Unite the Right 2

Last updated

Unite the Right 2
UTR2 photo.jpg
Jason Kessler and supporters at Unite the Right 2
DateAugust 12, 2018
Location Washington, D.C., United States
Theme
Organized by Jason Kessler
Participants20–30

The "Unite the Right 2" rally [1] [2] (also called Unite the Right II) [3] [4] was a white supremacist [5] [6] rally that occurred on August 12, 2018, at Lafayette Square near the White House in Washington, D.C., United States. It was organized by Jason Kessler to mark the first anniversary of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, which ended in deadly violence and attracted both national and international attention. [2]

Contents

Unlike the original Unite the Right rally (which ended in street clashes and a car attack in which one counter-protester was killed and 35 others were injured by a self-identified neo-Nazi), [7] [8] the "Unite the Right 2" rally ended without violence. [9] As of August 12, there was only one arrest in Washington, stemming from a confrontation after the rally had ended. [9]

The rally saw extremely low turnout, with only 20 to 30 of Kessler's supporters marching and thousands of counter-demonstrators amid a heavy police presence. [9] The rally was widely described as a "pathetic" and "embarrassing" failure. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Background

Unite the Right rally

White supremacists clash with police at the Unite the Right rally (2017). White supremacists clash with police (36421659232).jpg
White supremacists clash with police at the Unite the Right rally (2017).

The first Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, from August 11 to 12, 2017. [15] [16] Its goals were to oppose the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee from Lee Park [17] [18] and to unify the white supremacist movement in the United States. [19] The far-right protesters included alt-right members, white supremacists and white nationalists, neo-Confederates, Klansmen, neo-Nazis, and various militias, among others. [18] [20] [21] The event turned violent after the protesters clashed with counter-protesters, leaving many injured. [7] [22] On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency and the Virginia State Police declared the assembly unlawful. [18] At around 1:45 p.m., a white supremacist rammed his car into a crowd of counter-protesters near the rally site and fled the scene, killing one person and injuring 19. [18] [23] Attorney General Jeff Sessions described the car attack as domestic terrorism. [24] The driver, James Alex Fields Jr., was charged with first-degree murder and other crimes in state court as well as an additional 30 offenses in federal court, including violations of federal hate crime laws. [25] [26]

In the aftermath of the violence, U.S. President Donald Trump's controversial remarks referring to "very fine people on both sides" and condemning "hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides" were perceived by many as implying moral equivalence between white supremacist marchers and those protesting against them. [20] [27]

Commentator Ed Kilgore suggested that "by moving their act into quite literally the president's neighborhood, and setting the stage for more violence" the demonstrators sought "a fresh infusion of respectability from the politician so many of them regard as a fellow traveler." [28]

Attempt to schedule in Charlottesville

Kessler initially attempted to schedule a second rally in Charlottesville, but was denied a permit by the city in December 2017. [29] Kessler sued the city on First Amendment grounds, saying that if he had prevailed in the lawsuit, rallies would be held in both Charlottesville and Washington, D.C. [8] In June 2018, Kessler sought a temporary injunction from the court to permit a rally in Emancipation Park on August 11 and 12. [30] On June 24, 2018, during a court hearing, Kessler unexpectedly dropped plans to hold a rally in Charlottesville, and posted plans on Twitter for a rally in Washington, D.C. [31] On August 3, 2018, after withdrawing his request for an injunction, Kessler voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit against the City of Charlottesville. [32]

Rally

Plans and permits for demonstration and counter-demonstrations

A counter-demonstrator holding a sign referring to Christopher Cantwell as the "Crying Nazi" in front of the White House on August 11, 2018 26a.WhiteHouse.WDC.11August2018 (30118579428).jpg
A counter-demonstrator holding a sign referring to Christopher Cantwell as the "Crying Nazi" in front of the White House on August 11, 2018
Counter-protesters and police in Lafayette Square on August 12, 2018 Counter-protesters outside Lafayette Square during Unite the Right 2 (44004299971).jpg
Counter-protesters and police in Lafayette Square on August 12, 2018

On May 8, 2018, Kessler filed an application for a permit for the rally with the National Park Service (NPS), under the name White Civil Rights Rally. [33] [34] After receiving initial approval in June 2018, [35] the NPS granted the permit for up to 400 people on August 10, 2018. [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41]

