White Americans

"White America" redirects here. For the song by Eminem, see White America (song). For the white supremacist organization, see White America, Inc.

White Americans

Proportion of White Americans in each county as of the 2020 US census
Total population
Alone (one race) 204,277,273 (2020 census) [1] 61.63%% of the total US population In combination (multiracial) 31,134,234 (2020 census) [1] 9.39% of the total US population Alone or in combination 235,411,507 (2020 census) [1] 71.02% of the total US population
Regions with significant populations
All areas of the United States
California	16,296,122 [1]
Texas	14,609,365 [1]
Florida	12,422,961 [1]
New York	11,143,349 [1]
Pennsylvania	9,750,687 [1]
Languages
Majority: English Minority: German  · Spanish  · Irish  · Italian  · Polish  · French  · Scots  · Arabic  · Dutch  · Norwegian
Religion
Protestant 48% Catholic 19% Mormon 2% Jewish 3% Other 3% Irreligious 24% [2] (Among non-Hispanic whites only)
Related ethnic groups
European Americans North African Americans Middle Eastern Americans

White Americans (sometimes also called Caucasian Americans) are Americans who identify as white people. In a more official sense, the United States Census Bureau, which collects demographic data on Americans, defines "white" as "[a] person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa". This group constitutes the majority of the people in the United States. According to the 2020 census, 71%, or 235,411,507 people, were White alone or in combination, and 61.6%, or 204,277,273 people, were White alone. This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% white alone share of the US population in 2010.

As of the latest American Community Survey in 2022, US Census Bureau estimates that 60.9% of the US population were White alone, while Non-Hispanic Whites were 57.7% of the population. Overall, 72.5% of Americans identified as White alone or in combination. ^{[3] [4]} European Americans are by far the largest panethnic group of white Americans and have constituted the majority population of the United States since the nation's founding.

The US Census Bureau uses a particular definition of "white" that differs from some colloquial uses of the term. ^{[5] [6]} The Bureau defines "White" people to be those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa". ^[7] Within official census definitions, people of all racial categories may be further divided into those who identify as "not Hispanic or Latino" and those who do identify as "Hispanic or Latino". ^{[8] [5]} The term "non-Hispanic white", rather than just "white", may be the census group corresponding most closely to those persons who identify as and are perceived to be white in common usage; similarly not all Hispanic/Latino people identify as "white", "black", or any other listed racial category. ^{[5] [6]} In 2015, the Census Bureau announced their intention to make Hispanic/Latino and Middle Eastern/North African racial categories similar to "white" or "black", with respondents able to choose one, two, or more racial categories; this change was canceled during the Trump administration. ^{[6] [9]} Other persons who are classified as "white" by the US census but may or may not identify as or be perceived as white include Arab Americans and Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent. ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]} In the United States, the term White people generally denotes a person of European ancestry, but has been legally extended to people of West Asian and North African (Middle Eastern, West Asian, and North African) ancestry. ^{[15] [16] [17]} However, in 2024, the Office of Management and Budget announced that the race categories used by the federal government would be updated, and that Middle Eastern and North African Americans will no longer be classified as white in the upcoming 2030 Census. ^[18]

Self Reported Ancestry

The most commonly reported ancestries of White Americans include English (12.5%), German (7.6%), Irish (5.3%), Italian (3.2%), and Polish (1.3%). ^[19] It is difficult to track full or partial ancestry from Spain in White Hispanics, Mestizos, or Mulattoes since people of direct Spanish descent are also classified as Hispanic, and though the census does track Hispanics' national origin, it does not classify it by race. In 2021, 995,583 people of any race claimed ancestry from Spain, 0.3% of the total population. ^[20] However, genetic studies have found that the vast majority of Hispanics in the US have varying amounts of European ancestry, with the largest component being Spanish or Iberian. ^{[21] [22] [23]} The English Americans' demography is also considered a serious under-count, as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to the American Revolution. ^{[12] [24] [14]}

Genetics

A 2015 genetic study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics analyzed the genetic ancestry of 148,789 European Americans. The study concluded that English ancestry is the most common European ancestry among white Americans, with this component ranging between 20% (Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota) and 55% (Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas) of the total population (regardless of race) in all 50 states. These states strongly correlated with those where the largest number of people identified with "American" ancestry on the census. ^[25] Many white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, 76,678,228 Americans identified with multiple European, Middle Eastern, or North African ancestry groups, with the large majority of these identifying with various European groups. ^[26]

Historical and present definitions

Main article: Definitions of whiteness in the United States

Further information: One-drop rule

Definitions of who is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States.

US census definition

The term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 US census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria." ^[27]

The Census question on race lists the categories White or European American, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows:

Tony Shalhoub is an actor and producer of Arab descent.

"White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian. ^[7]

In US census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino , which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race. ^{[28] [29]} Hispanic and Latino Americans as a whole make up a racially diverse group and are the largest minority in the country. ^{[30] [31]}

Beginning in 1930, Mexican was added as a distinct race on the US census with the explanation that "practically all Mexican laborers are of a racial mixture difficult to classify". ^{[32] [33]} The Mexican racial category was removed in 1940, with new direction that "Mexicans are to be regarded as white unless definitely of Indian or other nonwhite race"; this was continued in 1950. ^[34] 1970 saw the creation of the Spanish Origin category, which superseded previous classifications for Latin Americans and is now represented by the Hispanic or Latino ethnic category. Hispanic or Latino was again to be raised to racial status for the 2020 census (along with Middle Eastern and North African), but this was canceled by President Donald J. Trump. ^[35]

The characterization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans as white has been a matter of controversy. In the early 20th century, there were a number of cases where people of Arab descent were denied entry into the United States or deported, because they were characterized as nonwhite. ^[36] In the early 21st century, MENA Americans began lobbying for the creation of their own racial group and were successful; in 2015, the US Census Bureau announced that it had responded to their requests and would add a "Middle Eastern and North African" racial category to the 2020 census. ^{[37] [38]} The Trump administration nullified this change after coming to power in 2016.

However, in 2024, the Office of Management and Budget under the Biden administration reinstated the proposed changes, announcing that the race categories used by the federal government would be updated, and that Middle Eastern and North African Americans will no longer be classified as white in the upcoming 2030 Census, and Hispanic and Latino will also be treated similar to a racial, rather than ethnic, category. ^[18] The Census Bureau defines the planned definition of White people as follows:

"Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, including, for example, English, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and scottish." ^[39]

President Abraham Lincoln was descended from Samuel Lincoln and was of English and Welsh ancestry.

Gloria Vanderbilt, noted artist and designer, was of Dutch descent.

In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the US census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value.

