 (2021 Census); 26,252 (2010 Census); 26,282 ; 52,261 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Borisovka accounts for 52.5% of the district's total population.
Krasnoyaruzhsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnoyaruzhsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast, on the border with Ukraine. Its administrative center is the urban locality of Krasnaya Yaruga. Population: 14,151 (2021 Census); 14,891 (2010 Census); 15,128. The population of Krasnaya Yaruga accounts for 56.2% of the district's total population.
Kasimovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,969 square kilometers (1,146 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kasimov. Population: 29,602 ; 35,365 (2002 Census); 41,422 (1989 Soviet census).
Uvatsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Uvatsky Municipal District. It is located in the northern and northeastern parts of the oblast. The area of the district is 48,320.9 square kilometers (18,656.8 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Uvat. Population: 19,452 ; 19,271 (2002 Census); 19,472 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Uvat accounts for 25.5% of the district's total population.
Yalutorovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is incorporated as Yalutorovsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,800 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Yalutorovsk. Population: 14,461 ; 15,799 (2002 Census); 16,696 (1989 Soviet census).
Yarkovsky District is one of the 22 administrative divisions of Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Yarkovsky Municipal District. It is located in the western central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 6,656 square kilometers (2,570 sq mi).
Svetloyarsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Svetloyarsky Municipal District. The area of the district is 3,390 square kilometers (1,310 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Svetly Yar. Population: 38,355 (2010 Census); 39,384 ; 35,483 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Svetly Yar accounts for 32.7% of the district's total population.
Zavodoukovsky Urban Okrug is a municipal formation in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, one of the five urban okrugs in the oblast. Its territory comprises the territories of two administrative divisions of Tyumen Oblast—Zavodoukovsky District and the Town of Zavodoukovsk.
The municipal divisions in Russia, also called municipal formations, are territorial divisions of the Russian Federation which are formally granted the authority to manage local affairs through local self-government. As of January 1, 2020, there are 20,846 municipal divisions in Russia, including 1,673 municipal districts, 635 urban okrugs, and 33 municipal okrugs.
Dubki is an urban locality in Kazbekovsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 5,202.
Novy Sulak is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Kizilyurt in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 3,423.
So-called "referendums" are under way in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russian troops, with residents told to vote on proposals for the four Ukrainian regions to declare independence and then join Russia.
