Alt-tech

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Alt-tech are social media platforms and Internet service providers that have become popular among the alt-right, far-right, and others who espouse extremism or fringe theories, often because they employ less stringent content moderation than mainstream platforms. [1] [2] [3] The term "alt-tech" is a portmanteau of "alt-right" and "Big Tech". In the 2010s, some prominent conservatives and their supporters began to use alt-tech platforms because they had been banned from other social media platforms. [3] [4] [5] [6] Alt-tech platforms describe themselves as protectors of free speech and individual liberty, which researchers and journalists have alleged may be a cover for antisemitism and terrorism. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Contents

History

Alt-tech websites were first described in the 2010s. They became popular leading up to the early 2020s due to deplatforming, banning (including shadow banning), and other restrictions imposed on extremists by Big Tech companies. Some right-wing groups claim that these companies censor their views. [1] [6] After the Unite the Right rally in August 2017, technology companies such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter were criticized for deplatforming white supremacists. [14] Hope not Hate researcher Joe Mulhall identified the deplatforming of Britain First in 2018, and Tommy Robinson in 2019, as two major events that spurred British social media users to join alternative platforms. [4] [15] [16] Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci further referenced the August 2018 deplatforming of conspiracy theorist Alex Jones as a pivotal moment. [17]

In October 2018, alt-tech platform Gab received extensive public scrutiny following the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, after it was found that the sole suspect of the attack, Robert Gregory Bowers, had posted a message on Gab indicating an immediate intent to cause harm before the shooting. [18] [19] Bowers had a history of making extreme, antisemitic postings on the site. [20] After the shooting, Gab briefly went offline when it was dropped by its hosting provider and denied service by several payment processors. [21] [22] [23]

The popularity of alt-tech platforms surged in January 2021, when United States president Donald Trump, and many of his prominent followers, were suspended from Twitter and other platforms. Parler, a website with a large proportion of Trump supporters among its userbase, was taken offline when Amazon Web Services suspended their hosting several days after the January 6 storming of the United States Capitol. [24] It was restarted with a new host on February 15, 2021. [25]

In July 2021, an example of alt-tech hardware was announced as the "Freedom Phone"—a smartphone that promoted privacy-oriented features and an "uncensorable" app store. It was found that the device was merely a white-label version of a Chinese smartphone produced by Umidigi, with a modified Android firmware pre-loaded with apps popular among the target audience, and a rebranded version of an open source client for Google Play Store (rather than the independent app store implied in its promotional materials). [26] [27]

By 2022, The New York Times and The Guardian described a crowded marketplace of alt-tech platforms. [28] [29] The Times noted that alt-tech platforms claiming censorship by Twitter, such as Gettr, Parler, and Rumble have mostly advertised themselves on Twitter. [28]

In February 2022, Trump launched a Twitter alternative, Truth Social, after establishing a messaging platform outside of Twitter, [28] [29] such as a now discontinued Trump blog. [30] During development, Truth Social did not at first acknowledge using Mastodon's open source code, and was given an ultimatum by Mastodon, [31] quietly admitting to the use of Mastodon code later on. [31] [32] [33] Truth Social's launch was accompanied by substantial technical difficulties. [34] [32] The platform's terms of service include an incongruous clause that users may not "disparage, tarnish, or otherwise harm, in our opinion, us and/or the Site." [32] [35] According to a report from consumer rights group Public Citizen, alt tech platforms with a supposed focus on free speech include the censorship of some liberal and conservative viewpoints, as well as the routine content moderation on other platforms, creating an "echo chamber". Based on the report, Truth Social was found to shadowban users that disagree with the site's narrative as well as a swathe of other content including some conservative content. "Truth Social" has banned content mentioning liberal views on abortion and the Congressional hearings on the January 6th Capitol attack. [36] [37] [38]

Research

Deen Freelon and colleagues, publishing in Science in September 2020, wrote that some alt-tech websites are specifically dedicated to serving right-wing communities, naming 4chan (founded in 2003), 8chan (2013), Gab (2016), BitChute (2017) and Parler (2018) as examples. They noted that others were more ideologically neutral, such as Discord and Telegram. [1] Discord and Telegram have been used by QAnon conspiracy theorists to promote terrorism, which contributed to the January 6th attack. [13] Discord later worked to remove right-wing extremists from its userbase, and became a more mainstream platform. [39] Joe Mulhall, a senior researcher for the UK anti-racism organization Hope Not Hate, also distinguishes groups of alt-tech platforms: he says that some of them, such as DLive and Telegram, are "co-opted platforms" which have become widely popular among the far-right because of their minimal moderation; others including BitChute, Gab, and Parler are "bespoke platforms" which were created by people who themselves have "far-right leanings". [2] Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci, in contrast, described alt-tech services in explicitly political terms in a 2021 article for the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University:

We use the alt-tech term to refer to platforms that offer a promise of uncensored speech, which exist specifically to give a space for far-right, nationalist, racist, or extremist points of view, and which harbor a broad sense of grievance that speech has been "censored" for failure to be "politically correct." Many, but not all of these alt-tech sites are far-right communities.