On some government documents, such as the 2007 SEER program's Coding and Staging Manual, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shia or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, Caucasian, or a MENA or Latin American ethnicity as their race in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin or Native American tribal affiliation, were automatically tallied as White. ^[40] The 1990 US census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) listed " Caucasian " or " Aryan " among other terms as subgroups of "white" in their ancestry code listing, ^[41] but 2005 and proceeding years of PUMS codes do not. ^[42]

Social definition

In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is typically considered white. People of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent may also be considered white. However, many of the ethnic groups classified as white by the US census, such as Arab Americans, Berber Americans, Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent, and Hispanics and Latinos of European or MENA descent may not always identify as, and may not always be perceived to be, white. ^{[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]}

Social perceptions of whiteness have evolved over the course of American history. For example, Benjamin Franklin commented that the Saxons of Germany and the English "make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth". ^[51] Historically, many individuals of European descent were not readily integrated into mainstream American society and found themselves caught on the "dark" side of the white/black binary, including Irish, Italians, Greeks and Slavs. ^[52] In Minnesota, increasing numbers of Finnish immigrants led to a debate^{[ when? ]} surrounding Finnish whiteness and whether Finns should be classified as a Mongoloid peoples. ^[50]

David Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves. ^[53] The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. ^[54]

Demographic information

See also: Americans and White people

White alone 1790–2020
Year	Population	% of the US	% change (raw)	% change (share)
1790	3,172,006	80.7
1800	4,306,446	81.1	35.8%	0.4
1810	5,862,073	81.0	36.1%	-0.1
1820	7,866,797	81.6	34.2%	0.6
1830	10,532,060	81.9	33.9%	0.3
1840	14,189,705	83.2	34.7%	1.3
1850	19,553,068	84.3	37.8%	0.9
1860	26,922,537	85.6	37.7%	1.3
1870	33,589,377	87.1	24.8%	1.5
1880	43,402,970	86.5	29.2%	-0.6
1890	55,101,258	87.5	26.9%	1.0
1900	66,809,196	87.9	21.2%	0.4
1910	81,731,957	88.9	22.3%	1.0
1920	94,820,915	89.7	16.0%	1.2
1930	110,286,740	89.8	16.3%	0.1
1940	118,214,870	89.8 (highest)	7.2%	0.0
1950	134,942,028	89.5	14.1%	-0.3
1960	158,831,732	88.6	17.7%	-0.9
1970	178,119,221	87.5	12.1%	-1.1
1980	188,371,622	83.1	5.8%	-4.4
1990	199,686,070	80.3	6.0%	-2.8
2000	211,460,626	75.1	5.9%	-4.8
2010	223,553,265	72.4	5.7%	-2.7
2020	204,277,273	61.6 (lowest)	– 8.6%	-10.8
Source: United States census bureau. [55] [56] [57] [58]

The fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census

White Americans constitute the majority of the 332 million people living in the United States, with 71% of the population in the 2020 United States Census, including 61.6% who identified as 'white alone.' This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% share of the US's self-identified white alone population in 2010. ^{[7] [59] [note 1]}

The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among White Americans were English or British, followed by Germans and Irish. ^{[61] [62]} In the 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself. ^[63] Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of "American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on the 1980 census. ^{[14] [64]}

White American groups according to the census

Years	Non-Hispanic Whites		White Hispanics		Total
	#	%	#	%
2020	191,697,647	57.84%	12,579,626	3.80%	204,277,273

Geographic distribution

White Americans (alone/single race) population pyramid in 2020

White Americans of one race (or alone) in 2020

White Americans of one race (or alone) from 1960 to 2020

White Americans alone (including White Hispanics) are the majority racial group in most of the United States. As of 2022, they are not the majority in Hawaii, ^[65] California, ^[66] Texas, ^[67] New Mexico, ^[68] Nevada, ^[69] and Maryland, ^[70] making up just under half of the population in the last four states. If White Hispanics are excluded, they are also a minority in Georgia. ^[71] They are also a minority in many American Indian reservations, parts of the South, especially areas part of the “black belt”, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country.

However, when including multiracial Americans, those who identify as part or fully White make up the majority of the population in every state except for Hawaii, ^[72] along with Puerto Rico. ^[73]

Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "non-Hispanic whites" by the Census Bureau are found in the Midwest, New England, the northern Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, West Virginia, and East Tennessee. ^[74] The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states. ^{[8] [75] [76]}

White population in all 50 states (plus D.C. and Puerto Rico), as of 2022

State or territory	Population (2022 est.)	White alone (Non Hispanic) [77]	White alone [78]	White alone or in combination [79]
Alabama	5,074,296	64.1%	65.1%	69.8%
Alaska	733,583	57.4%	59.6%	72.6%
Arizona	7,359,197	51.8%	57.8%	76.5%
Arkansas	3,045,637	67.5%	69.1%	79.3%
California	39,029,344	33.7%	38.9%	56.6%
Colorado	5,839,926	65.0%	70.3%	84.3%
Connecticut	3,626,205	62.0%	65.0%	75.2%
Delaware	1,018,396	58.9%	59.9%	68.2%
District of Columbia	671,803	36.7%	38.4%	47.3%
Florida	22,244,824	50.8%	55.9%	73.9%
Georgia	10,912,876	49.6%	51.3%	58.7%
Hawaii	1,440,196	20.7%	22.2%	43.8%
Idaho	1,939,033	79.0%	81.9%	91.5%
Illinois	12,582,032	58.5%	61.1%	71.3%
Indiana	6,833,037	76.0%	77.5%	84.1%
Iowa	3,200,517	82.8%	84.4%	90.6%
Kansas	2,937,150	73.1%	76.3%	85.8%
Kentucky	4,512,310	82.2%	83.1%	88.8%
Louisiana	4,590,241	56.7%	57.6%	63.9%
Maine	1,385,340	90.2%	90.8%	95.9%
Maryland	6,164,660	47.1%	48.4%	55.4%
Massachusetts	6,981,974	67.0%	68.8%	77.8%
Michigan	10,034,118	72.6%	74.0%	80.7%
Minnesota	5,717,184	76.2%	77.2%	83.5%
Mississippi	2,940,057	55.3%	55.7%	59.8%
Missouri	6,177,957	76.6%	77.6%	84.6%
Montana	1,122,867	83.5%	85.1%	91.7%
Nebraska	1,967,923	75.8%	78.4%	86.8%
Nevada	3,177,772	44.4%	49.1%	65.2%
New Hampshire	1,395,231	86.6%	87.5%	93.9%
New Jersey	9,261,699	51.5%	54.1%	64.8%
New Mexico	2,113,344	34.8%	46.4%	70.8%
New York	19,677,152	52.9%	55.2%	63.4%
North Carolina	10,698,973	60.7%	62.2%	69.4%
North Dakota	779,261	82.0%	83.2%	88.2%
Ohio	11,756,058	76.1%	77.1%	83.1%
Oklahoma	4,019,800	62.6%	65.2%	78.6%
Oregon	4,240,137	71.6%	74.5%	85.8%
Pennsylvania	12,972,008	73.1%	74.4%	80.9%
Puerto Rico	3,221,789	0.6%	26.3%	60.7%
Rhode Island	1,093,734	68.2%	70.5%	80.1%
South Carolina	5,282,634	62.5%	63.6%	69.5%
South Dakota	909,824	79.9%	80.8%	86.7%
Tennessee	7,051,339	71.9%	73.0%	79.5%
Texas	30,029,572	38.9%	47.6%	70.6%
Utah	3,380,800	75.6%	79.2%	87.7%
Vermont	647,064	90.2%	90.9%	96.2%
Virginia	8,683,619	58.7%	60.2%	68.6%
Washington	7,785,786	63.5%	65.9%	77.7%
West Virginia	1,775,156	89.8%	90.3%	94.9%
Wisconsin	5,892,539	79.0%	80.4%	88.0%
Wyoming	581,381	81.4%	84.6%	92.6%

