Hinduism in the United States

Last updated

Hindu Americans
Aum Om red.svg
Holi Festival of Colors Utah, United States 2013.jpg
Holi celebration at Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Spanish Fork, Utah
Total population
3,369,976 (2021) Increase2.svg [1] [2]
1% of U.S. Population
2016 Public Religion Research Institute data [3]
0.7% of the U.S. Population
2015 Pew Research Center data [4]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of California.svg California 778,804
Flag of New Jersey.svg New Jersey 278,600
Flag of New York.svg New York 202,157
Flag of Massachusetts.svg Massachusetts 140,027
Flag of Illinois.svg Illinois 128,125
Flag of Ohio.svg Ohio 117,800
Flag of Texas.svg Texas 112,153
Religions
Hinduism of all sects
Languages
Majority spoken languages
Related ethnic groups

Hinduism is the fourth-largest religion in the United States, comprising around 1% of the population, nearly the same as Buddhism and Islam. [1] Hindu Americans came to the United States mainly from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and the Caribbean, while there are also many local converts and followers. Several aspects related to Hinduism, such as yoga, karma, and meditation have been adopted into mainstream American beliefs and lifestyles. [5]

Contents

Hinduism is one of the Dharmic religions and adheres to the concept of dharma, a cosmic order. The dharmic principle of reincarnation has gained popularity in the United States. According to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life survey of 2009, 24% of Americans believe in reincarnation, a core concept of Hinduism and Dharmic religions. [6] [7] The Hindu practices of vegetarianism and ahimsa are also becoming more widespread. Om is a widely chanted mantra, particularly among millennials and those who practice yoga and subscribe to the New Age philosophy.

The number of Hindus living in the United States did not grow substantially until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. [8] Prior to 1965, fewer than 50,000 Hindus from India had immigrated to the United States. A small minority of Hindu Americans come from Bhutan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Canada, Africa, Europe, Oceania, and other countries.

As a result of U.S. immigration policies that favored educated and highly skilled migrants from India, [9] Hindu Americans are the most likely to hold college degrees and earn high incomes among all religious communities in the United States. More recently, Hindu Americans have become politically active in the mainstream American political landscape. In 2012, Tulsi Gabbard became the first Hindu-American member of U.S. Congress.

Demographics

Hindu Temple in Chino Hills, California Hindu BAPS Mandir LA (cropped).jpg
Hindu Temple in Chino Hills, California

In the 2023–24 Pew Research Center Religious Landscape Study, Hindus comprise approximately 0.9% of the U.S. adult population, which has increased from 0.4% in 2007. The Hindu population of the United States is the eighth-largest in the world. Ten percent of Asian Americans, who together account for 5.8% of the U.S. population, are followers of the Hindu faith. [10] [11]

Most Hindus in America are immigrants (87%) or the children of immigrants (9%). The remaining are converts. [12] The majority of Hindus are immigrants from South Asia. [11] There are also Hindus from the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Canada, Oceania, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. In the U.S. there are also about 900 ethnic Cham people from Vietnam, one of the few remaining non-Indic Hindus in the world, 55% of whom are Hindus. [13]

From 2008 to 2017, around 90000 Hindu Bhutanese refugees were resettled in the United States. [14] [15] Earlier in 1988, a census in Bhutan resulted in ethnic and linguistic tensions against the Nepali-speaking Hindu Lhotshampa ethnic group, leading to them becoming Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. [16] [17] [18] Many Afghan Hindus have also settled in United States, mainly after Soviet–Afghan War and the rise of the Taliban. [19] [20] A number of Hindu-Americans immigrated twice, first from former British colonies of East Africa, the Caribbean, Fiji to the United Kingdom, and then to the United States. [21] [22]

According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, in 2017 Hindus were the largest minority religion in 92 of the 3143 counties in the US. [23] Although Hinduism is practiced mainly by people of South Asian descent, a sizable number of Hindus in United States are converts to Hinduism. According to the Pew Research Center, 9% of Hindus in United States belong to a non-Asian ethnicity: White (4%), Black (2%), Latino (1%) and mixed (2%). [24] Converts to Hinduism include Hollywood actor Julia Roberts. [25] [26]

As per the 2020 census, the median age of Hindus in the United States was 36 years, which is lower than the national average of 47 years. Hindus are the second youngest religious group, after Muslims (33 years). [27] While as per 2023, the median age of Hindus have increased to 42 years. [28]