Amid a fracturing of the alt-right movement, [42] a number of far-right individuals and groups who participated in the first Unite the Right rally—including Richard Spencer, the League of the South, Christopher Cantwell, Andrew Anglin, and militia groups—indicated that they would not attend the anniversary rally, having distanced themselves from Kessler, who holds "pariah status among his fellow racists." [43]

The NPS also approved permits for counter-demonstrations filed by New York Black Lives Matter, Inc.; Thomas Oh; Metro DC Democratic Socialists of America or D.C. United Against Hate; the ANSWER Coalition; and the Partnership for Civil Justice Fund. [36] [37]

Police and student protesters at the University of Virginia on August 12, 2018 Charlottesville 2018 (43279781474).jpg
Police and student protesters at the University of Virginia on August 12, 2018

The companies Airbnb, Lyft, and Uber issued statements reaffirming the right of hosts and drivers to "refuse service to anyone who makes them uncomfortable or violates guidelines against discrimination." [44]

Authorities' preparation

In advance of the rally, D.C. Mayor Muriel E. Bowser activated the District's emergency operations center [3] and returned early from a sister city tour in El Salvador to oversee the local response. [9] The District's Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) and federal authorities made extensive preparation for "a possible volatile showdown" between "Unite the Right 2" demonstrators and counter-demonstrators. [37] Authorities aimed to avoid a repeat of the violence at the Charlottesville rally the year before. [37] MPD chief Peter Newsham said that the police would aim: "to keep the two groups separate. ... When they are in the same area at the same time, it leads to violent confrontations. Our goal is to prevent that from happening." [37] Authorities, specifically the MPD and the United States Park Police, [3] erected a series of barriers at Lafayette Square to separate white supremacists from counter-demonstrators. [9]

In making security plans for the event, the Washington Metro system floated plans to run separate trains for protestors and counter-demonstrators, in a bid to avoid violent clashes. Following an outcry from the public and from the Metro employees' union (ATU Local 689), who regarded the plans as special treatment for white nationalists, Metro dropped consideration of the idea. [45] [46] However, on August 12, it was reported that Vienna Station had closed to the public, only allowing "Unite the Right 2" demonstrators, police, and press in (though they did reportedly stop at other stations and let the public in). The Metro was criticized by many, with people arguing that the service, as well as the police escort the "Unite the Right 2" demonstrators received, amounted to preferential treatment. [47]

Although no rally was scheduled to take place in Virginia—where the original rally took place one year earlier—the state's governor, Ralph Northam, declared a state of emergency, as smaller events were scheduled to take place in Charlottesville. [48] [3]

Events

Ahead of the rally, Newsham "remained elusive when discussing ingress and egress plans" for the "Unite the Right 2" demonstrated and implied "that the means and route Kessler's group ultimately takes could and probably would change at the last minute." [37] Ultimately, Kessler and a group of between 20 and 30 supporters got on the Washington Metro at the Vienna station in Northern Virginia and traveled to the Foggy Bottom station amid a heavy police presence, then proceeded to Lafayette Square in front of the White House, where Kessler gave a 15-minute speech and was met by thousands of anti-racist counterdemonstrators. [9] [49] The rally itself was scheduled for 5:30 to 7:30 p.m., [37] but "ended early when it began to rain and two police vans escorted the demonstrators back to Virginia." [49] A local official said that the demonstrators were driven to the Rosslyn station in Northern Virginia to return to the Vienna station, "where they would be greeted by county police who could escort them to their cars if necessary." [9]

The rally attracted thousands of counter-demonstrators, many of whom gathered at Freedom Plaza several blocks away from Lafayette Square to oppose white supremacy. [9] Ahead of the rally, one organizer said she expected "participants with a range of political backgrounds from far-left to moderates to conservatives 'who agree that white supremacy is abhorrent.'" [6] Demonstrators included a multiracial group of Baptists. [50] A separate group of about 20 people sang "We Shall Overcome" while marching from the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial to the Lincoln Memorial. [9] A small portion of counter-protestors were antifa activists; some black-clad protestors engaged in a brief confrontation with police close to 13th and G Streets NW, [9] and some antifa protestors attacked journalists. [51] [52]