Although all large geographical areas are dominated by White Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.

States with the highest percentages of White Americans, either White Alone or in combination with another race as of 2020: ^{[80] [ failed verification ]}

1. Vermont 95.6%
2. Maine 95.4%
3. West Virginia 94.4%
4. New Hampshire 93.7%
5. Wyoming 92.0%
6. Montana 90.9%
7. Idaho 90.2%
8. Iowa 89.8%
9. North Dakota 88.0%
10. Kentucky 87.5%

States with the highest percentages of non-Latino/Hispanic whites, as of 2020: ^{[81] [ failed verification ]}

1. Maine 92.0%
2. Vermont 91.3%
3. New Hampshire 91.3%
4. West Virginia 90.4%
5. Wyoming 90.7%
6. Idaho 90.7%
7. Utah 88.7%
8. Iowa 88.7%
9. Montana 86.7%
10. Nebraska 86.0%

Income and educational attainment

Main article: Affluence in the United States § Race

Further information: Personal income in the United States and Household income in the United States

personal and household income

in the United States Census

in 2005

White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans. ^[82] In 2005, White households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classified as White, those born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites. ^[83]

The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 11% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average. ^[84] However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white. ^[85]

White Americans' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for Whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 38% of foreign born, and 30% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27%. ^[86]

Gender income inequality was the greatest among Whites, with White men outearning White women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of White females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White American females was only slightly higher than that of African American females. ^[87]

White Americans are more likely to live in suburbs and small cities than their black counterparts. ^[88]

Proportion in each county

• White American (Alone) population distribution over time
• 
  1790
• 
  1800
• 
  1810
• 
  1820
• 
  1830
• 
  1840
• 
  1850
• 
  1860
• 
  1870
• 
  1880
• 
  1890
• 
  1900
• 
  1910
• 
  1920
• 
  1940
• 
  1950
• 
  1960
• 
  1970
• 
  1980
• 
  1990
• 
  2000
• 
  2010
• 
  2020

White Americans of one race or alone from 2000 to 2020

White American (of one race or alone) population as of 2000, 2010 and 2020 censuses ^{[57] [89] [90]}

State	2000		2010		2020		Growth
	Pop. 2000	% 2000	Pop. 2010	% 2010	Pop. 2020	% 2020	% growth between 2000 and 2010
Alabama	3,162,808	71.1%	3,275,394	68.5%	3,220,452	64.1%	+3.6%
Alaska	434,534	69.3%	473,576	66.7%	435,392	59.4%	+9.0%
Arizona	3,873,611	75.5%	4,667,121	73.0%	4,322,337	60.4%	+20.5%
Arkansas	2,138,598	80.0%	2,245,229	77.0%	2,114,512	70.2%	+5.0%
California	20,170,059	59.5%	21,453,934	57.6%	16,296,122	41.2%	+6.4%
Colorado	3,560,005	82.8%	4,089,202	81.3%	4,082,927	70.7%	+14.9%
Connecticut	2,780,355	81.6%	2,772,410	77.6%	2,395,128	66.4%	-0.3%
Delaware	584,773	74.6%	618,617	68.9%	597,763	60.4%	+5.8%
District of Columbia	176,101	30.8%	231,471	38.5%	273,194	39.4%	+31.4%
Florida	12,465,029	78.0%	14,109,162	75.0%	12,422,961	57.7%	+13.2%
Georgia	5,327,281	65.1%	5,787,440	59.7%	5,555,483	51.9%	+8.6%
Hawaii	294,102	24.3%	336,599	24.7%	333,261	22.9%	+14.4%
Idaho	1,177,304	91.0%	1,396,487	89.1%	1,510,360	82.1%	+18.6%
Illinois	9,125,471	73.5%	9,177,877	71.5%	7,868,227	61.4%	+0.6%
Indiana	5,320,022	87.5%	5,467,906	84.3%	5,241,791	77.2%	+2.8%
Iowa	2,748,640	93.9%	2,781,561	91.3%	2,694,521	84.5%	+1.2%
Kansas	2,313,944	86.1%	2,391,044	83.8%	2,222,462	75.6%	+3.3%
Kentucky	3,640,889	90.1%	3,809,537	87.8%	3,711,254	82.4%	+4.6%
Louisiana	2,856,161	63.9%	2,836,192	62.6%	2,675,652	57.1%	-0.7%
Maine	1,236,014	96.9%	1,264,971	95.2%	1,237,041	90.8%	+2.3%
Maryland	3,391,308	64.0%	3,359,284	58.2%	3,007,874	48.7%	-0.9%
Massachusetts	5,367,286	84.5%	5,265,236	80.4%	4,896,037	69.6%	-1.9%
Michigan	7,966,053	80.2%	7,803,120	78.9%	7,444,974	73.9%	-2.0%
Minnesota	4,400,282	89.4%	4,524,062	85.3%	4,423,146	77.5%	+2.8%
Mississippi	1,746,099	61.4%	1,754,684	59.1%	1,658,893	56%	+0.5%
Missouri	4,748,083	84.9%	4,958,770	82.8%	4,740,335	77%	+4.4%
Montana	817,229	90.6%	884,961	89.4%	916,524	84.5%	+8.3%
Nebraska	1,533,261	89.6%	1,572,838	86.1%	1,538,052	78.4%	+2.6%
Nevada	1,501,886	75.2%	1,786,688	66.2%	1,588,463	51.2%	+19.0%
New Hampshire	1,186,851	96.0%	1,236,050	92.3%	1,216,203	88.3%	+4.1%
New Jersey	6,104,705	72.6%	6,029,248	68.6%	5,112,280	55%	-1.2%
New Mexico	1,214,253	66.8%	1,407,876	68.4%	1,078,927	51%	+15.9%
New York	12,893,689	67.9%	12,740,974	65.7%	11,143,349	55.2%	-1.2%
North Carolina	5,804,656	72.1%	6,528,950	68.5%	6,448,459	62.2%	+12.5%
North Dakota	593,181	92.4%	605,449	90.0%	645,938	82.9%	+2.1%
Ohio	9,645,453	85.0%	9,539,437	82.7%	9,080,688	77%	-1.1%
Oklahoma	2,628,434	76.2%	2,706,845	72.2%	2,514,884	63.5%	+3.0%
Oregon	2,961,623	86.6%	3,204,614	83.6%	3,169,096	74.8%	+8.2%
Pennsylvania	10,484,203	85.4%	10,406,288	81.9%	9,750,687	75%	-0.7%
Rhode Island	891,191	85.0%	856,869	81.4%	782,920	71.3%	-3.8%
South Carolina	2,695,560	67.2%	3,060,000	66.2%	3,243,442	63.4%	+13.5%
South Dakota	669,404	88.7%	699,392	85.9%	715,336	80.7%	+4.5%
Tennessee	4,563,310	80.2%	4,921,948	77.6%	4,990,938	72.2%	+7.9%
Texas	14,799,505	71.0%	17,701,552	70.4%	14,609,365	50.1%	+19.6%
Utah	1,992,975	89.2%	2,379,560	86.1%	2,573,413	78.7%	+19.4%
Vermont	589,208	96.8%	596,292	95.3%	577,751	89.8%	+1.2%
Virginia	5,120,110	72.3%	5,486,852	68.6%	5,208,856	60.3%	+7.2%
Washington	4,821,823	81.8%	5,196,362	77.3%	5,130,920	66.6%	+7.8%
West Virginia	1,718,777	95.0%	1,739,988	93.9%	1,610,749	89.8%	+1.2%
Wisconsin	4,769,857	88.9%	4,902,067	86.2%	4,737,545	80.4%	+2.8%
Wyoming	454,670	92.1%	511,279	90.7%	488,374	84.7%	+12.4%
United States of America	211,460,626	75.1%	223,553,265	72.4%	204,277,273	61.6%	+5.7%

