Identitarian movement

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Lambda, the symbol of the Identitarian movement used primarily in Europe by Generation Identity and occasionally other countries, inspired by the ancient Battle of Thermopylae between Greeks and Persian. Logo of Identitarian Generation 2.svg
Lambda, the symbol of the Identitarian movement used primarily in Europe by Generation Identity and occasionally other countries, inspired by the ancient Battle of Thermopylae between Greeks and Persian.

The Identitarian movement or Identitarianism is a pan-European nationalist, ethno-nationalist, [2] [3] [4] far-right [5] [6] [4] ideological movement centered on the preservation of white European identity, which it claims is under existential threat from multiculturalism, immigration, and globalisation. [4] Originating in France as Bloc Identitaire (Identitarian Bloc), with its youth wing Generation Identity (GI), the movement expanded to other European countries during the early 21st century. Identitarian ideology takes its sources in the inter-war German Conservative Revolution and, more directly, in the Nouvelle Droite, a far-right political movement which emerged in France in the 1960s. Essayists Alain de Benoist, Dominique Venner, Pierre Vial, Guillaume Faye and Renaud Camus are considered the main ideological sources of the Identitarian movement. [1]

Contents

Rooted in an anti-universalist, anti-globalist, anti-liberal, anti-Islam, and anti-multiculturalist worldview, the Identitarian movement sees ethnic, cultural, and racial identities as fundamental. It asserts that white Europeans face demographic and cultural extinction due to declining birth rates, extra-European immigration, and pro-diversity policies, a conspiracy theory that is known as the "Great Replacement". [4] As a political solution to these perceived threats, Identitarians advocate for pan-European nationalism, localism, ethnopluralism, and remigration. [3] [7] [8] [4] They are opposed to cultural mixing and promote the preservation of homogeneous ethno-cultural entities, [9] [3] generally to the exclusion of extra-European migrants and descendants of immigrants, [10] [11] [12] and may espouse ideas considered xenophobic and racialist. Influenced by New Right metapolitics, they do not seek direct electoral results, but rather to provoke long-term social transformations and eventually achieve cultural hegemony and popular adherence to their ideas. [13] [14]

The movement is most notable in Europe, and although rooted in Western Europe, it has spread more rapidly to the eastern part of the continent through conscious efforts of the likes of Faye. [15] It also has adherents among white nationalists in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. [16] The United States–based Southern Poverty Law Center considers many of these organisations to be hate groups, describing them as racist, exclusionary, and in favour of ethnic separatism for whites. [17] In 2019, the Identitarian Movement was classified by the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution as right-wing extremist. In 2021, the French group Generation Identity was banned for racial incitement, violence, and paramilitary ties. [17]

Origin and development

The Identitarian ideology is generally believed by scholars to be derived from the Nouvelle Droite , [18] a French far-right philosophical movement that was formed in the 1960s in order to adapt traditionalist conservative, ethnopluralist and illiberal politics to a post-WWII European context and distance itself from earlier far-right ideologies like fascism and Nazism, mainly through a form of pan-European nationalism. [7] [19] The Nouvelle Droite opposes liberal democracy and capitalism, and is hostile to multiculturalism and the mixing of different cultures within a single society. Although it is not supremacist, it is racialist because it identifies Europeans as a race. [20] Strategies and concepts promoted by Nouvelle Droite thinkers, such as ethnopluralism, localism, pan-European nationalism, and the use of metapolitics to influence public opinion, have shaped the ideological structure of the Identitarian movement. [8] [21]

Background

The ideas of Alain de Benoist and his Nouvelle Droite are often cited as influential on the Identitarian movement. 20110402 De Benoist.png
The ideas of Alain de Benoist and his Nouvelle Droite are often cited as influential on the Identitarian movement.

The Nouvelle Droite has widely been considered a neo-fascist attempt to legitimise far-right ideas in the political spectrum, [20] [22] [23] and in some cases to recycle Nazi ideas. According to political scientist Stéphane François, the latter accusation, "though relevant in certain ways, [remains] incomplete, as it (purposely) [shuns] other references, most notably the primordial relationship to the German Conservative Revolution." [24] The original prominence of the French nucleus gradually decreased, and a nebula of similar movements which were grouped under the term "European New Right" began to emerge across the continent. [25] Among them was the Neue Rechte of Armin Mohler, also largely inspired by the Conservative Revolution, and another ideological source for the Identitarian movement. [26] Martin Sellner, one of the biggest figures of the Identitarian movement, has been influenced by the theories of Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt. [27] Leading Identitarian Daniel Friberg has likewise claimed influences from Ernst Jünger and Julius Evola. [28]

Through their think tank GRECE, Nouvelle Droite figures Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye sought to imitate Marxist metapolitics, especially the tactics of cultural hegemony, agitprop and entryism, which they believed had enabled left-wing movements to achieve cultural and academic dominance from the mid-20th century onward. [29] [30] [31] New Right ethnonationalist thinkers played a pivotal role in shaping Identitarian ideology, with figures such as Guillaume Faye, Pierre Vial, Dominique Venner, and Renaud Camus insisting on the promotion of homogeneous regional, national, pan-European, and white ethnic identities. [32] Venner and his magazine Europe-Action , considered the "embryonic form" of the Nouvelle Droite, [29] have been instrumental in redefining pan-European nationalism on the "white nation" rather than the "nation state". [2] [26] From the 1990s onward, Venner, Vial and Faye pushed for a stronger commitment to the Identitarian struggle, arguing that metapolitics alone was insufficient, and calling for a cultural revolution against multiculturalism, Islam, and globalism. [33] In the 2000s, Camus and Faye introduced two of the movement's defining concepts: the Great Replacement and remigration. [33] [8]

According to scholar Imogen Richards, "while in many respects [Génération Identitaire] is characteristic of the 'European New Right' (ENR), its spokespersons' various promotion of capitalism and commodification, including through their advocacy of international trade and sale of merchandise, diverges from the anti-capitalist philosophizing of contemporary ENR thinkers." [34]

Emergence

The neo-Völkisch movement Terre et Peuple, which was founded in 1995 by Nouvelle Droite writers Pierre Vial, Jean Haudry and Jean Mabire, is generally considered a precursor of the Identitarian movement. [35] [36] In the early 21st century, Nouvelle Droite ideas influenced far-right youth movements in France through groups such as Jeunesses Identitaires (founded in 2002 and succeeded by Génération Identitaire in 2012) and Bloc Identitaire (2003). [37] After 2012, the French Identitarian movement expanded across Europe, spawning the creation of chapters, offshoots, and like-minded groups, eventually forming a loosely connected pan-European network. [38] [39] [40] It also inspired movements in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and even Chile. [40]