The rally and counterdemonstrations ended without violence; there was one arrest stemming from a confrontation after the rally had ended. [9] In a separate incident, one man was charged with simple assault in Virginia after allegedly spitting on two Virginia State Police officers outside the Vienna Metro stop. [53]

Costs

According to a preliminary estimate prepared by the District of Columbia government, the District spent $2.6 million on costs related to the rally and the related counter-demonstrators. Almost all of the costs related to staffing and overtime for D.C. police. This cost estimate does not include expenditures incurred by other agencies (the Virginia State Police, Fairfax County Police Department, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, and U.S. Park Police) related to the rally. [54]

Reactions

Ahead of the rally, D.C. Mayor Muriel E. Bowser stated: "We the people of Washington, D.C. say unequivocally that we denounce hate, we denounce anti-Semitism and we denounce the rhetoric that we expect to hear this Sunday." [6] The governors of the neighboring states— Ralph Northam of Virginia and Larry Hogan of Maryland —made similar statements. [6] President Donald Trump declined to specifically condemn white supremacy. Instead, he made a general call for unity and stated that he "condemn[s] all types of racism and acts of violence." The remarks echoed Trump's remarks following the original rally a year earlier, in which he blamed "both sides" for violence. [3] Vice President Mike Pence released a statement saying: "bigotry, racism and hatred run counter to our most cherished values and have no places in American society." [55]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Socialist Movement (United States)</span> American Neo-Nazi organization (1974-)

The National Socialist Movement (NSM) is a far-right, Neo-Nazi, white supremacist hate based organization based in the United States. It is a part of the Nationalist Front. The party claimed to be the "largest and most active" National Socialist organization in the United States. It is classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matthew Heimbach</span> American white supremacist (born 1991)

Matthew Warren Heimbach is an American white supremacist who espouses National Bolshevism and previously advocated a neo-Nazi ideology. He has attempted to form alliances between several far-right extremist groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard B. Spencer</span> American white supremacist (born 1978)

Richard Bertrand Spencer is an American neo-Nazi, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, and white supremacist. A former magazine editor, he is a public speaker and activist on behalf of the alt-right movement. He advocates for the reconstitution of the European Union into a white racial empire, which he believes will replace the diverse European ethnic identities with one homogeneous "White identity".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert E. Lee Monument (Charlottesville, Virginia)</span> Destroyed equestrian statue

The Robert E. Lee Monument was an outdoor bronze equestrian statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee and his horse Traveller located in Charlottesville, Virginia's Market Street Park in the Charlottesville and Albemarle County Courthouse Historic District. The statue was commissioned in 1917 and dedicated in 1924, and in 1997 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was removed on July 10, 2021, and melted down in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Identity Evropa</span> Neo-Nazi group in the United States

Identity Evropa was an American neo-Nazi and white supremacist organization established in March 2016. It was rebranded as the American Identity Movement in March 2019. In November 2020, the group disbanded. Leaders and members of Identity Evropa, such as former leader Elliot Kline, praised Nazi Germany and pushed for what they described as the "Nazification of America".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redneck Revolt</span> American far-left political group

Redneck Revolt is an American far-left socialist political group that organizes predominantly among white working-class people. The group supports gun rights and members often openly carry firearms. Its political positions are anti-capitalist, anti-racist and anti-fascist. Founded in Kansas in 2009, members were present at several protests against Donald Trump and against the far-right in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unite the Right rally</span> 2017 white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia

The Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, from August 11–12, 2017. Marchers included members of the alt-right, neo-Confederates, neo-fascists, white nationalists, neo-Nazis, Klansmen, and far-right militias. Some groups chanted racist and antisemitic slogans and carried weapons, Nazi and neo-Nazi symbols, the Valknut, Confederate battle flags, Deus vult crosses, flags, and other symbols of various past and present antisemitic and anti-Islamic groups. The organizers' stated goals included the unification of the American white nationalist movement and opposing the proposed removal of the statue of General Robert E. Lee from Charlottesville's former Lee Park. The rally sparked a national debate over Confederate iconography, racial violence, and white supremacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jason Kessler</span> American white supremacist and far-right political activist