White population by state (includes Hispanics who identify as white) ^[91]

State	Pop. 2016	% 2016	Pop. 2017	% 2017	percentage growth	numeric growth
Alabama	3,371,066	69.35%	3,374,131	69.22%	-0.13%	+3,065
Alaska	490,864	66.20%	486,724	65.79%	-0.41%	-4,140
Arizona	5,753,506	83.28%	5,827,866	83.06%	-0.22%	+74,360
Arkansas	2,372,843	79.41%	2,381,662	79.27%	-0.14%	+3,740
California	28,560,032	72.68%	28,611,160	72.37%	-0.31%	+51,128
Colorado	4,837,197	87.47%	4,894,372	87.29%	-0.18%	+57,175
Connecticut	2,891,943	80.60%	2,879,759	80.26%	-0.34%	-12,184
Delaware	667,076	70.02%	670,512	69.70%	-0.32%	+3,436
District of Columbia	305,232	44.60%	313,234	45.14%	+0.54%	+8,002
Florida	16,022,497	77.56%	16,247,613	77.43%	-0.13%	+225,116
Georgia	6,310,426	61.18%	6,341,768	60.81%	-0.37%	+31,342
Hawaii	370,362	25.92%	366,546	25.67%	-0.25%	-3,816
Idaho	1,567,868	93.32%	1,599,814	93.18%	-0.2%	+31,946
Illinois	9,909,184	77.20%	9,864,942	77.06%	-0.14%	-44,242
Indiana	5,679,252	85.61%	5,690,929	85.36%	-0.25%	+11,677
Iowa	2,860,136	91.35%	2,864,664	91.06%	-0.29%	+4,528
Kansas	2,519,340	86.64%	2,519,176	86.47%	-0.17%	-164
Kentucky	3,901,878	87.96%	3,908,964	87.76%	-0.20%	+7,086
Louisiana	2,958,471	63.13%	2,951,003	63.00%	-0.13%	-7,468
Maine	1,261,247	94.81%	1,264,744	94.67%	-0.14%	+3,497
Maryland	3,572,673	59.30%	3,568,679	58.96%	-0.34%	-3,994
Massachusetts	5,575,622	81.71%	5,576,725	81.29%	-0.42%	+1,103
Michigan	7,906,913	79.60%	7,914,418	79.44%	-0.16%	+7,505
Minnesota	4,687,397	84.84%	4,708,215	84.43%	-0.41%	+20,818
Mississippi	1,771,276	59.33%	1,766,950	59.21%	-0.12%	-4,326
Missouri	5,069,869	83.23%	5,080,444	83.10%	-0.13%	+10,575
Montana	926,475	89.20%	935,792	89.08%	-0.12%	+9,317
Nebraska	1,693,622	88.78%	1,700,881	88.58%	-0.20%	+7,259
Nevada	2,208,915	75.15%	2,235,657	74.57%	-0.58%	+26,742
New Hampshire	1,251,836	93.77%	1,256,807	93.59%	-0.18%	+4,971
New Jersey	6,499,057	72.38%	6,489,409	72.06%	-0.32%	-9,648
New Mexico	1,716,662	82.31%	1,715,623	82.16%	-0.15%	-1,039
New York	13,856,651	69.85%	13,807,127	69.56%	-0.29%	-49,524
North Carolina	7,212,423	71.01%	7,276,995	70.83%	-0.18%	+64,572
North Dakota	663,424	87.81%	661,217	87.53%	-0.28%	-2,207
Ohio	9,578,424	82.41%	9,579,207	82.16%	-0.25%	+783
Oklahoma	2,923,751	74.56%	2,921,390	74.32%	-0.24%	-2,361
Oregon	3,569,538	87.29%	3,607,515	87.08%	-0.21%	+37,977
Pennsylvania	10,525,562	82.31%	10,507,780	82.06%	-0.25%	-17,782
Rhode Island	892,287	84.37%	890,883	84.07%	-0.30%	-1,404
South Carolina	3,393,346	68.2%	3,440,141	68.47%	+0.27%	+46,795
South Dakota	733,199	85.10%	738,554	84.92%	-0.18%	+5,355
Tennessee	5,231,987	78.68%	5,276,748	78.57%	-0.11%	+44,761
Texas	22,166,782	79.44%	22,404,118	79.15%	-0.29%	+237,336
Utah	2,774,606	91.14%	2,820,387	90.93%	-0.21%	+45,781
Vermont	589,836	94.62%	589,163	94.47%	-0.15%	-673
Virginia	5,891,174	70.01%	5,904,472	69.71%	-0.30%	+13,298
Washington	5,820,007	79.93%	5,887,060	79.49%	-0.44%	+67,053
West Virginia	1,712,647	93.66%	1,699,266	93.58%	-0.08%	-13,381
Wisconsin	5,049,698	87.47%	5,060,891	87.32%	-0.15%	+11,193
Wyoming	543,224	92.87%	537,396	92.76%	-0.11%	-5,828
United States	248,619,303	76.87%	249,619,493	76.64%	-0.23%	+1,000,190

