Hinduism in Russia

Last updated
Russian Hindus
Om symbol.svg
Total population
140,000
0.1% of its total population
Religions
Hinduism
Majority:
Vaishnavism
Minority:
Slavic Vedism and Shaivism
Scriptures
Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavatam and Vedas
Languages
Sacred:
Sanskrit
Other:
Russian & Other Russian languages
ISKCON Moscow Ratha Yatra Ratha Yatra Moscow 2008.jpg
ISKCON Moscow Ratha Yatra

Hinduism has been spread in Russia primarily due to the work of scholars from the religious organization International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) and by itinerant Swamis from India and small communities of Indian immigrants. While ISKCON appears to have a relatively strong following in Russia, the other organizations in the list have a marginal presence in this country. There is an active Tantra Sangha operating in Russia. According to the 2012 official census, there are 140,010 Hindus in Russia, which accounts for 0.1% of the population of Russia. [1]

Contents

History

Early 19th century engraving depicting Hindu temple in Astrakhan, Russia. Hinduism-hram-russia-historical.jpg
Early 19th century engraving depicting Hindu temple in Astrakhan, Russia.
The Human rights publication list to free Hare Krishnas in the Soviet Union. "Free Soviet Hare Krishnas" list of prisoners.jpg
The Human rights publication list to free Hare Krishnas in the Soviet Union.

The history of Hinduism in Russia dates back to at least the 16th century. When Astrakhan was conquered in 1556, the small Indian community became part of the Moscow state. [2]

In the early eighteenth century, the first Russian emperor, Peter the Great, met the head of the Astrakhan Hindus and, at their request, asked the Russian Senate to issue a law protecting Hindu beliefs. This was the first law in Russia that protected a foreign creed. [2]

In the late eighteenth century, Russian traveller Pallas noted the presence of hundreds of Multani Vaiṣṇava Hindu merchant families at the mouth of the Volga river. [3]

In 1971 A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), introduced it to Russia. In 1988, ISKCON was first registered as a religion. Later, it was re-registered in 1998. In the same year, there were 120 Krishna communities in Russia. [4]

Hindu denominations in Russia

Russian Hindus celebrating Rath Yatra. Rath Yatra russia winter.jpg
Russian Hindus celebrating Rath Yatra.
ISKCON Temple in Yessentuki ISKCON Temple in Yessentuki.jpg
ISKCON Temple in Yessentuki

Vaishnavism

As of December 2005, the Federal Registration Service recorded 79 Hindu groups with a particular orientation on Krishnaism. [5] These are the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, ISKCON Revival Movement, Science of Identity Foundation, Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math, Sri Chaitanya Gaudiya Math  [ ru ], Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mission  [ ru ], Sri Gopinatha Gaudiya Math  [ ru ], International Pure Bhakti Yoga Society  [ ru ], among others.

Shaivism

The followers of Shaivism in Russia are the Naths, Lingayats (Veerashaiva), and Tantra Sangha  [ ru ]. [6]

Hindu reform movements

Hindu reform movements which have presence in Russia are the Brahma Kumaris, Ramakrishna Mission, Arya Samaj, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, Ananda Marga, Ananda Sangha, Self-Realization Fellowship, Sri Ramana Ashram, Sahaja Yoga, Sri Chinmoy Centre, Sanatan Sanstha, Sathya Sai Baba movement, Science of Identity Foundation, Shri Prakash Dham, the organizations associated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Haidakhan Babaji (Haidakhandi Samaj  [ ru ]), and others. Brahma Kumaris have 20 centres, Ramakrishna Mission has one centre, Ananda Marga has a centre in Barnaul, Tantra Sangha has one registered branch in Moscow and another in Nizhniy Novgorod was officially recognized in 1993. [5] [7] [6]

Demography

Hinduism in Russia Hinduism in Russia (Arena Atlas 2012).png
Hinduism in Russia

According to the 2012 official census, Hinduism is practised by 140,000 people, or 0.1% of the total population. It constitutes 12% of the population in the Altai Republic, 5% in Samara Oblast, 4% in Khakassia, Kalmykia, Bryansk Oblast, Kamchatka, Kurgan Oblast, Tyumen Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, 3% in Sverdlovsk Oblast, 2% to 3% in Yamalia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Rostov Oblast and Sakhalin Oblast, and 0.1% to 0.2% in other federal subjects. [8]

In 2006, the Russian capital Moscow had an estimated 10,000 Hare Krishna devotees and at least 5,000 Indians, Sri Lankans, Nepalese, and Mauritians following Hindu denominations. [9]

The number of ISKCON followers in Russia is disputed. According to Sanjeet Jha of the Association of Indians of Russia, Russia's Krishna devotee population is estimated to be as high as 250,000, while Filatov of the Institute of Oriental Studies estimates Russia's Krishna population to be 15,000. [10] According to Bhakti Vijnana Goswami, a Russian Iskcon guru, there were 50,000 active Hare Krishna devotees in Russia in 2011. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Hinduism:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</span> Religious organisation

The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), known colloquially as the Hare Krishna movement, is a Gaudiya Vaishnava Hindu religious organization. It was founded on 13 July 1966 in New York City by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Its main headquarters is located in Mayapur, West Bengal, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</span> 15th-century Indian Vaishnavite Hindu saint

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, born Vishvambhara Mishra, was a 15th-century Indian Hindu saint from Bengal who was the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, which considers him to be an incarnation of Krishna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</span> Hindu religious movement