According to Richards, the Syrian civil war (2011–), the subsequent European migration crisis (2015), growing economic globalisation, and escalating instability and terrorism in the Middle East and North Africa (spreading into Europe) created conditions that radical-right groups, including the Identitarian Movement, exploited by appealing to widespread anti-immigration and anti-Islam sentiments. [41] [40]

Ideology

Definition

Identitarianism can be defined by its opposition to globalisation, multiculturalism, Islam and extra-European immigration; and by its defence of traditions, pan-European nationalism and cultural homogeneity within the nations of Europe. [7] [8] [42] The concept of "identity" is central to the Identitarian movement, which sees, in the words of Guillaume Faye, "every form of [humanity’s] homogenisation [as] synonymous with death, as well as sclerosis and entropy". [43] Scholar Stéphane François has described the essence of Identitarian ideology as "mixophobic", that is the fear of ethnic mixing. [3]

Building on this perspective, Tamir Bar-On defines the Identitarian worldview through several key elements. These include anti-universalism (rejecting liberal and left-wing perceived efforts to homogenise different peoples under a universal framework), the centrality of identity (viewing ethnic, cultural, and racial identities, particularly those of white Europeans, as fundamental and under threat), and demographic fears (centred on concerns over declining white birth rates, immigration, Islam, and multicultural policies, which are framed as leading to the so-called "Great Replacement"). Additionally, Identitarianism emphasises metapolitics and activism (combining ideological dissemination with direct action, including propaganda campaigns and political agitation), a call for radical solutions to alleged threats of white extinction (such as remigration, national preference in employment and welfare, and the reconquest of immigrant-dominated areas), and a civilisational struggle against non-Europeans (portraying white European identity as existentially threatened and drawing on historical narratives of Christian and Western achievements). [4]

Philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff argues that the Identitarian 'party-movements' generally share the following traits: a call to an 'authentic' and 'sane' people, which a leader is claiming to embody, against illegitimate or unworthy elites; and a call for a purifying break with the supposedly 'corrupt' current system, in part achieved by 'cleaning up' the territory from elements perceived as 'non-assimilable' for cultural reasons, Muslims in particular. [6]

Scholars have also described the essence of Identitarianism as a reaction against the permissive ideals of the '68 movement, embodied by the baby boomers and their perceived left-liberal dominance on society, which they sometimes label "Cultural Marxism". [44] Bar-On notes that while Identitarian thinkers and the Nouvelle Droite criticise the liberal-left legacy of the May 1968 events, the Nouvelle Droite views the 1968 generation as a model to follow, precisely because they successfully "conquered" the media, academia, and other centres of intellectual influence. [33]

Metapolitics

Inspired by the metapolitics of Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci via the Nouvelle Droite, Identitarians do not seek direct electoral results but rather to influence the wider political debate in society. [13] [14] [26] Through education and counter-hegemonic narratives to challenge liberal multiculturalism and globalism, they seek to win the "war of ideas" by shifting public discourse on ethnic identity, immigration, and Islam, believing that a "silent majority" of white Europeans will eventually embrace their solutions. [26] Identitarian theorist Guillaume Faye defines metapolitics as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation." [45]

In 2006, Swedish Identitarians launched Metapedia as an alternative encyclopedia to advance their New Right and Identitarian ideas and gain wider support. [40] In 2009, Daniel Friberg established the publishing house Arktos Media , [17] which has grown since that date as the "uncontested global leader in the publication of English-language Nouvelle Droite literature." [46] Some Identitarian parties have nonetheless contested elections, as in France or in Croatia, but so far with no success. [14] Éric Zemmour, who has been described as belonging to the Identitarian movement by some scholars, won 7.1% of the votes during the 2022 French presidential election. [47] [48]

A key strategy of the Identitarian movement is to generate large media attention by symbolically occupying popular public spaces, often with only a handful of militants. The largest action as of 2019, labelled "Defend Europe", occurred in 2017. [14] After crowdsourcing more than $178,000, Identitarian militants chartered a ship in the Mediterranean Sea to ferry rescued migrants back to Africa, observe any incursions by other NGO ships into Libyan waters, and report them to the Libyan coastguard. [14] [49] In the event, the ship suffered an engine failure and had to be rescued by another ship from one of the NGOs rescuing migrants. [50]

Ethnopluralism

According to ethnographer Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, Identitarians advocate "an ostensibly non-hierarchical global separatism to create a 'pluriversum', where differences among peoples are preserved and celebrated." [9] Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus agrees and defines the movement as being centred around the Nouvelle Droite concept of ethnopluralism (or 'ethno-differentialism'): "each people and culture can only flourish on its territory of origin; ethnic and cultural mixing (métissage) is seen as a factor of decadence; multiculturalism as a pathogenic project, producing crime, loss of bearings and, ultimately, the possibility of an 'ethnic war' on European lands, between 'ethnic Europeans' and non-native Maghrebi Arabs, in any case Muslims." [51] The European Identitarian movements often use a yellow lambda symbol on a black background, commemorating the ancient Battle of Thermopylae between Greeks and Persian. It symbolises a modern pan-European struggle against foreigners and Muslims, and non-Europeans in general. [1]

The pairing of Muslim immigration and Islam with the concept of ethnopluralism is indeed one of the main bases of Identitarianism, [17] and the prediction of a future ethnic war between whites and immigrants is central for Identitarian theorists. [52] In their worldview, "ethno-masochism" (the hatred of one's own ethnicity) and xenophilia (the love of foreigners) contribute to a perceived "Great Replacement" of white Europeans, leading an eventual risk of extinction. They claim that this alleged replacement can only be halted, and a potential civil war avoided, by ending pro-multicultural, pro-immigration, and pro-anti-racism policies. However, they doubt such steps will be taken because elites and the general public do not recognise the threat they warn about. [52] In 2016 Guillaume Faye claimed that "the ethnic civil war, like a snake's baby that breaks the shell of its egg, [was] only in its very modest beginnings". He had earlier preached "total ethnic war" between "original" Europeans and Muslims in The Colonization of Europe in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for incitement to racial hatred. [53] [54] These calls to ethnic conflictual violence, also exemplified by Pierre Vial's incitement of a "war of liberation" against "ethnic colonisation", [55] [56] is however opposed by other Identitarian thinkers and groups. [57] Alain de Benoist disavowed Faye's "strongly racist" ideas regarding Muslims after the publication of his 2000 book. [58]