Non-Hispanic population

Main article: List of U.S. states by non-Hispanic white population

Non-Hispanic white population by state ^[91]

State	Pop. 2016	% 2016	Pop. 2017	% 2017	percentage growth	numeric growth
Alabama	3,198,381	65.80%	3,196,852	65.58%	-0.22%	-1,529
Alaska	454,651	61.31%	449,776	60.80%	-0.51%	-4,875
Arizona	3,819,881	55.29%	3,849,130	54.86%	-0.43%	+29,249
Arkansas	2,175,521	72.80%	2,177,809	72.49%	-0.31%	+2,288
California	14,797,971	37.66%	14,696,754	37.17%	-0.49%	-101,217
Colorado	3,791,612	68.56%	3,827,750	68.26%	-0.30%	+36,135
Connecticut	2,428,332	67.68%	2,404,792	67.02%	-0.66%	-23,540
Delaware	597,728	62.74%	599,260	62.30%	-0.44%	+1,532
District of Columbia	249,141	36.40%	255,387	36.80%	+0.40%	+6,246
Florida	11,273,388	54.57%	11,343,977	54.06%	-0.51%	+70,589
Georgia	5,499,055	53.32%	5,507,334	52.81%	-0.51%	+8,279
Hawaii	317,026	22.19%	312,492	21.89%	-0.30%	-4,534
Idaho	1,382,934	82.32%	1,408,294	82.02%	-0.30%	+25,360
Illinois	7,915,013	61.65%	7,849,887	61.32%	-0.33%	-65,126
Indiana	5,280,029	79.59%	5,280,420	79.20%	-0.39%	+391
Iowa	2,696,686	86.13%	2,695,962	85.70%	-0.43%	-724
Kansas	2,215,920	76.21%	2,209,748	75.86%	-0.35%	-6,172
Kentucky	3,767,092	84.92%	3,768,891	84.61%	-0.31%	+1,799
Louisiana	2,760,416	58.91%	2,747,730	58.66%	-0.25%	-12,686
Maine	1,243,741	93.50%	1,246,478	93.30%	-0.20%	+2,737
Maryland	3,098,543	51.43%	3,077,907	50.86%	-0.57%	-20,636
Massachusetts	4,972,010	72.86%	4,953,695	72.21%	-0.65%	-18,315
Michigan	7,489,609	75.40%	7,488,326	75.17%	-0.23%	-1,283
Minnesota	4,442,684	80.41%	4,455,605	79.89%	-0.52%	+12,921
Mississippi	1,697,562	56.86%	1,691,566	56.69%	-0.17%	-5,996
Missouri	4,855,156	79.71%	4,859,227	79.48%	-0.23%	+4,071
Montana	897,790	86.44%	905,811	86.23%	-0.21%	+8,021
Nebraska	1,515,494	79.44%	1,516,962	79.00%	-0.44%	+1,468
Nevada	1,465,888	49.87%	1,470,855	49.06%	-0.81%	+4,967
New Hampshire	1,212,377	90.81%	1,215,447	90.52%	-0.29%	+3,070
New Jersey	5,002,866	55.72%	4,962,470	55.10%	-0.62%	-40,396
New Mexico	789,869	38.31%	783,064	37.50%	-0.81%	-6,805
New York	11,047,456	55.69%	10,972,959	55.28%	-0.41%	-74,497
North Carolina	6,447,852	63.48%	6,486,100	63.13%	-0.35%	+38,248
North Dakota	641,945	84.96%	639,029	84.59%	-0.37%	-2,916
Ohio	9,229,932	79.41%	9,219,577	79.08%	-0.33%	-10,355
Oklahoma	2,592,571	66.12%	2,581,568	65.67%	-0.45%	-11,003
Oregon	3,115,656	76.25%	3,139,685	75.79%	-0.46%	+24,029
Pennsylvania	9,841,619	76.96%	9,796,510	76.50%	-0.44%	-45,109
Rhode Island	773,405	73.13%	768,229	72.50%	-0.63%	-5,176
South Carolina	3,165,176	63.82%	3,203,045	63.75%	-0.07%	+37,869
South Dakota	710,509	82.47%	714,881	82.20%	-0.27%	+4,372
Tennessee	4,931,609	74.17%	4,963,780	73.91%	-0.26%	+32,171
Texas	11,862,697	42.51%	11,886,381	42.00%	-0.51%	+23,684
Utah	2,400,885	78.86%	2,434,785	78.49%	-0.37%	+33,900
Vermont	580,238	93.08%	579,149	92.86%	-0.22%	-1,089
Virginia	5,247,231	62.36%	5,241,262	61.88%	-0.48%	-5,969
Washington	5,049,817	69.36%	5,091,370	68.75%	-0.61%	+41,553
West Virginia	1,688,472	92.33%	1,674,557	92.22%	-0.11%	-13,915
Wisconsin	4,710,928	81.60%	4,713,993	81.34%	-0.26%	+3,065
Wyoming	492,235	84.16%	486,565	83.99%	-0.17%	-5,670
United States	197,834,599	61.17%	197,803,083	60.73%	-0.44%	-31,516

Ancestry groups

The following table lists all self-reported European and Middle Eastern ancestries with over 50,000 members, according to 2022 estimates from the American Community Survey: ^{[92] [93]}