Gaudiya Vaishnavism, also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism, is a Vaishnava Hindu religious movement inspired by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534) in India. "Gaudiya" refers to the Gaura or Gauḍa region of Bengal, with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of Vishnu". Specifically, it is part of Krishnaism—Krishna-centric Vaishnavite traditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaudiya Math</span> Hindu organisation

The Gaudiya Math is a Gaudiya Vaishnava matha formed on 6 September 1920, about 30 months after Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati took sannyasa, the renounced order of life. On 7 March 1918, the same day he took sannyasa, he established the Sri Chaitanya Math in Mayapura in West Bengal, later recognised as the parent body of all the Gaudiya Math branches. Its purpose was to spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the philosophy of the medieval Vaisnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, through preaching and publishing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Finland</span> Overview of Hinduism in Finland

Hinduism is a minor religious faith in Finland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Austria</span> Overview of the presence, role and impact of Hinduism in Austria

Hinduism is a minority religion constituting about 0.15% of the population of Austria. Hinduism is not one of the 16 recognised religions in Austria. The Austrian law allows religious groups not recognized as societies to seek official status as confessional communities with the Office for Religious Affairs. Hinduism is one of the eight confessional communities in Austria. However, the Sahaja Yoga and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness are categorised as associations, not as confessional communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Mongolia</span> Overview of the presence, role and impact of Hinduism in Mongolia

Hinduism in Mongolia is a minority religion; it has few followers and only began to appear in Mongolia in the late twentieth century. According to the 2010 and 2011 Mongolian census, the majority of people that identify as religious follow Buddhism (86%), Shamanism (4.7), Islam (4.9%) or Christianity (3.5). Only 0.5% of the population follow other religions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Ukraine</span> Overview of the presence, role and impact of Hinduism in Ukraine

Hinduism is a minority religion in Ukraine. It is followed by 0.1% of the population, with a slightly higher proportion in Western Ukraine (0.2%).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Slovenia</span>

Hinduism is a minority religion in Slovenia. ISKCON was registered in Slovenia in 1983 and The Hindu Religious Community in Slovenia was registered in 2003 in Ljubljana

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Poland</span> Overview of Hinduism in Poland

Hinduism in Poland is a minority religion. Hinduism has spread to Poland through ISKCON since 1976. First groups of Polish devotees were established in Warsaw and Wrocław. The first Polish Hindu temple was established in 1980 in Czarnów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Main ISKCON temple is New Ramana Reti Temple in Mysiadło.

Hindu denominations, sampradayas, traditions, movements, and sects are traditions and sub-traditions within Hinduism centered on one or more gods or goddesses, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and so on. The term sampradaya is used for branches with a particular founder-guru with a particular philosophy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bijoy Krishna Goswami</span>

Bijoy Krishna Goswami, also known by the honorific Gosaiji, was a Hindu social reformer and religious figure in India during the British period.

ISKCON schools are primary and secondary schools run by, or otherwise affiliated with, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), also known as the Hare Krishna movement. ISKCON schools have been established all over the world. ISKCON schools are generally run independently, although the ISKCON Ministry of Educational Development (MED) may provide support and guidance in the establishment and running of these schools.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Brazil</span> Minority religion in Latin American country

Hinduism is a minority faith in Brazil followed by approximately 0.01% of its population. Hinduism in Brazil is represented mainly by Ananda Marga, Brahma Kumaris and the Osho Institute Brazil, ISKCON, Yoga In Bound, Brasil Gaudiya Math and Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math e Organização Vrinda de Paramadweit. The vedic astrology is also becoming popular due to Academia Brasileira de Astrologia Védica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar</span> Indian guru

Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar was an Indian guru, writer, sannyasi and spiritual leader in the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, founder-president-acharya of the Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math.

Bhakti Marga is a neo-Hindu organisation founded by Mauritian-born guru Paramahamsa Sri Swami Vishwananda. It was founded on 13 June 2005 in Frankfurt, Germany. Its main headquarters is located in Heidenrod, Hesse, Germany. It views itself as being part of a new tradition founded by Vishwananda, the Hari Bhakta Sampradaya, which represents a combination of certain Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakta philosophies. The followers do not strictly adhere to one particular set of scriptures but rather predominantly on the "personality of Paramahamsa Vishwananda", similar to the Sant tradition.

References

  1. ↑ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  2. 1 2 Igor Kotin, "Hinduism in Russia", in Knut A. Jacobsen and Ferdinando Sardella (eds.), Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (Brill, 2020), p. 1392.
  3. ↑ Entwistle, Alan William (1982). The Rāsa Māna ke Pada of Kevalarāma: A Medieval Hindi Text of the Eighth Gaddī of the Vallabha Sect (Phd thesis). University of London. pp. 89–90.
  4. ↑ "Russia: Treatment of Hare Krishna adherents". Immigration and refugee board of Canada. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Russia, International Religious Freedom Report 2006". US Gov. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  6. 1 2 Dr. Igor Popov. "The Reference Book on All Religious Branches and Communities in Russia (Online). Chapter 2.1 Hinduism" (in Russian). Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  7. ↑ Knorre 2005.
  8. ↑ "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities](PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek. 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ).
  9. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2006". US Gov. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  10. ↑ "Persecuted by Soviets, Russia's Hare Krishnas Still Fight for Acceptance (Video)". The Moscow times. TNN. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  11. ↑ "Facing 'ban Gita' case, Hindus build Krishna temple in Moscow". Decan Herald. TNN. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

Sources

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