Pan-European nationalism

Identitarians generally dismiss the European Union as "corrupt" and "authoritarian", while at the same time defending a "European-level political body that can hold its own against superpowers like America and China." [59]

According to scholar Stéphane François, Identitarian geopolitics should be seen as a form of "ethnopolitics". In their vision, the world would be structured into different "ethnospheres", each dominated by ethnically related peoples. They promote ethnic solidarities between European peoples, and the establishment of a confederation of regional identities that would eventually replace the various nation states of Europe, which are seen as an inheritance from the "dubious philosophy of the French Revolution". [3] Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus writes that Identitarians perceive the "nation state is an intermediate framework between being rooted in a region (in the sense of the German Heimat ) and belonging to the framework of European civilisation." [2]

Views on Islam and liberalism

The movement is strongly opposed to the politics and philosophy of Islam, [31] [60] which some critics describe as disguised Islamophobia. Followers often protest what they see as the Islamisation of Europe through mass immigration, claiming it to be a threat to European culture and society. [17] As summarised by Markus Willinger, a key activist of the movement, "We don't want Mehmed and Mustapha to become Europeans." [14] [61] This theory is connected to the ideas of the Great Replacement, a conspiracy theory which claims that a global elite is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples. [62] [17] As a proposed solution to this debunked global conspiracy, the identitarians present mass remigration, a project of reversing growing multiculturalism through a forced mass deportation of non-European immigrants (often including their descendants) back to their supposed place of racial origin, regardless of their citizenship status. [52] Génération Identitaire has made frequent use of the term Reconquista , in reference to expulsion of Muslims and Jewish people from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492. [63]

Identitarians do not share, however, a common vision on liberalism. Some regard it as a part of European identity "threatened by Muslims who do not respect women or gay people", whereas others like Daniel Friberg describe it as the "disease" that contributed to Muslim immigration in the first place. [59]

Relationship to fascism and Nazism

Identitarians have been labeled as racist or fascist by political opponents, though there is debate among scholars about whether cultural nationalism constitutes "cultural racism". [64] [37]

Following Piero Ignazi's framework, Pierre-André Taguieff classifies the Identitarian 'party-movements' as a new "post-industrial" far-right, distinct from the "traditional" nostalgic far-right. Their ultimate goal is to enter mainstream politics, Taguieff argues, as "post-fascists rather than neo-fascists, [and as] post-nazis rather than neo-nazis." [6] A 2014 investigation led by political scientist Gudrun Hentges came to the conclusion that the Identitarian movement is ideologically situated between the French National Front, the Nouvelle Droite, and neo-Nazism. [65] According to Tamir Bar-On, Identitarianism sets itself apart from fascism, Nazism, traditional racism, white supremacism, and imperialism, yet remains outside the mainstream conservative spectrum. [37] He describes it as a "fourth way" that rejects the Old Right's embrace of violence, the Nouvelle Droite's purely intellectual approach, and the conventional radical right's focus on immediate parliamentary power. [66] At the same time, Bar-On notes that some Identitarian leaders, including Fabrice Robert, the founder of Bloc Identitaire, and Martin Sellner, had a past linked to neo-fascist or neo-Nazi activity. [27] In 2019, political scientist Cas Mudde wrote that although Identitarians claim to share the slogan "0% racism, 100% identity" and officially subscribe to ethnopluralism, "the boundaries between biological and cultural arguments in the movement have become increasingly porous." [14]

Scholar A. James McAdams has described the Identitarian movement as a "second generation" in the evolution of European far-right foundational critique of liberal democracy during the post-war era: "the first of these generations, congregated around the members of the French Nouvelle Droite (New Right), defined difference as a right ('a right to difference') to which all persons were entitled by virtue of their shared humanity. A second generation, epitomized by the pan-European Identitarian movement of the early 2000s, replaced the language of rights with the less exacting claim to respect the differences of others, especially those based on ethnicity. Finally, in response to the degeneration of Identitarian thinking into outright xenophobia and racism, a third generation of theorists emerged in the 2010s with the expressed aim of restoring the respectability of far-right thought." [21]

Connection to other far-right groups

The movement has been described as being a part of the global alt-right, [67] or as the European counterpart of the American alt-right. [68] [69] Hope not Hate (HNH) has described Identitarianism and the alt-right as "ostensibly separate" in origin, but with "huge areas of ideological crossover". [70] Many white nationalists and alt-right leaders have described themselves as Identitarians, [70] [71] and according to HNH, American alt-right influence is evident in European Identitarian groups and events, forming an amalgamated "International Alternative Right". [70] Figures within the Identitarian movements and alt-right often cite Nouvelle Droite founder Alain de Benoist as an influence. [72] [71] De Benoist rejects any alt-right affiliation, although he has worked with Richard B. Spencer, and once spoke at Spencer's National Policy Institute. As Benoist stated, "Maybe people consider me their spiritual father, but I don't consider them my spiritual sons". [71]

According to Christoph Gurk of Bayerischer Rundfunk , one of the goals of Identitarianism is to make racism modern and fashionable. [73] Austrian Identitarians invited radical right-wing groups from across Europe, including several neo-Nazi groups, to participate in an anti-immigration march, according to Anna Thalhammer of Die Presse . [74] There has also been Identitarian collaboration with the white nationalist activist Tomislav Sunić. [75]

By location

France

The main Identitarian youth movement is Génération Identitaire in France, originally a youth wing of Bloc Identitaire before it split off in 2012 to become its own organisation. The association Terre et Peuple ("Land and People"), which represents the Völkisch leaning of the Nouvelle Droite, is seen as a precursor of the Identitarian movement. [35] [36] Political scientist Stéphane François estimated the size of the Identitarian movement in France to be 1,500–2,000 in 2017. [17]

An undercover investigation conducted by Al Jazeera Investigates into the French branch, which aired on 10 December 2018, captured GI activists punching a Muslim woman whilst saying "Fuck Mecca" and one saying if ever he gets a terminal illness he will purchase a weapon and cause carnage. When asked by the undercover journalist who would be the target he replies "a mosque, whatever". [76] French prosecutors have launched an inquiry into the findings amidst calls for the group to be proscribed. [77]