Ancestry	Number in 2022 (Alone)	Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)	% Total
German	13,241,923	41,137,168	12.3%
English	12,331,696	31,380,620	9.4%
Irish	8,649,243	30,655,612	9.2%
American (Mostly old-stock white Americans of British descent)	14,929,899	17,786,214	5.3%
Italian	5,766,634	16,009,774	4.8%
Polish	2,658,632	8,249,491	2.5%
French (Not including French Canadian)	1,360,631	6,310,548	1.9%
Scottish	1,555,579	5,352,344	1.6%
Broadly "European" (No country specified)	3,718,055	4,819,541	1.4%
Swedish	740,478	3,936,772	1.2%
Norwegian	1,224,373	3,317,462	1.0%
Dutch	858,809	3,019,465	0.9%
Scotch-Irish	940,337	2,524,746	0.8%
Arab (Including Lebanese (583,719), Egyptian (334,574), Syrian (203,282), Palestinian (171,969), Iraqi (164,851), Moroccan (140,196), and all other Arab ancestries)	1,502,360	2,237,982	0.7%
Russian	747,866	2,099,079	0.6%
Spanish (Including responses of "Spaniard," "Spanish," and "Spanish American." Many Hispanos of New Mexico identify as Spanish/Spaniard)	—	1,926,228	0.6%
French Canadian	694,089	1,626,456	0.5%
Welsh	293,551	1,521,565	0.5%
Portuguese	543,531	1,350,442	0.4%
Hungarian	390,561	1,247,165	0.4%
Greek	486,878	1,200,706	0.4%
Broadly "British" (Not further specified)	503,077	1,196,265	0.4%
Czech	340,768	1,188,711	0.4%
Ukrainian	565,431	1,164,728	0.3%
Danish	268,019	1,127,518	0.3%
Broadly "Eastern European" (Not further specified)	566,715	951,384	0.3%
Broadly "Scandinavian" (Not further specified)	372,673	935,153	0.3%
Swiss	196,120	847,247	0.3%
Finnish	189,603	606,028	0.2%
Slovak	186,902	602,949	0.2%
Lithuanian	167,355	598,508	0.2%
Austrian	123,987	584,517	0.2%
Canadian	249,309	542,459	0.2%
Iranian	392,051	519,658	0.2%
Armenian	282,012	458,841	0.1%
Romanian	251,069	450,751	0.1%
Broadly "Northern European" (No country specified)	273,675	434,292	0.1%
Croatian	128,623	389,272	0.1%
Belgian	96,361	316,493	0.1%
Turkish	168,354	239,667	0.07%
Pennsylvania German	155,563	228,634	0.07%
"Czechoslovakian" (Not further specified)	79,992	227,217	0.07%
Albanian	182,625	223,984	0.07%
"Yugoslavian" (Not further specified)	129,759	198,687	0.06%
Serbian	96,388	191,538	0.06%
Afghan	169,255	189,493	0.06%
Slovene	48,809	153,589	0.05%
Israeli	80,336	144,202	0.04%
Broadly "Slavic" (No country specified)	57,491	140,956	0.04%
Bulgarian	75,386	106,896	0.03%
Assyrian	64,349	93,542	0.03%
Latvian	33,742	91,859	0.03%
Cajun	59,046	91,706	0.03%
Australian	37,180	88,999	0.03%
Macedonian	39,586	65,107	0.02%
Basque	24,219	62,731	0.02%
Icelandic	18,978	53,415	0.02%

Politics

A majority of White Americans have voted for the Republican Party since the 1968 United States presidential election, with the 1964 United States presidential election being the last election when the Democratic Party won a majority of White voters.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were non-Hispanic white while 56% of Obama voters were non-Hispanic white. ^[94] In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of non-Hispanic white votes. ^[95] In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the non-Hispanic white votes. ^[96]

Some academics and commentators have argued that Donald Trump's presidential election victory in 2016 is an example of "White backlash". ^{[97] [98] [99]}

Year	Candidate of the plurality	Political party	% of Non-Hispanic White vote[ citation needed ]	Result
1980	Ronald Reagan	Republican Party	56%	Won
1984	Ronald Reagan	Republican	66%	Won
1988	George H. W. Bush	Republican	59%	Won
1992	George H. W. Bush	Republican	40%	Lost
1996	Bob Dole	Republican	46%	Lost
2000	George W. Bush	Republican	55%	Won
2004	George W. Bush	Republican	58%	Won
2008	John McCain	Republican	55%	Lost
2012	Mitt Romney	Republican	59%	Lost
2016	Donald Trump	Republican	57%	Won
2020	Donald Trump	Republican	58%	Lost
2024	Donald Trump	Republican	57%	Won

Health

Main article: Health status of White Americans

Culture

From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, cinema, religion, agricultural skills, foods, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to American culture. White American culture derived its earliest influences from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of American culture. ^[100] The overall American culture reflects White American culture. The culture has been developing since long before the United States formed a separate country. Much of White American culture shows influences from British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes. ^[101]

Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America

Three members of the Kennedy political dynasty, John, Robert and Ted Kennedy. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from Ireland.

In his 1989 book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, David Hackett Fischer explores the details of the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that moved to the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland. His thesis is that the culture of each group persisted (albeit in modified form), providing the basis for the modern United States. ^[102]

According to Fischer, the foundation of America's four regional cultures was formed from four mass migrations from four regions of the British Isles by four distinct ethno-cultural groups. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture. ^[103] The next mass migration was of southern English Cavaliers and their working class British Isles servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This spawned the creation of the American Southern culture. ^[104]

Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, Cornish, English and Welsh Quakers plus many Germans sympathetic to Quaker ideas, led by William Penn, settled the Delaware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, this is really a "regional culture", even if it does today encompass most of the US from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast. ^[105] Finally, a huge number of settlers from the borderlands between England and Scotland, sometimes by way of northern Ireland, migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. This resulted in the formation of the Upland South regional culture, which has since expanded to the west to West Texas and parts of the American Southwest. ^[106]

In his book, Fischer brings up several points. He states that the US is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional" cultures, as is commonly thought. Rather, there are only four regional cultures as described above, and understanding this helps one to more clearly understand American history as well as contemporary American life. Fischer asserts that it is not only important to understand where different groups came from, but when. All population groups have, at different times, their own unique set of beliefs, fears, hopes and prejudices. When different groups moved to America and brought certain beliefs and values with them, these ideas became, according to Fischer, more or less frozen in time, even if they eventually changed in their original place of origin. ^[107]

Admixture

See also: Race and genetics

Admixture in non-Hispanic whites

White Americans have a mean of 98.6% European, 0.19% sub-Saharan African, and 0.18% Native American ancestry according to a study specifically focusing on customers who took a 23andMe DNA test. ^[108] However, non-European ancestry in White Americans is highly variable; for example, Black ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over five percent of European Americans in Louisiana and South Carolina, and Native American ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over three percent of European Americans in Louisiana and North Dakota. African ancestry is most common in the South and least common in the Midwest; Native American ancestry is more common in Western states than Eastern states. ^[109]

Older studies have also been performed. DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture. ^[110] The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture. ^[111] Shriver discovered his ancestry is 10 percent African, and Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, J.T. Frudacas, contradicted him two years later stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry." ^[112]

In a 2007 study, Gonçalves et al. reported sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDNA lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in a sample of 1387 American Caucasians as compared to 62% in white Brazilians (respectively 29% and 33%), 98% for white Colombians (respectively 8% and 90%) and 96% for white Costa Ricans (respectively 7% and 89%). ^[113] A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA found African admixture in European Americans to be "below the limits of detection". ^[114]