Advent of Hindu philosophy in America

Pioneering thinkers in the United States began to assimilate Hindu and Dharmic thought long before the arrival of Hindu immigrants. [29] Among the first was the American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, who in 1857 published a poem, "Brahma," in the first issue of the literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly , which he had helped to found. The work contained the lines "I am the doubter and the doubt, I am the hymn the Brahmin sings." [30] Emerson was expressing the Hindu philosophy of non-duality, Advaita. Another pioneer was Madame Blavatsky, co-founder in 1875 of The Theosophical Society in New York, her philosophy blending several Asian traditions. [31] [32] stressed the importance of Patanjali's system of yoga, before traveling to India and Ceylon. [31] [32]

Early Hindu scholars from India

Swami Vivekananda on the Platform of the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893. Swami Vivekananda at Parliament of Religions.jpg
Swami Vivekananda on the Platform of the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Swami Vivekananda's address to the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893 was one of the first major discussions of Hinduism in the United States. He spent two years lecturing in several U.S. cities, including Detroit, Boston, and New York. Starting in 1902, Swami Rama Tirtha spent two years speaking on the philosophy of Vedanta in the United States. [33] In 1920, Paramahansa Yogananda was India's delegate at the International Congress of Religious Liberals held in Boston. [34]

In 1893, Swami Vivekananda gave several lectures at the Chicago World Parliament of Religions, and effectively introduced Hinduism in the United States. [35] [36] [37] He also introduced Yoga philosophy and a mixture of yoga breathwork (pranayama) and meditation. [38]

Bhagavad Gita in America

Around 1857, the American poet-philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century, studied the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita , [39] which is a central text in Hinduism and a synthesis of various strands of Hindu religious thought, including the Vedic concept of dharma (duty, rightful action); samkhya-based yoga and jnana (knowledge); and bhakti (devotion). [40] Emerson noted that Gita's message was an allegory for the inner battle between good and evil in the human soul. [41]

Around the mid-19th century, another American poet and philosopher, Henry David Thoreau too read translations of Hindu texts, quoting frequently from the Bhagavad Gita, and attempted meditation during his ascetic life – itself an indication of how strongly he was influenced by those texts – in the forest at Walden.

In the late 19th century, Vivekananda's speeches in America contained numerous references to the Gita, and the four yogas – Bhakti, Jnana, Karma, and Raja , [42] and through the message of the Gita, Vivekananda sought to re-emphasize the core tenets of Hindu thought both in India and America. [43]

In the 20th century, an American scholar of Hindu philosophy, Gerald James Larson, [44] who was a Professor of Indian Cultures and Civilization at Indiana University, Bloomington as well as Professor of Religious Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, [45] stated that "if there is any one text that comes near to embodying the totality of what it is to be a Hindu, it would be the Bhagavad Gita." [46] [47]

Influence on counter-culture movement

Swami Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco in 1967 Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco 1967.jpg
Swami Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco in 1967

During the 1960s, Hindu teachers found a receptive audience in the U.S. counter-culture, leading to the formation of a number of Neo-Hindu movements, such as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness founded by Swami Prabhupada. [48] People involved in the counter-culture such as Ram Dass, George Harrison, and Allen Ginsberg were influential in the spread of Hinduism in the United States.

Ram Dass was a Harvard professor known as Richard Alpert who traveled to India in 1967 and studied under Neem Karoli Baba. He returned the West as a Hindu teacher and changed his name to Ram Dass, which means servant of Rama (one of the Hindu gods). A student of Ram Dass, Jeffery Kagel, devoted his life to Hinduism in the sixties, and is now an American vocalist known for his performances of Hindu devotional music known as kirtan (chanting the names of God). He has released seventeen albums since 1996.