Collectif Némésis, a feminist and Identitarian organisation founded in 2019, believes in a connection between immigration and crime, and that non-European present an elevated risk of violence towards women. [78] [79]

Génération Identitaire was banned by French authorities in March 2021 for racial incitement, violence, and paramilitary ties. [17]

Austria

Austrian Identitarians demonstrating in Vienna Demonstration against Morten Kjaerum in Vienna.jpg
Austrian Identitarians demonstrating in Vienna

The Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ) was founded in 2012. They have sometimes used the concept of a "War Against the '68ers"; i.e. people whose political identities are seen by Identitarians as stemming from the social changes of the 1960s, what would be called baby boomer liberals in the US.[ dubious – discuss ] [80]

On 27 April 2018 the IBÖ and the homes of its leaders were searched by the Austrian police, and investigations were started against Sellner on suspicion that a criminal organisation was being formed. [81] [82] The court later ruled that the IBÖ was not a criminal organisation. [83] [84]

Germany

Martin Sellner (2019) Martin Sellner - Kundgebung beim Weghuberpark (2019).JPG
Martin Sellner (2019)

The movement also appeared in Germany and converged with preexisting circles, centered on the magazine Blue Narcissus (Blaue Narzisse  [ de ]) and its founder Felix Menzel  [ de ], a martial artist and former German Karate Team Champion, who according to Gudrun Hentges – who worked for the official Federal Agency for Civic Education – belongs to the "elite of the movement". [85] It became a "registered association" in 2014. [86] Drawing upon thinkers of the Nouvelle Droite and the Conservative Revolution such as Oswald Spengler, Carl Schmitt or the contemporary Russian fascist Aleksandr Dugin, it played a role in the rise of the Pegida marches in 2014–15.[ citation needed ]

The Identitarian movement has a close linkage to members of the German New Right, [87] e.g., to its prominent member Götz Kubitschek and his journal Sezession, for which the Identitarian speaker Martin Sellner writes. [88]

In August 2016 members of the Identitarian movement in Germany scaled the iconic Brandenburg Gate in Berlin and hung a banner in protest at European immigration and perceived spread of Islam. [89] In September of the same year, members of the Identitarian movement erected a new summit cross in a "provocative" act (as the Süddeutsche Zeitung reported) on the Schafreuter, after the original one had to be removed because of damage by an unknown person. [90]

In June 2017, the PayPal donations account of the Identitarian "Defend Europe" was locked, and the Identitarian account of the bank Steiermärkische Sparkasse was closed. [91]

On 11 July 2019, Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), the country's domestic intelligence agency, formally designated the Identitarian Movement as "a verified extreme right movement against the liberal democratic constitution." The new classification has allowed the BfV to use more powerful surveillance methods against the group and its youth wing, Generation Identity. The Identitarian Movement has about 600 members in Germany. [92] As of January 2024 South west Germany alone had about 100 members, mostly in Ulm, Reutlingen, Pforzheim and Stuttgart with 2.400 followers on instagram; the group changed its original name from Identitäre Bewegung Schwaben to 'Kesselrevolte/Schwaben Bande' to 'Wackre Schwaben' to 'Reconquista 21'. [93]

United Kingdom

In July 2017, a Facebook page for Generation Identity UK and Ireland was created. A few months later, in October 2017, key figures of the Identitarian movement met in London in efforts to target the United Kingdom, and discussed the founding of a British chapter as a "bridge" to link with radical movements in the US. [94] Their discussions resulted in a new British chapter being officially launched in late October 2017 with Tom Dupre and Ben Jones as its co-founders, [95] after a banner was unfurled on Westminster Bridge reading "Defend London, Stop Islamisation". [96]

On 9 March 2018, Sellner and his girlfriend Brittany Pettibone were barred from entering the UK because their presence was "not conducive to the public good". [97]

Prior the ban, Sellner intended to deliver a speech to the Young Independence party, though they cancelled the event, citing supposed threats of violence from the far-left. [98] Prior to being detained and deported, Sellner intended to deliver his speech at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park. [99] In June 2018 Tore Rasmussen, a Norwegian activist who had previously been denied entry to the United Kingdom, was working in Ireland to establish a local branch of Generation Identity. [100]

In August 2018, the leader of GI UK Tom Dupre resigned from his position after UK press revealed Rasmussen, who was a senior member in the UK branch, had an active past in neo-Nazi movements within Norway. [101]

Generation Identity UK has been conferencing with other organisations, namely Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement. Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement is known for its involvement in the deadly 11–12 August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States and its antisemitism. [102] Jacob Bewick, an activist with GI, had been exposed as a member of proscribed terror organisation National Action and was spotted at an NA march in 2016. At an after conference event, one GI UK member told a Hope not Hate informant that two members of the fascist National Front (and former NA members) were present. [103]

The UK branch was condemned by the wider European movement on Twitter when it held its second annual conference and had invited numerous controversial alt-right speakers. [104] Speaking alongside the UK's new leader Ben Jones was alt-right YouTuber Millennial Woes and Nouvelle Droite writer Tomislav Sunić. [105]

This controversy led to a number of members leaving the organisation in disgust at what they perceived to be a shift towards the "Old Right". This led to concern that the British version may become more radicalised and dangerous. Simon Murdoch, Identitarianism researcher at Hope not Hate, said: "Evidence suggests we will be left with a smaller but more toxic group in the UK, open to engagement with the more antisemitic, extreme and thus dangerous elements of the domestic far-right.” [106]

According to Unite Against Fascism, the Identitarian Movement in the UK is estimated to have a membership of less than 200 activists as of June 2019. [107]

Nordics

In Sweden, the organisation Nordiska förbundet  [ sv ] (active from 2004 to 2010), which founded the online encyclopedia Metapedia in 2006, promoted Identitarianism. [108]

The influence of Identitarian theories has been noted in the Sweden Democrats' slogan "We are also a people!". [9]

Other European groups

The origin of the Italian chapter Generazione Identitaria dates from 2012. [109]

The founder of the far-right Croatian party Generation of Renovation has stated that it was originally formed in 2017 as that country's version of the alt-right and Identitarian movements. [110]