Jason Eric Kessler is an American neo-Nazi, white supremacist, and antisemitic conspiracy theorist. Kessler organized the Unite the Right rally held in Charlottesville, Virginia, on August 11–12, 2017, and the Unite the Right 2 rally held on August 12, 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher Cantwell</span> American neo-Nazi

Christopher Charles Cantwell, also known as the Crying Nazi, is an American white supremacist, neo-Nazi, and antisemitic conspiracy theorist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boston Free Speech Rally</span> Rally in Boston in 2017

The Boston Free Speech Rally took place at the Boston Common on August 19, 2017. The organizers and participants were characterized as adherents of the alt-lite, a loosely organized right-wing political movement. Around 50 people attended the rally, and they were met by tens of thousands of counterprotesters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Allsup</span> American white supremacist (born 1995)

James Orien Allsup is an American white supremacist, far-right political commentator, and podcaster. He was a member of the American Identity Movement, a white nationalist, Identitarian and neo-Nazi organization, until it disbanded in 2020. Allsup formerly co-hosted a podcast on the neo-Nazi network The Right Stuff. He was a YouTube personality until his channel was removed for promoting white supremacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriot Prayer</span> American far-right political group

Patriot Prayer is a US far-right group founded by Joey Gibson in 2016 and based in Vancouver, Washington, a suburban city in the Portland metropolitan area. Since 2016, the group has organized several dozen pro-gun, pro-Trump rallies held in liberal cities in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Often met with large numbers of counter-protesters, attendees have repeatedly clashed with left-wing groups in the Portland area. Far-right groups, such as the Proud Boys, have attended the rallies organized by Patriot Prayer, as well as white nationalists, sparking controversy and violence.

The New York Light Foot Militia (NYLFM) is a militia movement organization founded by George Curbelo in 2015 in the U.S. state of New York.

On August 12, 2017, DeAndre Harris, a Black man, was assaulted by six White men in an attack in a parking garage next to the police headquarters during the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. Images and video of the assault captured by photojournalist Zach Roberts went viral and became a symbol of the enmity underlying the protest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanguard America</span> American white supremacist, neo-Nazi, neo-fascist organization

Vanguard America is an American white supremacist, neo-Nazi, neo-fascist organization. The organization is also a member of the Nationalist Front. The group gained significant attention after it was revealed that James Alex Fields had marched with them at the Unite the Right rally before being arrested on murder charges. The group has its roots in the alt-right movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlottesville car attack</span> 2017 terrorist attack in the United States

The Charlottesville car attack was a white supremacist terrorist attack perpetrated on August 12, 2017, when James Alex Fields Jr. deliberately drove his car into a crowd of people peacefully protesting the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one person and injuring 35. Fields, 20, had previously espoused neo-Nazi and white supremacist beliefs, and drove from Ohio to attend the rally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emily Gorcenski</span> American data scientist and activist

Emily Gorcenski is an American data scientist and activist who now resides in Germany. Gorcenski was a counter-protester at the Unite the Right rally in 2017, and subsequently created the site 'First Vigil' to track the trial information of white nationalists.

Matthew Colligan is an online personality who posted neo-Nazi memes under the handle Millennial Matt alongside white nationalist Baked Alaska. His identity was revealed through his participation in the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. One of Colligan's repeated memes is the phrase “ Big Bird did nothing wrong", which he has said in radio, tweets, and videos.

Since its foundation in 2016, members of the Proud Boys, a far-right, neo-fascist, and exclusively male organization, have been involved in a number controversial and violent events. This list contains a number of those events, some of which have resulted in criminal charges being filed against participants.

<i>Sines v. Kessler</i> Civil rights lawsuit decided in 2021

Sines v. Kessler was a civil lawsuit against various organizers, promoters, and participants in the Unite the Right rally, a white supremacist rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia in August 2017. The trial began in October 2021, and on November 23, the jury reached a mixed verdict in which they found various defendants liable on claims of civil conspiracy and race-based harassment or violence. They also found James A. Fields, Jr., the perpetrator of the car attack against counterprotesters at the rally, liable for assault and battery and intentional infliction of harm. Altogether, the jury awarded the plaintiffs more than $25 million in punitive and compensatory damages, though this was later reduced by the judge to $2.35 million.

