Since the 2nd century,[2] malicious allegations of Jewish guilt have become a recurring motif in antisemitic tropes, which take the form of libels, stereotypes[3][4] or conspiracy theories.[5] They typically present Jews as cruel, powerful or controlling,[6] some of which also feature the denial or trivialization of historical atrocities against Jews.[7][8] These tropes have lead to pogroms, genocides, persecutions and systemic racism for Jews throughout history.[9][10] Antisemitic tropes mainly evolved in monotheistic societies, whose religions were derived from Judaism, many of which were traceable to Christianity's early days. These tropes were mirrored by 7th-century Quranic claims that Jews were "visited with wrath from Allah" due to their supposed practice of usury and disbelief in His revelations.[11] In medieval Europe, antisemitic tropes were expanded in scope to justify mass persecutions and expulsions of Jews. Particularly, Jews were repeatedly massacred over accusations of causing epidemics and "ritually consuming" Christian babies' blood.
In the 19th century, lies about Jews plotting "world domination" by "controlling" mass media and global banking spread, which mutated into modern tropes, especially the libel that Jews "invented and promoted communism". These tropes fatefully formed Adolf Hitler's worldview, caused World War II and the Holocaust, which killed at least 6 million Jews (67% pre-war European Jews).[6][12] Since the 20th century, antisemitic libels' usage has been documented among groups that self-identify as "anti-Zionists".[13][14]
The publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in 1903 is usually considered the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature.[21] The trope embodied by the book is manifested in both writings and imagery, where Jews are accused of plotting world domination nefariously. Typical examples include Nazi-originated cartoons depicting Jews as a giant octopus reaching across the globe.[22][23] A 2001 Egyptian reprint of Henry Ford's antisemitic text The International Jew, with the same octopus imagery on the front cover.[24]
Today the Jews rule this world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them [...] They invented socialism, communism, human rights and democracy so that persecuting them would appear to be wrong [...] they have gained control of the most powerful countries.
When the NBPP-backed candidate Cynthia McKinney lost to her rival Hank Johnson, NBPP's members alleged "Jewish electoral domination".[41]
In April 2017, the Politico magazine published an article alleging "links" between the then-U.S. President Donald Trump, Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and Jewish religious group Chabad. Jonathan Greenblatt (CEO) of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) condemned the article as "evok[ing] age-old myths about Jews".[42] In December 2023, Australian GreenMPJenny Leong, echoed Mahathir Mohammed's 2003 speech at a Palestine Justice Movement forum:[43][44]
the Jewish lobby and the Zionist lobby are infiltrating into every single aspect of what is ethnic community groups [...] they rock up to every community event because their tentacles reach into the areas that try and influence power.
Leong apologized after being condemned.[45] Whereas, the "Jewish power" myth is often veiled as the "criticism" of "Jewish plutocrats" allegedly behind political changes. For instance, QAnon conspiracy theorists believe in the existence of a "satanic cabal" of global elites (globalists) "drinking children's blood" to achieve "world domination".[46] Two-time heavyweight world champion Tyson Fury also believes in a "Zionistplot" to "lower" public moral standard via the media and finance.[47] As per Argentine-Israeli educator Gustavo Perednik, antisemites often pass off their aggressive instinct as a "struggle" of "the oppressed" against the "powerful" to maximize its appeal to left-wing audience.[48]
almost all Jew rags [...] Fifty other rags like those which have nothing behind them but the forty or fifty thousand Jewish usurers and pick-pockets in each country and which no decent Christian ever reads except holding his nose as a precaution against nausea.
Griffith's antisemitism is still present in the party. For instance, lower house parliamentarianRéada Cronin alleged in 2020 that Jews were "responsible for European wars" and "Adolf Hitler was a pawn of the [Jewish] Rothschilds [...may] not have been too far wrong".[53][54] In the United States, J.J. Goldberg, The Forward's editorial director, published a study of such trope in 1997.[55] He concluded that Jewish Americans "do not make a high priority of Jewish concerns" despite holding prominent positions in the American media industry.[56] Variants on this theme focus on Hollywood, the press[57] and the music industry.[58]
Since 2015 when the European migrant crisis happened, the White genocide conspiracy theory has gained traction among white nationalists.[59] Jews are often accused of facilitating unrestricted non-white immigration to alter the fabric of White-majority societies.[60] Such libel is often peddled in conjunction with older myths, like the "Jewishpower", to raise its plausibility among the targeted audience. Much of such sentiment stems from an extinction anxiety about the majority White population becoming outnumbered by the non-white population, who are often assumed as "foreign" and "incompatible" with the mainstream.[61] Elon Musk, the current owner of X (formerly Twitter), has also been accused of endorsing the theory, when he showed approval of the theory in a tweet.[62]
The "great replacement" theory is inherently white supremacist. It depends on stoking fears that a non-white population, which the theory's proponents characterize as "inferior," will displace a white majority. It is also antisemitic. Some proponents of the "great replacement" do not explicitly attribute the plot to Jews. Instead, they blame powerful Jewish individuals such as financier and philanthropist George Soros or use coded antisemitic language to identify shadowy "elites" or "globalists."