The separatist party Som Catalans claims to defend the "identity of Catalonia" against "Spanish colonialism and the migrant invasion", as well as the "islamisation" of the Spanish autonomous community. [111] Similar stances are also found in Spanish nationalist parties, such as Identitarios, which align themselves with the European Identity and Democracy Party. [112]

In Belgium, in 2018, the State Security Service saw the rise of Schild & Vrienden  [ nl ] in the context of Identitarian groups emerging throughout Europe. A Europol terror report mentioned Soldaten van Odin and the defunct group La Meute. [113]

In the Netherlands, Identitair Verzet  [ nl ] was founded in 2012. Its main goal is "preservation of the national identity". Training their members at camps in France, their protests in the Netherlands attract tens of participants. [114]

In Flanders, the website Voorpost is an ethnic nationalist ( volksnationalist ) group founded by Karel Dillen in 1976 as a splinter from the People’s Union. [115] Voorpost pursues an irredentist ideal of a Greater Netherlands, a nation state that would unite all Dutch-speaking territories in Europe. The organisation has staged rallies on various topics, against Islam and mosques, against leftist organizations, against drugs, against pedophilia, and against socialism. [116]

The Hungarian chapter, Identitesz, merged into Force and Determination in 2017. [117]

Non-European affiliates

Australasia

There was a small group in Australia called Identity Australia around March 2019, [118] which described itself as "a youth-focused identitiarian organisation dedicated to giving European Australians a voice and restoring Australia's European character", and published a manifesto detailing its beliefs, but its website is as of April 2021 non-operational. [119] [120]

The Dingoes are an Australian group who were described in a 2016 news report as "young, educated and alternative right", and were compared to the Identitarian movement in Europe. [121] Members do not reveal their identity. [122] National Party MP George Christensen and One Nation candidate Mike Latham were both interviewed on the Dingoes podcast, called The Convict Report, [122] but Christensen later said that he would not have done it if he had known about their extremist views. The podcast also featured a New Zealand man who ran the Dominion Movement, who was later arrested for sharing information that threatened NZ security. [123]

New Zealand had hosted the Dominion Movement, which labelled itself as "a grass-roots Identitarian activist organisation committed to the revitalisation of our country and our people: white New Zealanders". The website for the group shutdown alongside New Zealand National Front in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings in March 2019. [124] [125] In late 2019, the Dominion Movement was largely replaced by a similar white supremacist group called Action Zealandia, [126] after its co-founder and leader, a New Zealand soldier, was arrested for sharing information that threatened NZ security. [123]

Australian Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand, was a believer in the Great Replacement conspiracy theory, named his manifesto after it, and donated €1,500 to Austrian Identitarian leader Martin Sellner of Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ) a year prior to the terror attacks. [127] An investigation into the potential links between Tarrant and IBÖ was conducted by then Austrian Minister of the Interior Herbert Kickl. Other than the donation, no other evidence of contact or connections between the two parties has been found. The Austrian government is considering dissolving the group. [128] [129] [130] The shooter also donated €2,200 to Génération Identitaire, the French branch of the Generation Identity. [131] Tarrant exchanged emails with Sellner with one asking if they could meet for coffee or beer in Vienna and sent him a link to his YouTube channel. This was confirmed by Sellner, but he denied interacting with Tarrant in person or knowing of his plans. [132] [133] [134] The Austrian government later opened an investigation into Sellner over suspected formation of a terrorist group with Tarrant and the former's fiancée Brittany Pettibone who met Australian far-right figure Blair Cottrell. [135]

Richard B. Spencer identifies himself as a leading member of the American Identitarian movement. Richard B. Spencer in 2016.jpg
Richard B. Spencer identifies himself as a leading member of the American Identitarian movement.

North America

United States

Identity Evropa (now known as American Identity Movement) is a part of the American Identitarian movement. IdentityEvropa.svg
Identity Evropa (now known as American Identity Movement) is a part of the American Identitarian movement.

The now-defunct neo-Nazi Traditionalist Worker Party was modelled after the European Identitarian movement, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League. [137] [138] [139] [140] Identity Evropa and its successor the American Identity Movement in the United States labels itself Identitarian, and is part of the alt-right. [141] Richard Spencer's National Policy Institute is also a white nationalist movement, which advocates an American version of Identitarianism called "American Identitarianism". [80] The SPLC also reports that the Southern California-based Rise Above Movement "is inspired by Identitarian movements in Europe and is trying to bring the philosophies and violent tactics to the United States". [142]

On 20 May 2017, two non-commissioned officers with the U.S. Marines were arrested for trespassing after displaying a banner from a building in Graham, North Carolina, during a Confederate Memorial Day event. The banner included the Identitarian logo, and the phrase "he who controls the past controls the future", a reference to George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , along with the initialism YWNRU, or "you will not replace us". The Marine Corps denounced the behaviour and investigated the incident. A marine spokesperson commented to local news: "Of course we condemn this type of behavior ... we condemn any type of behavior that is not congruent with our values or that is illegal." Both men pleaded guilty to trespassing. One received military administrative punishment. The other was discharged from the corps. [143] [144] [145]

Canada

The Canadian organisation Generation Identity Canada was formed in 2014, and was renamed IDCanada in 2017.[ citation needed ] The organisation has distributed material across the country, such as in Hamilton, Ontario, [146] Saskatoon, [147] Peterborough, Ontario, [148] [149] Prince Edward Island, [150] Alberta, [151] [152] [153] and in Quebec. [154]

La Meute (French for "The Pack") is a Québécois nationalist pressure group and identitarian movement fighting against illegal immigration and radical Islam. The group was founded in September 2015 in Quebec by two former Canadian Armed Forces members, Éric Venne and Patrick Beaudry, both of whom have left the group. La Meute announced it would prefer "to become large enough and organized enough to constitute a force that can't be ignored". The group has been attacked by anti-fascists in Montreal. [155] A parallel protest encampment was set up in Gatineau, Quebec, during the larger Canada convoy protests in Ottawa. Steeve Charland of Grenville, Quebec, was arrested and charged in relation to the protests. Charland was reported as one of the leaders of La Meute in opposition to Canada's decision to open its borders to Syrian refugees. During the “Freedom Convoy” protests in Ottawa, Steeve Charland acted as the leader and spokesperson for the Farfadaas, a group that opposes COVID-19 health measures and whose members are recognizable by their leather vests marked with an expletive hand gesture. [156]