—  Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci [17]

Researchers have also found that alt-tech platforms can also be used by far-right extremists for mobilization and recruitment purposes, which is more dangerous than just spreading their viewpoints. [40]

Austrian researcher Julia Ebner has described alt-tech platforms as "ultra-libertarian". [41]

Platforms

List of alt-tech platforms

TypeAlt-tech companyCitationsStatus
Microblogging Gab [1] [3] [6] [42] [43]
Gettr [44] [28] [43]
Parler [1] [4] [42] [45] Inactive
Truth Social [28] [43]
Online video platform BitChute [1] [42] [46]
DLive [24] [47]
DTube [46]
Odysee [48] [49]
PewTube [3] [6] Defunct
Rumble [24] [45]
TokenTube [50]
Triller [45]
Crowdfunding GiveSendGo [51] [52] [53]
Hatreon [6] [17] Defunct
SubscribeStar [54] [55]
WeSearchr [5] Defunct
GoyFundMe [56] [57]
Social networking service MeWe [24] [45]
Minds [42] [58]
Slug [59]
Telegram [60] [24]
Thinkspot [61] [62] [63] [64]
WrongThink [3]
News aggregator Patriots.win [65]
Voat [5] [45] Defunct
Wiki encyclopedia Infogalactic [3] [5]
Metapedia [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71]
Imageboard 8kun [1] [58]
Online dating service WASP Love [3]
Pastebin JustPaste.it [58]
Domain name registrar and
web hosting 		Epik [7] [72]
Civic engagement platformCloutHub [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parler</span> American alt-tech social networking service

Parler is a now-closed American alt-tech social networking service associated with conservatives. Launched in August 2018, Parler marketed itself as a free speech-focused and unbiased alternative to mainstream social networks such as Twitter and Facebook. Journalists described Parler as an alt-tech alternative to Twitter, with its users including those banned from mainstream social networks or who oppose their moderation policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metapedia</span> Neo-Nazi online encyclopædia

Metapedia is an online wiki-based encyclopedia. Its views have been described as fascist, far-right, white nationalist, white supremacist, anti-feminist, homophobic, Islamophobic, anti-semitic, Holocaust-denying and neo-Nazi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minds (social network)</span> Open-source social networking service

Minds is an open-source and distributed social network. Users can earn cryptocurrency for using Minds, and tokens can be used to boost their posts or crowdfund other users. Minds has been described as more privacy-focused than mainstream social media networks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pepe the Frog</span> Webcomic character and Internet meme

Pepe the Frog is a webcomic character and Internet meme created by cartoonist Matt Furie. Designed as a green anthropomorphic frog with a humanoid body, Pepe originated in Furie's 2005 comic Boy's Club. The character became an Internet meme when his popularity steadily grew across websites such as Myspace, Gaia Online, and 4chan in 2008. By 2015, he had become one of the most popular memes used on 4chan and Tumblr. Different types of Pepe memes include "Sad Frog", "Smug Frog", "Angry Pepe", "Feels Frog", and "You will never..." Frog. Since 2014, "rare Pepes" have been posted on the "meme market" as if they were trading cards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alt-right</span> Far-right white nationalist movement

The alt-right is a far-right, white nationalist movement. A largely online phenomenon, the alt-right originated in the United States during the late 2000s before increasing in popularity and establishing a presence in other countries during the mid-2010s, and has been declining since 2017. The term is ill-defined and has been used in different ways by academics, journalists, media commentators, and alt-right members themselves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gab (social network)</span> American alt-tech social media service

Gab is an American alt-tech microblogging and social networking service known for its far-right userbase. Widely described as a haven for neo-Nazis, racists, white supremacists, white nationalists, antisemites, the alt-right, supporters of Donald Trump, conservatives, right-libertarians, and believers in conspiracy theories such as QAnon, Gab has attracted users and groups who have been banned from other social media platforms and users seeking alternatives to mainstream social media platforms. Founded in 2016 and launched publicly in May 2017, Gab claims to promote free speech, individual liberty, the "free flow of information online", and Christian values. Researchers and journalists have characterized these assertions as an obfuscation of its extremist ecosystem. Antisemitism is prominent in the site's content and the company itself has engaged in antisemitic commentary. Gab CEO Andrew Torba has promoted the white genocide conspiracy theory. Gab is based in Pennsylvania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastodon (social network)</span> Self-hosted social network software

Mastodon is a free and open-source software for running self-hosted social networking services. It has microblogging features similar to Twitter, which are offered by a large number of independently run nodes, known as instances or servers, each with its own code of conduct, terms of service, privacy policy, privacy options, and content moderation policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laura Loomer</span> American far-right activist (born 1993)

Laura Elizabeth Loomer is an American far-right and anti-Muslim conservative political activist, white nationalist, conspiracy theorist and internet personality. She was the Republican nominee to represent Florida's 21st congressional district in the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections, losing to Democrat Lois Frankel. She also ran in the Republican primary for Florida's 11th congressional district in 2022, narrowly losing to incumbent Daniel Webster.