References

  1. ↑ Barrouquere, Brett (June 20, 2018). "Jason Kessler applies for 'Unite the Right 2' rally permit in D.C." Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  2. 1 2 Shapira, Ian (August 10, 2018). "Inside Jason Kessler's Hate-Fueled Rise" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Weiland, Noah (August 11, 2018). "Before 'Unite the Right' Rally, Trump Does Not Condemn Supremacists" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  4. ↑ Owen, Tess (August 11, 2018). "Unite the Right II: All The Protests In D.C. And Charlottesville This Weekend". Vice . Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  5. ↑ Segraves, Mark; Barnes, Sophia (August 8, 2018). "'Whatever We Need to Do': DC Police Hope to Keep White Supremacists, Counterdemonstrators Separate at Rallies". WRC-TV. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Heim, Joe; Armus, Teo (August 11, 2018). "Opposition groups organize to counter Sunday's planned white-supremacist rally" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Hospitals: 30 treated after Aug. 12 car attack". The Daily Progress . August 21, 2017. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  8. 1 2 Heim, Joe (June 20, 2018). "'Unite the Right' organizer gets approval for rally anniversary event in D.C." . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Heim, Joe; Hermann, Peter; Stein, Perry; Lang, Marissa J. (August 12, 2018). "Anti-hate protesters far outnumber white supremacists as groups rally near White House" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 20, 2019.
  10. ↑ Lopez, German (August 12, 2018). "Unite the Right 2018 was a pathetic failure". Vox . Archived from the original on May 22, 2019.
  11. ↑ Bovard, James (August 12, 2018). "Pathetic Unite the Right and angry Antifa sputter. There's still time to heed Rodney King". USA Today . Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
  12. ↑ Analysis Why 'Unite the Right' Rally Was a Pathetic Flop – and Why That Shouldn’t Matter Archived December 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machine . Allison Kaplan Sommer, Haaretz , 13 August 2018
  13. ↑ Rally by White Nationalists Was Over Almost Before It Began Archived December 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times , 12 August 2018
  14. ↑ Everyone Loses When You Have to Rally Against White Supremacists Archived December 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machine . GQ , 13 August 2018
  15. ↑ Fausset, Richard; Feuer, Alan (August 13, 2017). "Far-Right Groups Surge Into National View In Charlottesville" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Charlottesville: One killed in violence over US far-right rally". BBC News. August 13, 2017. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019.
  17. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Rosenthal, Brian M. (August 12, 2017). "Man Charged After White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Ends in Deadly Violence" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Heim, Joe; Silverman, Ellie; Shapiro, T. Rees; Brown, Emma (August 13, 2017). "One dead as car strikes crowds amid protests of white nationalist gathering in Charlottesville; two police die in helicopter crash" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.
  19. ↑ Stapley, Garth (August 14, 2017). "'This is a huge victory.' Oakdale white supremacist revels after deadly Virginia clash". The Modesto Bee . Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  20. 1 2 Thrush, Glenn; Haberman, Maggie (August 15, 2017). "Trump Gives White Supremacists an Unequivocal Boost" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.
  21. ↑ Green, Emma (August 15, 2017). "Why the Charlottesville Marchers Were Obsessed With Jews" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on August 17, 2017.
  22. ↑ Yan, Holly; Sayers, Devon M.; Almasy, Steve (August 14, 2017). "Charlottesville white nationalist rally: What we know". CNN. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  23. ↑ Bromwich, Jonah Engel; Blinder, Alan (August 13, 2017). "What We Know About James Alex Fields Jr., Driver Charged in Charlottesville Killing" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 13, 2017.
  24. ↑ Sullivan, Eileen (August 14, 2017). "Sessions Says 'Evil Attack' in Virginia Is Domestic Terrorism" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  25. ↑ Rankin, Sarah; Lavoie, Denise (June 27, 2018). "Federal hate crime charges filed in Charlottesville rally death" . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019.
  26. ↑ Associated Press; Duster, Chendelis R. (June 27, 2018). "Charlottesville driver Alex Fields Jr. faces hate crime charges one year after rally". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  27. ↑ Meriac, Dan (August 13, 2017). "Trump condemns 'hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides' in Charlottesville". CNN. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017.