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Bar-On (2023), p. 307.
  2. 1 2 3 Camus 2018 , p. 2: "It was the transition from French nationalism to the promotion of a European identity, theorised by Europe-Action in the mid-1960s, which disrupted the references of the French far-right by producing a schism which has not been repaired to date, separating integral sovereignists , for whom no level of sovereignty is legitimate except the sovereignty of the nation state, (...) from the identitarians, for whom the nation state is an intermediate framework between being rooted in a region (in the sense of the German Heimat ) and belonging to the framework of European civilisation."
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 François (2009).
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bar-On (2023), pp. 313–316.
  5. ↑ Mudde 2019 : "The Identitarians are a pan-European far-right movement which started with the Identitarian Bloc in France in 2003."
  6. 1 2 3 Taguieff 2015 : "... we can see in the multiplication of these new [emerging Identitarian and protesting] party-movements an indication of the emergence of a new far-right with many faces, described as 'post-industrial' by Piero Ignazi, and who has set it apart from the 'traditional' far-right, guardian of nostalgia."
  7. 1 2 3 Schlembach (2016), p. 134.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Camus (2018), p. 1.
  9. 1 2 3 Teitelbaum (2017), p. 31.
  10. ↑ Vejvodová, Petra (September 2014). The Identitarian Movement – renewed idea of alternative Europe (PDF). ECPR General Conference. Masaryk University, Brno: Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Studies. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  11. ↑ Burley, Shane (2017). Fascism Today: What It Is and How to End It. AK Press. p. 66. ISBN   978-1-84935-295-6.
  12. ↑ Camus, Jean-Yves; Mathieu, Annie (19 August 2017). "D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?". Le Soleil. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019.
  13. 1 2 Teitelbaum (2017), pp. 43–44.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mudde (2019).
  15. ↑ Dahl (2023).
  16. ↑ Bar-On (2023), p. 302.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bar-On (2023), p. 305.
  18. 1 2 Mudde 2019 : "Ideologically, the Identitarian movement is derived from the nouvelle droite, inspired by its main thinkers, Alain de Benoist and the late Guillaume Faye."; Teitelbaum 2017 , p. 31; Camus 2018 , p. 1; Zúquete 2018 , pp. 7–8; Richards 2019 , pp. 30–31; Hermansson et al. 2020 , p. 65; McAdams 2021 , p. 91; Havertz 2021 , p. 103; Bar-On 2023 , pp. 307–309.
  19. ↑ Bar-On (2023), pp. 308–309.
  20. 1 2 Spektorowski (2003).
  21. 1 2 McAdams (2021), pp. 86–87.
  22. ↑ Griffin, Roger (2000). "Between metapolitics and apoliteia : The Nouvelle Droite's strategy for conserving the fascist vision in the 'interregnum'". Modern & Contemporary France. 8 (1): 35–53. doi:10.1080/096394800113349. ISSN   0963-9489. S2CID   143890750.
  23. ↑ Mammone, Andrea; Godin, Emmanuel; Jenkins, Brian (2013). Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe. Routledge. 69–70. ISBN   9781136167515.
  24. ↑ François, Stéphane (2017). "La Nouvelle Droite et le nazisme. Retour sur un débat historiographique". Revue Française d'Histoire des Idées Politiques (in French). 46 (2): 93–115. doi:10.3917/rfhip1.046.0093.
  25. ↑ Camus & Lebourg (2017), p. 123.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Bar-On (2023), p. 308.
  27. 1 2 Bar-On (2023), p. 311.
  28. ↑ Teitelbaum (2017), p. 163.
  29. 1 2 McCulloch (2006).
  30. ↑ McAdams (2021), pp. 87–88.
  31. 1 2 Havertz (2021), p. 103.
  32. ↑ Bar-On (2023), pp. 309–310.
  33. 1 2 3 Bar-On (2023), p. 309.
  34. ↑ Richards (2019), p. 28.
  35. 1 2 Zúquete (2018), pp. 15–18.
  36. 1 2 François, Stéphane (2018). "Réflexions sur le paganisme d'extrême droite". Social Compass. 65 (2): 263–277. doi:10.1177/0037768618768439. ISSN   0037-7686. S2CID   150142148.
  37. 1 2 3 Bar-On (2023), p. 303.
  38. ↑ Teitelbaum (2017), p. 45.
  39. ↑ Richards (2019), p. 31.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Bar-On (2023), p. 304.
  41. ↑ Richards (2019), p. 2.
  42. ↑ Hermansson et al. (2020), p. 65.
  43. ↑ Hermansson et al. (2020), p. 19.
  44. ↑ Virchow 2015 , p. 179; Zúquete 2018 , p. 45; Mudde 2019; Hermansson et al. 2020 , p. 19; McAdams 2021 , p. 92; Bar-On 2023 , p. 307.
  45. ↑ Teitelbaum (2019), pp. 259–260.
  46. ↑ Teitelbaum (2017), p. 51.
  47. ↑ Schir, Périne; Laruelle, Marlène (2022). "Eric Zemmour, The New Face of the French Far Right: Media-Sponsored, Neoliberal, and Reactionary". Journal of Illiberalism Studies. 2 (2): 1–17. doi: 10.53483/WCKS3540 .
  48. ↑ Ivaldi, Gilles (2022). "Two of a kind? Marine Le Pen, Éric Zemmour, and the supply and demand for far-right politics in the 2022 French presidential election". APSA Annual Meeting & Exhibition. American Political Science Association.
  49. ↑ Bulman, May (13 July 2017). "Far-right group are sending a boat full of activists to Mediterranean to send refugees 'back to Africa'". The Independent.
  50. ↑ Henley, Jon (11 August 2017). "Refugee rescue ship sails to aid of anti-migrant activists stranded in Med". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  51. ↑ Camus (2018), p. 3.
  52. 1 2 3 Bar-On (2023), p. 314.
  53. ↑ Bar-On, Tamir (2014). "A Response to Alain de Benoist". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 8 (2): 141. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123. ISSN   1930-1189. JSTOR   10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123. S2CID   143809038.
  54. ↑ Camus & Lebourg 2017 , p. 141: "He is obsessed with the ineluctability of a physical confrontation on European soil between “native-born” ethnic groups and “non-natives.” The violence of the views he expresses (...) earned him a criminal conviction after the publication of The colonization of Europe: True discourse on immigration and Islam..." See also: Faye, Guillaume (2016). "La guerre civile ethnique est-elle évitable ? Probablement pas" Archived 4 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine : "La guerre civile ethnique, comme un serpenteau de vipère qui brise la coquille de son œuf, n’en est qu’à ses très modestes débuts."
  55. ↑ Zúquete (2018), p. 16.
  56. ↑ Bar-On (2023), p. 310.
  57. ↑ Zúquete (2018).
  58. ↑ Camus (2019), p. 75: "When Faye published The Colonization of Europe in 2000, de Benoist disavowed Faye’s “strongly racist” ideas with regard to Muslims".
  59. 1 2 3 Staff (28 March 2018). "How "identitarian" politics is changing Europe". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613.
