Total population | |
---|---|
179,165 [1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Ohio (Greater Cleveland), Pennsylvania, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York, California, Colorado | |
Languages | |
American English, Slovene | |
Religion | |
Roman Catholic, Lutheran | |
Related ethnic groups | |
White Americans, Slovene Canadians |
Part of a series on |
Slovenes |
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Slovene Americans or Slovenian Americans are Americans of full or partial Slovene or Slovenian ancestry. Slovenes mostly immigrated to America during the Slovene mass emigration period from the 1880s to World War I.
The first Slovenes in the United States were Catholic missionary priests in the early 19th century. [2] Two of the earliest such missionaries were Anton Kappus and Frederic Baraga. [3] Many of these early immigrants were bilingual Slovene-German speakers. [4] Baraga's sister Antonija Höffern became the first Slovene woman to immigrate to the United States in 1837. [5]
The peak of emigration from what is now Slovenia was between 1860 and 1914; during this period, between 170,000 and 300,000 left areas that are now part of Slovenia. [6] By 1880 there were around 1,000 Slovene Americans, many of whom worked in the Upper Midwest as miners; within 30 years, about 30,000 to 40,000 Slovenian immigrants lived in the area of Cleveland, Ohio, the center of Slovene American culture. [2] The early waves of migrants were predominantly single men, many of whom (over 36% in the period 1899–1924) returned home after earning money in the United States, [7] mostly in unskilled labor. [2] Many stayed, however, and Slovene women followed in settling in the United States. [2]
In 1914, Cleveland was the third most-populous Slovene city in the world, after Trieste and Ljubljana. [8] Within Cleveland, Slovene Americans developed their own cultural and social institutions, including Slovene-owned groceries, bars, furniture stores, clothing shops, and other businesses; Catholic parishes and elementary schools; mutual aid and fraternal societies; and even a Slovene bank (established in St. Clair, Cleveland in 2010). [8] By the 1930s, five out of 32 members of the Cleveland City Council were Slovene. [8] Most Slovene Americans living in Cleveland eventually moved to the city's suburbs, although cultural institutions within the city limits remain significant. The Cleveland metropolitan area remains home to the largest population of Slovenians in the world outside of Slovenia. [9]
Later Slovene arrivals migrated to the industrial cities or to mining towns in the Upper Midwest, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Two later periods of increased immigration to the United States were the years immediately after World War I (1919–1923) and World War II (1949–1956). [10] Slovene post–World War II migrants consisted primarily of political refugees fleeing Josip Broz Tito's Communist regime in Yugoslavia; this group of migrants was generally older and better educated than earlier waves of Slovene migrants. [9]
Among Slovene immigrants, some were devoutly Catholic, while others were secular and anticlerical, [7] with some holding liberal or socialist views. [8] The division between the two groups was a prominent feature of Slovene-American communal life for much of the 20th century. [7] A minority of Slovene immigrants practiced the Lutheran faith. [10] Most Lutheran Slovenes lived in the Prekmurje region, under Hungarian rather than Austrian rule; when members of this group immigrated to the United States, they maintained a distinct identity called Windish. [7] The largest Windish settlement in the United States was in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. [7]
This section needs additional citations for verification .(September 2023) |
The Slovene population in the United States has been historically concentrated in the Great Lakes and Northeastern United States including Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; as well as Colorado. According to the 2000 census, the five states with the largest Slovene populations were:
These five states are followed, in descending order, by Colorado, Michigan, Florida, New York, Texas, Indiana, Washington, Kansas, Maryland, West Virginia and Utah, again according to the 2000 census. The state with the smallest Slovene American population is North Dakota (107). There is no American state without Slovene descendants among its population.
1910 census reported 183,431 persons of Slovene mother tongue living in the United States. By the time of the 1920 census, that figure had increased to 208,552. Following the enactment of restrictive immigration laws in the 1920s, the number of Slovenes immigrating to the United States declined. [13] The 1990 census reported 124,437 Slovene-identifying people. [7] Slovene-American sources give higher estimates of the total number of Americans of Slovene descent, of up to 300,000, [7] or even (if persons with only one-quarter or one-eighth Slovene ancestry are counted) 500,000. [14]
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Slovene Americans established a variety of social groups, including fraternal organizations, [7] mutual insurance, and self-help societies, [15] and cultural and educational institutions, such as choral and drama societies, gymnastics groups, and Slovene-language newspapers. [15] The establishment of Slovene American insurance companies allowed immigrants to protect themselves against discrimination and fraud. [16] A number of mergers and name changes took place during the 20th century, [17] Some Slovene American fraternal, benevolent, social, and cultural organizations include:
The Slovenian Genealogy Society, International [29] helps members trace their Slovene roots.