Admixture in Hispanic whites

In contrast to non-Hispanic or Latino whites, whose average European ancestry is 98.6%, ^{[115] [116]} genetic research has found that the average European admixture among White Hispanic and Latino Americans is 73%, while the average European admixture for Hispanic Americans overall (regardless of their self-identified race) is 65.1%. However, this study only obtained its genetic data from people who took a paid ancestry test from 23andMe, and as such may not be fully representative of the general Hispanic population in the US. ^[117]

See also

• Health status of White Americans
• White demographic decline#United States
• American ancestry
• Anglo
• Emigration from Europe
• European Americans
• Hyphenated American
• List of United States cities by percentage of white population
• Middle Eastern Americans
• Non-Hispanic or Latino whites
• Race and ethnicity in the United States
• Racism in the United States
• Stereotypes of white Americans
• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
• White ethnic
• White Latino Americans
• White Puerto Ricans
• White Southerners
• White Americans in California
• White Americans in Maryland
• White Americans in Texas
• White supremacy
• White nationalism
• White people in Hawaii
• White trash
• Poor White
• Mountain white
• White Americans in Louisiana

Notes

1. Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 62% were naturalized. ^[60]

References

1. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States". United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
2. "Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014)". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Retrieved April 5, 2019.
3. "Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
4. "Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
5. "Analysis | There's a big problem with how the census measures race". The Washington Post . February 6, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
6. Demby, Gene (June 16, 2014). "On The Census, Who Checks 'Hispanic,' Who Checks 'White,' And Why". NPR.org. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
7. Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez, eds. (March 2011). "Definition of Race Categories Used in the 2010 Census" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 3. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
8. "The White Population: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. August 2001. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
9. "Public Comments Received on Federal Register notice 79 FR 71377: Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; 2015 National Content Test" (PDF). Census.gov. December 2, 2014 – February 2, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
10. "Census Bureau explores new Middle East/North Africa ethnic category". Pewresearch.org. March 24, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
11. Sources:
    • Korelitz 1997
    • Novick 1999
    • Siporin 1990
    • Lerner 1993
12. Sources:
    • Reynolds Farley, "The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?", Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
    • Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, "The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns", Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–46.
13. Sources:
    • Thompson, Derek (August 19, 2008). "Do white people really come from the Caucasus?". Slate. Retrieved March 10, 2011. Caucasians included most Europeans, Northern Africans, and Asians as far east as the Ganges Delta in modern India.
    • Lee, Sandra Soo-Jin; Mountain, Joanna; Koenig, Barbara A. (2001). "The meanings of "race" in the new genomics: Implications for health disparities research" (PDF). Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics. 1: 33–75. PMID   12669320. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016.
14. Lieberson, Stanley; Waters, Mary C. (September 1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 487 (79, Immigration and American Public Policy): 82–86. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004. ISSN   0002-7162. JSTOR   1046054. OCLC   4649763967. S2CID   60711423.
15. "Race". QuickFacts. United States Census Bureau.
16. Bhopal, R.; Donaldson, L. (1998). "White, European, Western, Caucasian, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity, and health". American Journal of Public Health. 88 (9): 1303–1307. doi:10.2105/ajph.88.9.1303. PMC   1509085 . PMID   9736867.
17. Baum 2006, p. 3, 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBaum2006 (help)
18. Bureau, US Census. "What Updates to OMB's Race/Ethnicity Standards Mean for the Census Bureau". Census.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2024.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
19. "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". United States Census Bureau.
20. 2021 Community Survey, Table B03001: Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin
21. Wade, Lizzie (December 18, 2014). "Genetic study reveals surprising ancestry of many Americans".
22. Conomos, Matthew P.; Laurie, Cecelia A.; Stilp, Adrienne M.; Gogarten, Stephanie M.; McHugh, Caitlin P.; Nelson, Sarah C.; Sofer, Tamar; Fernández-Rhodes, Lindsay; Justice, Anne E.; Graff, Mariaelisa; Young, Kristin L.; Seyerle, Amanda A.; Avery, Christy L.; Taylor, Kent D.; Rotter, Jerome I. (January 7, 2016). "Genetic Diversity and Association Studies in US Hispanic/Latino Populations: Applications in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 98 (1): 165–184. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.001. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   4716704 . PMID   26748518.
23. Jordan, I. King; Rishishwar, Lavanya; Conley, Andrew B. (September 23, 2019). "Native American admixture recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States". PLOS Genetics. 15 (9): e1008225. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008225 . ISSN   1553-7404. PMC   6756731 . PMID   31545791.
24. Sources:
    • Pulera, Dominic (October 20, 2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America . A&C Black. p.  57. ISBN   978-0-8264-1643-8 . Retrieved October 22, 2016.
25. Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 8, 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   4289685 . PMID   25529636.
26. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
27. "Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race". Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
28. "American FactFinder Help". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 5, 2001. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.
29. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
30. "T4-2008. Hispanic or Latino By Race". 2008 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
31. "B03002. HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
32. United States Bureau of the Census (1933). Population, Volume II: General Report, Statistics by Subjects (Report). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 27.
33. "Measuring Race and Ethnicity Across the Decades: 1790-2010, Mapped to 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget Classification Standards". The United States Census Bureau.
34. Bashi Treitler, Vilna Francine. "The Race Question". Rutgers University Faculty Webpages. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008.
35. "Public Comments Received on Federal Register notice 79 FR 71377: Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; 2015 National Content Test" (PDF). Census.gov. December 2, 2014 – February 2, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
36. "Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience – Arab American Institute". Aaiusa.org. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
37. "Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census". USA Today. August 13, 2014.
38. "Why Arab Americans are pushing for a 'Middle East or North African' category on the census". PBS. April 28, 2023.
39. Isaksen, Lise Widding (2011), "Gendering the Stranger: Nomadic Care Workers in Europe — a Polish-Italian Example", Europeanization, Care and Gender, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 141–151, doi:10.1057/9780230321021_9, ISBN   978-1-349-33526-8 , retrieved June 29, 2024
40. "Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics" (PDF). Seer.cancer.gov. May 21, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
41. "Clark Library | U-M Library". Lib.umich.edu. Archived from the original on March 13, 2005. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
42. "Access Data: Public Use Microdata (PUMS): 2005 PUMS Code Lists: Ancestry Codes". Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
43. Ajrouch, Kristine J. (2016). "Gender, Race, and Symbolic Boundaries: Contested Spaces of Identity among Arab American Adolescents". Sociological Perspectives. 47 (4): 371–391. doi:10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371. S2CID   143001730.
44. Korelitz, Seth (March 1997). "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, from Race to Ethnicity". American Jewish History. 85 (1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 75–100. ISSN   0164-0178. JSTOR   23885597.