  60. ↑ Bar-On (2023), p. 316.
  61. ↑ Bar-On (2023), p. 312.
  62. ↑ Hermansson et al. (2020), p. 66.
  63. ↑ Richards (2019), p. 10.
  64. ↑ Speit (2018).
  65. ↑ Hentges, Gudrun, Gürcan Kökgiran, and Kristina Nottbohm (2014). "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen Archived 29 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine " In: Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen 27(3): 1–26.
  66. ↑ Bar-On (2023), p. 317.
  67. ↑
  68. ↑ Astier, Henri (5 April 2017). "Patriot power: How France's alt-right seeks to sway election". BBC News.
  69. ↑ "Meet the IB, Europe's version of America's alt-right". The Economist . 12 November 2016.
  70. 1 2 3 "HNH explains... the Identitarian movement and the alt-right". HOPE not hate. 31 October 2017.
  71. 1 2 3 Feder, J. Lester; Buet, Pierre (26 December 2017). "They Wanted To Be A Better Class Of White Nationalists. They Claimed This Man As Their Father". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  72. ↑ Williams, Thomas Chatterton. "The French Origins of "You Will Not Replace Us"". The New Yorker. No. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  73. ↑ Christoph Gurk: Diese Gruppen machen den Rassismus hip Archived 28 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (Interview with Alexander Häusler). Bayern plus of the Bayerischer Rundfunk, 17 May 2013.
  74. ↑ Das Netzwerk der Identitären mit der FPÖ, Anna Thalhammer, Die Presse , 10 June 2016.
  75. ↑ Tomislav Sunić zu Gast bei "Identitären", DÖW, February 2016.
  76. ↑ Staff (9 December 2018). "Generation Hate: French far right's violence and racism exposed". Al Jazeera .
  77. ↑ Staff (13 December 2018). "France opens probe into racist violence by far-right activists". Al Jazeera .
  78. ↑ Sudda, Magali Della (2021). "From Family Advocacy to Women Advocacy: New Right-Wing Women against Gender politics in France (2010-2020)". Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.
  79. ↑ Mouflard, Claire (2022). "Stages, Streets, and Social Media: Intersectional Feminism and Online Activism in France during the Pandemic". French Politics, Culture & Society. 40 (2): 29–51. doi:10.3167/fpcs.2022.400203. ISSN   1537-6370.
  80. 1 2 "American Racists Work to Spread 'Identitarian' Ideology". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. 12 October 2015.
  81. ↑ Ermittlungen in Österreich - Durchsuchungen bei "Identitärer Bewegung", Tagesschau, 28 April 2018.
  82. ↑ Hausdurchsuchung bei Identitären-Chef, Österreich, 27 April 2018.
  83. ↑ Staff (26 July 2018). "Identitären-Prozess: Angeklagte von Vorwurf der Verhetzung freigesprochen". Der Standard .
  84. ↑ Staff (26 July 2018). "Mitglieder der Identitären Bewegung größtenteils freigesprochen". Der Spiegel .
  85. ↑ Hentges, Gudrun; Kökgiran, Gürcan; Nottbohm, Kristina (2014). "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD) – Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen?" (PDF). Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen (in German). 27 (supplement to issue 4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  86. ↑ Reg-No.: VR 3135, District Court Paderborn, cf: Impressum on the website.
  87. ↑ Bruns, Julian; Glösel, Kathrin; Strobl, Natascha (2014). Die Identitären: Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechten in Europa (in German). Münster, Germany: Unrast. ISBN   978-3897715493.
  88. ↑ (in German) Benjamin Reuter, "Identitäre Bewegung : Das lächelnde Gesicht der Neuen Rechten" Archived 28 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Huffington Post , May 16, 2016.
  89. ↑ Martin, Michelle (27 August 2016). "German rightists scale Brandenburg Gate to protest immigration". Reuters.
  90. ↑ Sebald, Christian (15 September 2016). "Rechtsextreme errichten neues Gipfelkreuz am Schafreuter" [Right-wing extremists erect new summit cross on the Schafreuter]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  91. ↑ Bonvalot, Michael (22 June 2017). "Weitere Bank kündigt Spendenkonto der Identitären". Die Zeit (in German).
  92. ↑ Croucher, Shane (11 July 2019) "Identitarian Movement, Linked to Christchurch Mosque Shooter, Classified as Extremist Right-wing Group by German Intelligence Agency" Newsweek
  93. ↑ tagesschau.de (26 January 2024). "Baden-Württemberg: Ermittlungen gegen Gruppe der "Identitären Bewegung" in BW". Tagesschau (in German). Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  94. ↑ Dearden, Lizzie (22 October 2017). "Far-right extremists targeting UK as they 'weaponise internet culture'". The Independent. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Members of the ethno-nationalist Identitarian movement met in London over the weekend with the aim of starting a new British branch.
  95. ↑ "Generation Identity network". Hope not Hate.
  96. ↑ Dearden, Lizzie (9 November 2017). "Far-right group is sending UK recruits to military-style training camps in Europe". The Independent.
  97. ↑ Staff (14 March 2018). "Why 3 anti-Islam activists were refused entry to the UK". BBC News.
  98. ↑ Osborne, Samuel (3 September 2017). "Organisers cancel Ukip youth conference, blaming threats from 'hard left'". The Independent. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  99. ↑ Mezzofiore, Gianluca. "Three far-right activists and YouTubers denied entry to the UK". CNN. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  100. ↑ Rogan, Aaron (26 June 2018). "Far-right activist barred by UK is recruiting in Dublin". The Times.
  101. ↑ Townsend, Mark (11 August 2018). "Senior member of European far-right group quits over neo-Nazi link". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712.
  102. ↑ "Links between European and American Identitarians deepen at racist US conference". HOPE not hate. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  103. ↑ Townsend, Mark (24 August 2019). "Far-right activist posted to serve on Trident submarine". The Observer.
  104. ↑ Identitäre Bewegung (28 July 2019). "We in the European community of Identitarian movements distance ourselves from the current GI UK leadership's decision to organise a conference in the name of GI with participants from alt-right youtubers, whose positions do not represent us". @Identitaere_B.
  105. ↑ "Generation Identity UK Isolated and in Crisis". HOPE not hate. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  106. ↑ Townsend, Mark (24 August 2019). "Infiltrator exposes Generation Identity UK's march towards extreme far right". The Observer.
  107. ↑ Raw, Louise (4 June 2019). "Generation Identity and the Global Threat of Right Wing Extremism". Byline Times.
  108. ↑ Andersson, Christoph (3 October 2006). "Den nya nationalhögern". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish).