  28. ↑ Kilgore, Ed (August 6, 2018). "A Year After Charlottesville, Racists to Gather in Trump's Neighborhood". New York . Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  29. ↑ "Jason Kessler Files Lawsuit Against Charlottesville". NBC 29. March 21, 2018. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  30. ↑ Berg, Lauren (June 23, 2018). "Organizer of white nationalist rally asks judge to allow another event in August". The Daily Progress . Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  31. ↑ Hayes, Christal (July 24, 2018). "'This isn't the end': Jason Kessler unexpectedly gives up bid for anniversary rally in Charlottesville". USA Today .
  32. ↑ "Charlottesville rally organizer drops lawsuit against city". Associated Press . August 3, 2018. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019.
  33. ↑ Kessler, Jason (July 2018). "Kessler's Application" (PDF). National Park Service . Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  34. ↑ Tatum, Sophie (June 21, 2018). "Charlottesville rally organizer requests permit for 'white civil rights rally' in Washington". CNN. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  35. ↑ Heim, Joe (June 20, 2018). "'Unite the Right' organizer gets approval for rally anniversary event in D.C." The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  36. 1 2 Stuart, Courteney (August 8, 2018). "NPS issues final permits for counter-demonstrations in D.C." WHSV3 . Archived from the original on August 9, 2018.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hermann, Peter; Heim, Joe (August 9, 2018). "D.C. prepares for Sunday showdown between white supremacists and counterprotesters" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 10, 2018.
  38. ↑ "Unite the Right: Permit granted for Washington DC far-right rally". BBC News. August 9, 2018. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  39. ↑ Doubek, James (June 21, 2018). "'White Civil Rights Rally' Approved For D.C. In August". NPR. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  40. ↑ Haag, Matthew (June 21, 2018). "'White Civil Rights Rally' Planned Near White House by Charlottesville Organizer" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  41. ↑ Quander, Michael (June 20, 2018). "Charlottesville rally organizer requests permit for 'white civil rights' demonstration in D.C." USA Today . Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  42. ↑ McWhirter, Cameron (August 8, 2018). "A Year After Charlottesville, the Alt-Right Movement Frays" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 12, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  43. ↑ Barrouquere, Brett (August 7, 2018). "As "Unite the Right 2" approaches, few big names expected for rally amid lots of questions about size, speakers". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  44. ↑ Silverstein, Jason (August 10, 2018). "Airbnb, Lyft, Uber allowing service to be denied to Unite the Right marchers". CBS News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  45. ↑ Thebault, Reis; Powers, Martine; Armus, Teo (August 4, 2018). "Metro no longer considering separate trains for white nationalists attending 'Unite the Right' rally" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  46. ↑ A.W. (August 9, 2018). "How Washington DC's Metro should deal with white nationalists" . The Economist . Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  47. ↑ Lockhart, P.R. (August 12, 2018). "DC Metro criticized for how it handled white nationalists during Unite the Right". Vox .
  48. ↑ Jacobo, Julia (August 9, 2018). "Virginia governor declares state of emergency for anniversary of Charlottesville protests". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  49. 1 2 Gibson, Ginger; Landay, Jonathan (August 12, 2018). "Washington white nationalist rally sputters in sea of counterprotesters". Reuters . Archived from the original on January 26, 2019.
  50. ↑ Allen, Bob (August 8, 2018). "Black, white Baptists to counter D.C. alt-right rally with prayer walk, communion". Baptist News Global . Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  51. ↑ Selk, Avi (August 14, 2018). "Antifa protesters couldn't find any fascists at Unite the Right — and harassed the press instead" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  52. ↑ Williams, Jennifer (August 12, 2018). "Antifa clashes with police and journalists in Charlottesville and DC". Vox . Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  53. ↑ Cioffi, Chris (August 12, 2018). "1 arrested at Vienna Metro station for assaulting Virginia police". WTOP. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
  54. ↑ Nirappil, Fenit (August 14, 2018). "White-supremacist rally cost D.C. at least $2.6 million, preliminary estimate shows" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 20, 2019.
  55. ↑ Pence, Mike (August 11, 2018). "Statement on Charlottesville" . Retrieved August 12, 2018– via Twitter.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.