Beatles member George Harrison [49] became a devotee of Swami Prabhupada. Harrison started to record songs with the words "Hari Krishna" in the lyrics and was widely responsible for popularizing Hinduism in America in the 1960s and 1970s. His song, My Sweet Lord, became the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the United Kingdom. Allen Ginsberg, the author of Howl, was heavily involved with Hinduism in the 1960s and it was said that he chanted "Om" at The Human Be-in of 1967 for hours on end. Other influential Indians of Hindu faith in counter-culture movement are Mata Amritanandamayi, Chinmoy and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. [50]

Hindu American culture

Adaption to Western culture

Red & White American Flags atop Hindu Temple in Atlanta BAPS Mandir Atlanta 4.jpg
Red & White American Flags atop Hindu Temple in Atlanta

Hindu Americans, as well as Hindu immigrants, have often adapted their practices and places of worship in accordance with the world around them. Many of the early Hindu emissaries to the United States drew on ideological confluences between Christian and Hindu universalism. [51] Hindu temples in the United States tend to house more than one deity corresponding with a different tradition, unlike those in India which tend to house deities from a single tradition. [52] Yoga become part of many American's lifestyle, but its meaning has shifted. While Hindus in the United States may refer to the practice as a form of meditation that has different forms (i.e. karma yoga, bhakti yoga, kriya yoga), it is used in reference to the physical aspect of the word. [53]

Contemporary status

Diwali celebration at Hindu BAPS Temple in Houston BAPS Houston Mandir 9.jpg
Diwali celebration at Hindu BAPS Temple in Houston

American Hindus have the highest rates of educational attainment and highest household income among all religious communities, and the lowest divorce rates. [54] In 2008, according to Pew Research Center, 80% of American adults who were raised as Hindus continued to adhere to Hinduism, which is the highest retention rate for any religion in America. [55]

Public opinions of Hindus

Hindus have relatively high acceptance of homosexuality. In 2019, 71% of Hindus believe that homosexuality should be accepted, which is higher than the general public (62%). [24] About 68% of Hindus supported same-sex marriage, vs. 53% of the general public. [24] Hindus in the United States also support abortion (68%). About 69% of Hindus supported strict laws and regulations to protect the environment and nature. [24]

Public perceptions of Hindus

Sri Meenakshi Temple (Pearland, Texas) Sri Meenakshi Devasthanam Temple.jpg
Sri Meenakshi Temple (Pearland, Texas)

According to the Pew Research Center, only 15% of the Americans identified the Vedas as a Hindu religious text. Roughly half of Americans knew that yoga has roots in Hinduism. [56] [57]

Religiosity

According to a 2014 Pew Research survey, 88% of the American Hindu population believed in God (versus 89% of adults overall). However, only 26% believed that religion is very important in their life. About 51% of the Hindu population reported praying daily. [24]

Emphasis on Higher education

Due to the U.S. immigration policies, most of the Hindu immigrants have been educated and highly skilled professionals, most likely to hold college degrees. [58]

Historically, some notable Hindus came to America for education in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Anandibai Joshi is believed to be the first Hindu woman to set foot on American soil, arriving in New York in June 1883 at the age of 19, graduating with a medical degree from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in March 1886, becoming the first female of South Asian origin to graduate with a degree in Western medicine in the United States. [59]

Hindu temples in America

BAPS Robbinsville Mandir - Exterior.jpg
BAPS Robbinsville Mandir - mandir interior.jpg
The Swaminarayan Akshardham temple complex in Robbinsville, New Jersey, is one of the largest Hindu temples outside of India.
BAPS Chicago Mandir 4.jpg
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chicago, at Chicago
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BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta, at Atlanta
BAPS Houston Mandir 4.jpg
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston, in Houston
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BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chino Hills, in City of Chino Hills
Sri Siva Vishnu Temple.jpg
Sri Siva Vishnu Temple in Lanham, Maryland
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Malibu Hindu Temple near Malibu, California
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Hindu Temple of St. Louis, Missouri
Sri Guruvaayoorappan Temple Morganville NJIMAG0383.jpg
Sri Guruvaayoorappan Temple in Morganville, New Jersey

The Vedanta Society was responsible for building the earliest temples in the United States starting in 1905 with the Old Temple in San Francisco, [60] [61] [62] but they were not considered formal temples. [63] The earliest traditional Mandir in the United States is Shiva Kartikeya Temple in Concord, California. Built in 1957 and known as Palanisamy Temple, it is one of the few temples that is run by public elected members. [64] The Maha Vallabha Ganapathi Devastanam, owned by the Hindu Temple Society of North America in Flushing, New York, was consecrated on July 4, 1977. [65]

There are over 1450 Hindu temples across the United States, [66] with a majority on the East Coast. The New York region has more than 1135 temples; [67] Texas has 128 [68] and Massachusetts has 127. [69]

Other prominent temples include the Malibu Hindu Temple, built in 1981 in Calabasas, California, and owned and operated by the Hindu Temple Society of Southern California. In addition, Swaminarayan temples exist in almost 20 states.