A total of 39 Slovene parishes were established in the United States. [8] The first Slovene national parish with a Slovene priest was formed in 1891 in Chicago. [15] Four Slovene parishes were subsequently established on the east side of Cleveland: St. Vitus's (Sveti Vit) (established 1893); St. Lawrence (established 1901); St. Mary of the Assumption (1905), and St. Christine's (1925). [8] [15] St. Vitus's eventually grew to encompass a school and convent; a large new church in the Lombard Romanesque style, was built in 1932. [30]
St. Cyril Roman Catholic Church in the East Village, Manhattan, was established in 1916 as a Slovene parish. [31]
Holy Family Roman Catholic Church was established in 1908 in Kansas City, Kansas by immigrants from Lower Carniola. [32]
The Slovenian Chapel of Our Lady of Brezje, in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, D.C., is the dedicated Slovenian National Marian Shrine, founded in 1971. [33]
Multiple Slovene choruses have been formed, including The Singing Slovenes in Duluth, Minnesota (founded in 1980), [34] the Ely Slovenian Chorus in Ely, Minnesota (founded in 1969 by Mary Hutar, final performance in 2009); [35] the Fantje na vasi (Boys from the Village) men's a cappella choir in Cleveland (founded in 1977); [36] and the Zarja Singing Society, Cleveland (founded in 1916). [37]
The first newspaper established by Slovene Americans was Ameriški Slovenec (American Slovene), which was published in Chicago beginning in 1891 and subsequently in Cleveland. [15] It originally had three versions: a Slovene-language edition, a standard English edition, and an English edition with Slovene phonetic spelling. [15] The newspaper continues today as a weekly. [15]
Between 1891 and the 1990s, more than a hundred other Slovene-language newspapers and publications were established in the United States; only a handful were in print for more than a few years. [15] The University of Minnesota Libraries has catalogued some 45 Slovene-language newspapers published in the United States in a variety of locations, including Pueblo, Denver, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and New York. [41]
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians, are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia, and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary. Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovene as their native language. They are closely related to other South Slavic ethnic groups, as well as more distantly to West Slavs.
Polish Americans are Americans who either have total or partial Polish ancestry, or are citizens of the Republic of Poland. There are an estimated 8.81 million self-identified Polish Americans, representing about 2.67% of the U.S. population, according to the 2021 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau.
The Slovene National Benefit Society, known in Slovenian as Slovenska narodna podporna jednota, and by its Slovene initials S.N.P.J. is an ethnic fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovene immigrants and their descendants in the United States. Founded in 1904, it is headquartered in suburban Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA near Imperial. SNPJ publishes a newspaper, Prosveta.
Irenaeus Frederic Baraga was a Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States, grammarian and author of Christian poetry and hymns in Native American languages. He was the first Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette, a post he held for 15 years.
KSKJ, or Kranjsko slovenska katoliška jednota, is a Slovene fraternal organization in the United States, founded in 1894. It is headquartered in Joliet, Illinois. The English name of the society is the American Slovenian Catholic Union. Membership is open to all Catholic Slovenes. In 1979 it had 42,000 members in 130 lodges in 19 states.
St. Clair–Superior is a neighborhood on the East Side in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. Largely settled in the 1880s and 1890s by Eastern European immigrants, white flight in the 1990s left the neighborhood largely African American. It is one of the oldest and most culturally diverse neighborhoods in Cleveland today.
The American Mutual Life Association is an ethnic fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovene immigrants and their descendants in the United States. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, it serves members primarily in Ohio. Founded in 1910, as the Slovenska dobrodelna zveza, the association assumed its current name in 1966. AMLA publishes a newspaper, Our Voice. The AMLA is licensed to sell life insurance and annuity products in Ohio.
Slovenian Women's Union of America (SWUA) is an ethnic fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovene immigrant women and their descendants in the United States. Founded in 1926 as Slovenska ženska zveza Amerike, its original purpose was to advocate for the rights of Slovenian women in the United States. Currently the society preserves the traditions, language, and culture of their ancestors. The society is headquartered in Joliet, Illinois, and publishes a magazine called Zarja. Currently the society is known as the Slovenian Union of America.
St. Vitus is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, in the Diocese of Cleveland. The parish church, located at 6019 Lausche Avenue in the St. Clair-Superior neighborhood, was completed in 1932.
Kobilje Creek is a stream in northeastern Slovenia and western Hungary. The stream is 33 kilometres (21 mi) long; 24 km (15 mi) of the course is in Slovenia. Its source is at Kamenek Hill and it flows through Kobilje, crosses the Slovenian–Hungarian border, returns to Slovenia, and joins the Ledava from its left side in the town Lendava. It is the longest tributary of the Ledava.
The Slovene People's Party was a Slovenian political party in the 19th and 20th centuries, active in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Between 1907 and 1941, it was the largest and arguably the most influential political party in the Slovene Lands. It was dissolved by the Yugoslav Communist authorities in 1945, but continued to be active in exile until 1992, when it merged with the Slovene Christian Democrats. The contemporary Slovene People's Party, founded in 1988, was named after it.
James Trobec was a Slovenian-born American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the third Bishop of Saint Cloud from 1897 to 1914.
The Yugoslav Socialist Federation was a socialist migrant organization in the United States of America, 1905 to 1952, founded in Chicago.
The Western Fraternal Life Association, previously known as Zapadni Ceska Bratrska Jednota is a fraternal benefit society and financial services organization in the United States. The association has its roots in the Czechoslovak immigrant community of the 19th century. It was once the second largest Czech-American freethought fraternity in the United States.
Lambert Ehrlich was a Carinthian Slovene Roman Catholic priest, political figure, and ethnologist.
Joseph Velikonja was a Slovene-American geographer and professor.
The history of Slovenes in Cleveland began in the 19th century, peaking between the late 19th and early 20th century with massive emigration of Slovenes prior to World War I. Slovenes in the Cleveland metropolitan area make up the largest Slovene diaspora in the United States. Since Slovene immigrants began to settle in Cleveland in the 1880s, Cleveland has become home to the largest population of Slovenes in the world outside of Slovenia. Until Slovene independence in 1990, the Slovene consulate in Cleveland served as an official consulate for Yugoslavia under Tito.
Slovene communities in South America refer to groups of people of Slovene ancestry living in various countries of South America. The first Slovenes arrived in South America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from the Slovene Littoral region, and settled in countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Slovenes arrived in South America for various reasons, including economic opportunities and political turmoil in Slovenia at the time. Many Slovenes found work in agriculture, industry, and trade in South America, and were able to build successful lives for themselves and their families.
Ustanovljene dne 4. februarja, 1934