  109. ↑ L’estrema destra europea vuole bloccare le navi delle Ong con un crowdfunding (in Italian), Di Leonardo Bianchi, 18 May 2017, Vice News.
  110. ↑ Strickland, Patrick (16 March 2018). "Croatia's 'alt-right': A dangerous group on the margins". al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  111. ↑ Zúquete (2018), p. 72.
  112. ↑ "Identitarios. Somos las defensas de Europa". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  113. ↑ "Staatsveiligheid zat niet in de chatbox van Schild & Vrienden". De Standaard (in Dutch). 7 September 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  114. ↑ "Identitair Verzet traint rekruten in Frankrijk, wie zijn zij?". 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  115. ↑ Martin Pütz, ed. (1994). Language contact and language conflict. John Benjamins. p. 251. ISBN   90-272-2142-1.
  116. ↑ Rodrigues and Donselaar (eds), Monitor Racisme & Extremisme - Negende rapportage, Pallas Publications, Amsterdam University Press (2010), pp. 49-50 (online copy) (in Dutch)
  117. ↑ "A neonáci kötődésű Erő és Elszántság tüntetéseinek aktív részese volt a kormányközeli keresztény újság új főszerkesztője". 11 August 2021.
  118. ↑ Wilson, Jason (28 March 2019). "With links to the Christchurch attacker, what is the Identitarian movement". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2019. Identity Australia appears little more than a grouplet for now
  119. ↑ "Manifesto Identity Australia". Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  120. ↑ "Identity Australia". Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  121. ↑ Craw, Victoria (5 December 2016). "The Dingoes are Australia's latest white nationalist movement". NewsComAu. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  122. 1 2 Begley, Patrick (15 March 2019). "Alleged mosque shooter's meme popular with Australian far-right group". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  123. 1 2 "Soldier alleged to have traded military information was leader of white nationalist group". Stuff. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  124. ↑ "Christchurch terror attack: Anti-immigration websites taken down after shootings". Radio New Zealand. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  125. ↑ The Dominion Movement: a Primer, 22 August 2018, The Dominion Movement is a grass-roots identitarian activist organization committed to the revitalization of our country and our people: White New Zealanders
  126. ↑ Daalder, Marc (August 10, 2019) "White supremacists still active in NZ" Newsroom
  127. ↑ "Suspected New Zealand attacker donated to Austrian far-right group, officials say". NBC News. Reuters. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  128. ↑ "Christchurch-Verdächtiger offenbar ohne Kontakte nach Österreich". Luzerner Zeitung (in German). 28 March 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  129. ↑ jungefreiheit.de (28 March 2019). "Kickl: Christchurch-Attentäter ohne Kontakte nach Österreich". JUNGE FREIHEIT (in German). Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  130. ↑ "FPÖ-Innenminister Kickl: Christchurch-Attentäter wohl ohne Kontakte nach Österreich". Frankfurter Allgemeine Magazin (in German). ISSN   0174-4909 . Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  131. ↑ "Christchurch mosque shootings: Accused gunman donated $3650 to far-right French group Generation Identity". New Zealand Herald. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  132. ↑ Bennhold, Katrin (27 March 2019). "Donation from New Zealand Attack Suspect Puts Spotlight on Europe's Far Right". The New York Times . Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  133. ↑ "Austria far-right figure admits emails with NZ attack suspect". France 24. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.[ dead link ]
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  136. ↑ Maya Oppenheim (23 January 2017). "Alt-right leader Richard Spencer worries getting punched will become 'meme to end all memes'". The Independent . Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  137. ↑ "Meet the New Wave of Extremists Gearing Up for the 2016 Elections". SPLCenter.org. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  138. ↑ "Traditionalist Youth Network". Anti-Defamation League.
  139. ↑ Gelin, Martin (14 November 2013). "White flight". Slate . Retrieved 11 May 2015.
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  141. ↑ "White Nationalist Group Identity Evropa Rebrands Following Private Chat Leaks, Launches 'American Identity Movement'". 12 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  142. ↑ Staff (ndg) "Rise Above Movement" Southern Poverty Law Center
  143. ↑ Janicello, Natalie (27 May 2017). "Corps condemns Marines' behavior". The Times-News.
  144. ↑ Weill, Kelly (30 January 2017). "Two Marines Arrested at a Confederate Rally Are Back on Duty". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  145. ↑ Groves, Isaac (10 October 2017). "Marines plead guilty to trespassing at Confederate rally". Jacksonville Daily News . Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  146. ↑ "Nationalist posters plastered on transit shelters in West Hamilton". 900 CHML. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  147. ↑ "Nationalist group recruiting in Saskatoon".
  148. ↑ "Peterborough police say ID Canada posters not a hate crime". MyKawartha.com. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  149. ↑ "Peterborough mayor wants nationalist group's posters removed". thepeterboroughexaminer.com. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  150. ↑ "Posters that "utilize racist tones" seen around UPEI". www.saltwire.com. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  151. ↑ "Stickers say 'Think Green, Buy Local.'". thestar.com. 7 March 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  152. ↑ Group defends poster viewed as racist , retrieved 21 September 2020
  153. ↑ "'Think Green' Stickers in Alberta Mask Nationalist Message". The Energy Mix. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  154. ↑ Tipple, Paul (16 January 2019). "Nationalist posters plastered on transit shelters in West Hamilton". Global News. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  155. ↑ Montreal: Antifascists Force Nationalists & Identitarians To Hide Behind Police Lines May 7, 2019
  156. ↑ Helmer, Aedan (1 March 2022). "Third accused convoy leader remains in custody as Tyson 'Freedom George' Billings denied bail". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.

Bibliography

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