The oldest Hindu Temple in Texas is the Shree Raseshwari Radha Rani temple at Radha Madhav Dham, Austin. [70] The temple, established by Jagadguru Shree Kripaluji Maharaj, is one of the largest Hindu temple complexes in the Western Hemisphere, [71] and the largest in North America. [72] [73] [74]

In Tampa, South Florida, the Sri Vishnu Temple was consecrated in November 2001. [75]

Parashakthi Temple [76] in Pontiac, Michigan, is a tirtha peetham for Goddess "Shakthi," or the "Great Divine Mother" in Hinduism. The temple was envisioned in 1994 by Dr. G. Krishna Kumar in a deep meditative kundalini experience of "Adi Shakthi". [77]

Akshardham in Robbinsville, New Jersey, is one of the largest stone Hindu temples in the United States. [78]

In 2010, the Bharatiya Temple of Northwest Indiana temple was opened [79] next to the Indian American Cultural Center in Merrillville, Indiana. The Bharatiya Temple allows four different Hindu groups as well as a Jain group to worship together. [80]

The Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska in Anchorage, Alaska, is the northernmost Hindu temple in the world. [81]

Hindu Americans' political engagement

Vivek Ramaswamy at the 2023 Turning Point Action Conference Vivek Ramaswamy (53067785313).jpg
Vivek Ramaswamy at the 2023 Turning Point Action Conference
Tulsi Gabbard at the conservative "People's Convention" in 2024 Tulsi Gabbard (53807900707) (cropped).jpg
Tulsi Gabbard at the conservative "People's Convention" in 2024

In September 2000, a joint session of Congress was opened with a prayer in Sanskrit (with some Hindi and English added), by Venkatachalapathi Samudrala to honor the visit of Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The gesture was an initiative by Ohio Congressman Sherrod Brown, who requested the U.S. Congress House Chaplain to invite the Hindu priest from the Shiva Vishnu Hindu Temple in Parma, Ohio. [82] A Hindu prayer was read in the Senate on July 12, 2007, by Rajan Zed, a Hindu chaplain from Nevada. [83] His prayer was interrupted by a couple and their daughter who claimed to be Christian patriots, which prompted a criticism of candidates in the upcoming presidential election for not condemning the interruption. [84] In October 2009, President Barack Obama lit a ceremonial Diwali lamp at the White House to symbolize victory of light over darkness.

In April 2009, President Obama appointed Anju Bhargava, a management consultant and pioneer community builder, to serve as a member of his inaugural Advisory Council on Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnership. In collaboration with the White House, Hindu American Seva Communities was formed to bring the Hindu seva voices to the forefront in the public arena and to bridge the gap between U.S. government and Hindu and Dharmic people and places of worship.

In the 2020 elections, Tulsi Gabbard became the first Hindu to run in the presidential race from Democratic Party, [85] though later she endorsed Joe Biden. [86] In 2021, the State of New Jersey joined with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month. [87]

In recent years, the political participation of Indian-Americans has increased with Vivek Ramaswamy being Hindu of Indian background running for the position of president in the 2024 elections from Republican Party, though he later endorsed Donald Trump. [88]

In 2025, Tulsi Gabbard was sworn in as the director of national intelligence [89] [90] taking the role of President Donald Trump's top intelligence adviser, and became the first Hindu American to hold a Cabinet-level position. [91] [92]

Hindu-Americans in the U.S. Government

President Donald Trump with Director Tulsi Gabbard in 2025 President Donald Trump with Director Tulsi Gabbard in the Oval Office in Feb 2025February 2025 (cropped).jpg
President Donald Trump with Director Tulsi Gabbard in 2025
Kash Patel appointed as FBI Director in 2025 Kash Patel, official FBI portrait.jpg
Kash Patel appointed as FBI Director in 2025

U.S. Cabinet

U.S. Congress

In the 119th US Congress, there are four Hindu Congressmen (0.8% of total). [93]

Other prominent positions

State legislators

Activism

Several organizations have been made to combat discrimination against Hindus in the United States and make changes in the political scene. Some of these organizations include:

Discrimination and Biases

Early Immigration struggles

As a result of the Bellingham Riots in Bellingham, Washington, on September 5, 1907, some 125 Indians (mostly Sikhs but labelled as Hindus) were driven out of town by a mob of 400-500 white men. Some victims of the riots migrated to Everett, Washington, where they received similar treatment two months later. [99] Riots occurred during this period in Vancouver, British Columbia, [100] and California. [101]

In the 1923 case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind , the Supreme Court ruled that Thind and other South Asians were not "free white persons" according to a 1790 federal law that stated that only white immigrants could apply for naturalized citizenship. [102] The Immigration Act of 1924 prohibited the immigration of Asians such as Middle Easterners and Indians. [103]

The first wave of South Asian immigrants in America was predominantly Punjabi Sikhs, who migrated to the West Coast in the early 20th century due to economic hardships in India, and labored in agriculture, railroads, and lumberyards, establishing communities and the first Sikh temple in California by 1912. In the early 1900s, White Americans labeled all South Asian immigrants “Hindoos,” regardless of their religion, racializing them as an economic and cultural threat and leading to hostility, including violent attacks and forced expulsions by white workers in towns like Bellingham, Washington. Sentiments intensified through organizations like the Asiatic Exclusion League and widespread media portrayal of an alleged "Hindoo invasion." [104]

Hindu Temple vandalism incidents

In February 2015, Hindu temples in Kent and the Seattle Metropolitan area were vandalized, and in April 2015, a Hindu temple in north Texas was vandalized with xenophobic images spray-painted on its walls. [105] [106] In January 2019, the Swaminarayan Temple in Kentucky was vandalized. Black paint was sprayed on the deity; the words "Jesus is the only God" and the Christian cross was spray painted on various walls. [107] [108]

Around 2022, there were several cases of vandalism of Hindu Temples in New York by Khalistan separatists, including the destruction of Mahatma Gandhi's statue outside Shri Tulsi Mandir in South Richmond Hill, New York, which was vandalized two times, first on August 03, 2022, and then on August 16, 2022, wherein 5-6 miscreants smashed the Gandhi statue with sledgehammers and spray painted Khalistan on the statue. [109] [110] In September 2022, a man named Sukhpal Singh was arrested and charged with a hate crime incident at the Hindu temple in Queens, New York, in which he destroyed the Gandhi statue and spray painted derogatory words. [111]

In October 2023, there was a burglary at a Hindu mandir in Sacramento, California, with six suspects stealing a donation box from the premises, while some Hindu groups alleged that the theft was motivated by religious hate. [112] The incident, which took place at the Hari Om Radha Krishna Mandir in Sacramento, was condemned by the Coalition of Hindus of North America (CoHNA) as a potential hate crime. [113] [114]

In January 2024, a Hindu temple in California was defaced with pro Khalistan graffiti. [115]

Past objections to Hindu prayers in legislatures

In 2000, the first Hindu opening prayer was offered in the U.S. Congress by Venkatachalapathi Samuldrala, a priest of Shiva Hindu Temple in Parma, Ohio. [116] [117] [118] This prayer coincides with the visit of Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to U.S. in 2000. [116] Under the rules of the United States House of Representatives, a Representative Sherrod Brown of Ohio invited a Hindu priest, Samuldrala. [116] [117] [118] This prayer prompted criticism from some conservative Christian groups such as Family Research Council, who protested against it in conservative media, in turn generating responses from their opponents and leading to discussions over the role of legislative chaplains in a pluralist society. [118] [119]

On July 12, 2007, Rajan Zed, a Hindu cleric, offered a prayer in the U.S. Senate as its guest chaplain. The proceedings were interrupted by three self-professed Christian protestors, who were arrested by Capitol Police and charged with a misdemeanor for disrupting Congress. [120] The conservative Christian group American Family Association objected to the prayer, [121] citing the loss of the "Judeo-Christian foundations" of the United States. [122]

California textbook protest over Hindu history

In 2005, the Texas-based Vedic Foundation and the American Hindu Education Foundation filed a complaint to California's Curriculum Commission, arguing that the coverage of Indian history and Hinduism in 6th grade history textbooks was biased against Hinduism. [123] Points of contention included a textbook's portrayal of the caste system, the Indo-Aryan migration theory, and the status of women in Indian society. [124]

See also

References

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