45. Novick, Peter (1999). The Holocaust in American Life. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 127–132. ISBN   978-0-618-08232-2.
46. Siporin, Steve (November 1990). "Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore". Western States Jewish History. 22 (3): 230–242.
47. Lerner, Michael (May 18, 1993). "Jews Are Not White". The Village Voice . In America, to be 'white' means to be the beneficiary of the past 500 years of European exploration and exploitation of the rest of the world
48. Hilene Flanzbaum, ed. The Americanization of the Holocaust (1999)
49. Monty Noam Penkower, "Shaping Holocaust Memory," American Jewish History 2000 88(1): 127–132. 0164–0178
50. Armas Kustaa Ensio Holmio, "History of the Finns in Michigan", p. 17.
51. Franklin, Benjamin (1751). Observations concerning the increase of mankind, peopling of countries, &c. Tarrytown, N.Y., Reprinted, W. Abbatt. p. 224.
52. Tehranian, John (January 2000). "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America". Yale Law Journal . 109 (4). New Haven, Connecticut: The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc.: 825. doi:10.2307/797505. ISSN   0044-0094. JSTOR   797505. OCLC   5544418733. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. HeinOnline link.
53. Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998).
54. Sweet, Frank W. Legal History of the Color Line: The Notion of Invisible Blackness. Backintyme Publishers (2005), ISBN   0-939479-23-0.
55. "Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2014.
56. "Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Geographic Area: United States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
57. "The White Population: 2000" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2005.
58. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2011.
59. Hixson, Lindsay; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved November 20, 2012.
60. Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gambino, Christine; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2012.
61. "Over Half of White Population Reported Being English, German or Irish".
62. "United States Population Projections By Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 TO 2050" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (Excel) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
63. "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
64. Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–39. ISBN   978-0-19-503794-4.
65. "Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
66. "Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
67. "Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
68. "Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
69. "Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
70. "Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
71. "Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
72. "Grid View: Table B02008 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
73. "Grid View: Table B02008 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
74. Chokshi, Niraj (June 30, 2014). "Diversity in America's counties, in 5 maps". The Washington Post . Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
75. Brewer, Cynthia; Suchan, Trudy (2001). Census 2000, The Geography of US Diversity. Redlands, California: ESRI Press.
76. "Distribution of those identifying as White alone, by state, US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
77. "Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
78. "Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
79. "Grid View: Table B02008 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
80. "United States – States; and Puerto Rico: Percent of the Total Population Who Are White Alone 2007". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
81. "GCT0209. Percent of the Total Population Who Are White Alone, Not Hispanic or Latino". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
82. "New Study Claims US Jews Have Reasons to Be Proud". Israelnationalnews.com. June 25, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
83. "Cuba Fact Sheet Final Draft 08252006 _3_.doc" (PDF). Pewhispanic.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
84. "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
85. "Rural Poverty: Myths and Realities". Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
86. "US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003" (PDF). Retrieved December 23, 2006.
87. "US Census Bureau, Personal income forum, Age 25+, 2005". Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2007.
88. Kahn, Matthew E.; Bajari, Patrick (2001). "Why Do Blacks Live in the Cities and Whites Live in the Suburbs?". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.263049. S2CID   55740758.
89. "American FactFinder". August 31, 2004. Archived from the original on August 31, 2004. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
90. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
91. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States, States, and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017: 2017 Population Estimates". American FactFinder. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
92. "Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
93. "Grid View: Table B04004 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
94. Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", Slate November 7, 2012 Archived July 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
95. "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History" Archived June 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009.
96. "The Latino Vote in the 2010 Elections". Pew Research Center. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
97. II, Vann R. Newkirk (January 15, 2018). "Five Decades of White Backlash". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
98. Blake, John (January 8, 2018). "How Trump became 'the white affirmative action president'". CNN. Video by Tawanda Scott Sambou. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
99. Baccini, Leonardo; Weymouth, Stephen (2021). "Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting". American Political Science Review. 115 (2): 550–567. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000022. S2CID   204870213. Deindustrialization in the US, and the associated localized deterioration in employment, wages, and communities, appear central to the white voter backlash that culminated in the election of Donald Trump.
100. "European Influences on Colonial American Culture". pbslearningmedia.org.
101. James B. Minahan (March 14, 2013). Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. p. 9. ISBN   978-1-61069-164-2 . Retrieved October 22, 2016.
102. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6
103. Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 13–206
104. Fischer, Albion's Seed pp. 207–418
105. Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 419–604
106. Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 605–782
107. Hackett Fischer, David. Albion's Seed Oxford University Press, 1989.
108. Bryc, K. (2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1). Elsevier BV: 42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   4289685 . PMID   25529636.
109. Bryc 2015 : Figure 3
110. Shriver, Mark D.; Parra, Esteban J.; Dios, Sonia; Bonilla, Carolina; Norton, Heather; Jovel, Celina; Pfaff, Carrie; Jones, Cecily; Massac, Aisha; Cameron, Neil; Baron, Archie; Jackson, Tabitha; Argyropoulos, George; Jin, Li; Hoggart, Clive J.; McKeigue, Paul M.; Kittles, Rick A. (2003). "Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping". Human Genetics. 112 (4): 387–399. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y. PMID   12579416. S2CID   7877572.
111. Sailer, Steve (May 8, 2002). "Analysis: White prof finds he's not". UPI .
112. Jim Wooten, "Race Reversal Man Lives as 'Black' for 50 Years — Then Finds Out He's Probably Not, ABC News (2004).
113. Sample of 1387 American Caucasian individuals catalogued in the FBI mtDNA population database, Gonçalves, V. F.; Prosdocimi, F.; Santos, L. S.; Ortega, J. M.; Pena, S. D. (2007). "Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians". Genetics and Molecular Research. 6 (2): 256–261. PMID   17573655.
114. Kayser, M.; Brauer, S.; Schädlich, H.; Prinz, M.; Batzer, M. A.; Zimmerman, P. A.; Boatin, B. A.; Stoneking, M. (2003). "Y Chromosome STR Haplotypes and the Genetic Structure of U.S. Populations of African, European, and Hispanic Ancestry". Genome Research. 13 (4): 624–634. doi: 10.1101/gr.463003 . PMC   430174 . PMID   12671003.
115. Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (September 18, 2014). "The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States". bioRxiv   10.1101/009340 .. "Supplemental Tables and Figures". p. 42. September 18, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
116. Zimmer, Carl (December 24, 2014). "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkie". The New York Times . Retrieved October 24, 2015.
117. Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 8, 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   4289685 . PMID   25529636.

External links

• White Population 2000 from the US census