BitChute is an alt-tech video hosting service launched by Ray Vahey in January 2017. It describes itself as offering freedom of speech, while the service is known for hosting far-right individuals, conspiracy theorists, and hate speech. Some creators who use BitChute have been banned from YouTube; some others crosspost content to both platforms or post more extreme content only to BitChute. Before its deprecation, BitChute claimed to use peer-to-peer WebTorrent technology for video distribution, though this was disputed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deplatforming</span> Administrative or political action to deny access to a platform to express opinions

Deplatforming, also known as no-platforming, is a boycott on an individual or group by removing the platforms used to share their information or ideas. The term is commonly associated with social media.

MeWe is a global social media and social networking service. As a company based in Los Angeles, California it is also known as Sgrouples, Inc., doing business as MeWe. The site has been described as a Facebook alternative due to its focus on data privacy.

Epik is an American domain registrar and web hosting company known for providing services to alt-tech websites that host far-right, neo-Nazi, and other extremist materials. It has been described as a "safehaven for the extreme right" because of its willingness to provide services to far-right websites that have been denied service by other Internet service providers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rob Monster</span> American technology executive

Robert W. Monster is a Dutch-American technology executive and the founder, former chief executive officer, and current chairman of Epik, a domain registrar and web host known for providing services to websites that host far-right, neo-Nazi, and extremist content.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nick Fuentes</span> American white nationalist (born 1998)

Nicholas Joseph Fuentes is an American far-right political commentator and live streamer who is known for his white supremacist, misogynistic, homophobic, antisemitic, and Islamophobic views. A former YouTuber, his channel was permanently terminated in February 2020 for violating YouTube's hate speech policy. Fuentes has promoted conspiracy theories against Jewish people, has denied the Holocaust, and advocates for the genocide of Jews. Fuentes identifies as a member of the incel movement, as a supporter of authoritarian government, and as a Catholic integralist and Christian nationalist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DLive</span> Video live streaming service

DLive is an American video live streaming service which was founded in 2017. It was purchased by BitTorrent in 2019. Due to the site's lax enforcement of prohibited content guidelines, DLive has become a popular alternative to YouTube and Twitch among white nationalists, conspiracy theorists, neo-Nazis, and other extremists. The site is also used by gamers as an alternative to Twitch.

Rumble is an online video platform, web hosting, and cloud services business headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, with its U.S. headquarters in Longboat Key, Florida. It was founded in 2013 by Chris Pavlovski, a Canadian technology entrepreneur. Rumble's cloud services business hosts Truth Social, and the video platform is popular among American right and far-right users. Rumble has been described as "alt-tech".

Wimkin is an alt-tech social network that claims to promote free speech. The site describes itself as "100% uncensored social media". Wimkin was launched in August 2020 and was founded by Jason Sheppard.

Algorithmic radicalization is the concept that recommender algorithms on popular social media sites such as YouTube and Facebook drive users toward progressively more extreme content over time, leading to them developing radicalized extremist political views. Algorithms record user interactions, from likes/dislikes to amount of time spent on posts, to generate endless media aimed to keep users engaged. Through echo chamber channels, the consumer is driven to be more polarized through preferences in media and self-confirmation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gettr</span> Social media platform

Gettr is an alt-tech social media platform and microblogging site targeting American conservatives. It was founded by Jason Miller, a former Donald Trump aide, and was officially launched on July 4, 2021. Its user interface and feature set have been described as very similar to those of Twitter.

Truth Social is an alt-tech social media platform owned by Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), an American media and technology company majority-owned by former U.S. president Donald Trump. It has been called a "Twitter clone" that competes with Parler, Gab, and Mastodon in trying to provide an alternative to Twitter and Facebook. Truth Social uses Mastodon as its backend.

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  68. ↑ Haines, Lester (July 23, 2007). "Conservapedia too pinko? Try Metapedia - Aryans battle 'Cultural Marxism'". Theregister.co.uk . Situation Publishing. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  69. ↑ Schweyer, Cléo (July 15, 2009). "L'extrême droite s'offre une seconde jeunesse sur le web" [The far right gets a new lease of life on the web]. cafebabel.fr (in French). Babel International. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  70. ↑ 'Metapedia' als nationales Pendant zu 'Wikipedia' ['Metapedia' as a nationalist counterpart to 'Wikipedia'](PDF). Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution; North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Report) (in German). Ministry of Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia. 2008. p. 59f. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013.
  71. ↑ Sobel Fitts, Alexis (June 21, 2017). "Welcome to the Wikipedia of the Alt-Right". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  72. ↑ Makuch, Ben (May 8, 2019). "The Far Right Has Found a Web Host Savior". Vice . Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
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