The issue at stake was not really whether the Jews had entered it out of greed [...] The high tide of Jewish usury was before the fifteenth century; as cities grew in power and affluence, the Jews were squeezed out from money lending with the development of banking.
White Russian anti-Communist and antisemitic propaganda poster, c.1919. Senior Bolsheviks – Sverdlov, Zinoviev, Lenin, Trotsky, Kamenev, Radek – sacrifice an allegorical character representing Russia to a statue of Karl Marx.
In the 20th century, newer allegations of Jews masterminding the propagation of Communism emerged, including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903).[70]Judeo-Bolshevism was popularized by Hitler's to conflate Jews with communists and present them as an existential threat to justify the Holocaust.[71][pageneeded] A Polish equivalent of this trope is Żydokomuna, which accused "most Jews" of having "collaborated with the Soviet Union" in "importing communism" to Poland.[72][73][74]Candace Owens, an American ultraconservative pundit, endorses such libel. She alleged that "Stalin was a Jew" and his followers were "part of a Jewish cabal".[75]
The "Kosher tax" trope claims that food producers are "forced" to pay an exorbitant premium to indicate that their products are kosher, which is allegedly passed on to consumers by price increase.[76][77][78] It is mainly spread by white supremacists.[79][76] Refuters contended that food producers would not engage in the certification process if it was not profitable to obtain the "kosher certification", which is actually a voluntary business decision, while the "resultant" increased sales would lower the average cost.[80]
Jews have been blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout history:[81][82]
When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children.
What happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today.
Against radical traditionalists' objection, it was distantly followed up by an apology in 2000 for the two millennia of Catholic persecution of Jews,[86][87] amid claims of the Second Temple menorah still being hidden in the Vatican.[88] Radical Traditionalist Catholics (rad trads) who oppose Christian–Jewish reconciliation have continued peddling the Jewish deicide.[89]Subredditsr/Catholicism and r/AskAChristian on Reddit are reportedly frequented by rad trads for years. As per the SPLC, the rad trads often circulate content from the forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Notably, the rad trads have peddled:[90]
Nazism was the "result" of a 400-year "revolution" against the Divine Plan to effect man's return to Him via His Catholic Church abetted by Talmudists[91][90]
Jews have "infiltrated" the Catholic Church to induce changes in church doctrine for selfish gain[92][90]
Catholics cannot trust the Jews
The Vatican II dialogue with the Jews is a pantomime to destroy Catholic militancy against Judaism[93][90]
Traditionalist Catholics [...] continued to incorporate explicit antisemitism into their theology [...] a paranoid belief in Jewish conspiracies to undermine the church and Western civilization [...] preach that contemporary Jews are responsible for deicide, endorsed The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and claimed that there was a factual basis for the medieval blood libel. One of its bishops, Richard Williamson, is a well known Holocaust denier.
Church and secular leaders sharply denounced these defamations [...] people refused to abandon this myth [...] Popes, kings and emperors declared that Jews, if for no other reason than their strict dietary laws banning even the smallest drop of blood in meat or poultry, were incapable of the crime. The Christian populace was not impressed.
Among those who refuted the blood libel included the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II[106][107][108] and Pope Gregory IX,[109][110] while Pope Clement VI said that the Black Death could not be blamed on Jews.[111][112][113] Contemporarily, the blood libel still appears frequently in Muslim countries' state media, publications and online platforms as per their official anti-Zionism.[b] A few Arab writers, who happened not to be antisemitic, condemned the blood libel. The Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published articles by Osama Al-Baz, a senior advisor to the late Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, explaining the origins of the blood libel.[115] Whereas, the blood libel is still peddled by Christian fundamentalists, including the Radical Traditionalist Catholics (rad trads) and American ultraconservative pundit Candace Owens, who alleged that Leo Frank, a Jewish man lynched in 1915 over false allegations of killing a girl.[116]
In medieval Europe, Jews were often accused of stealing hosts and desecrating them to reenact the crucifixion of Jesus by stabbing or burning.[117][118][119] The first allegation of Jewish host desecration was made recorded in 1243 in Beelitz, near Berlin, and all Jews in Beelitz were burned alive, subsequently called the Judenberg.[120][121][122] In the following centuries, similar libels circulated throughout Europe and caused several pogroms, which did not subside until Sigismund II Augustus repudiated it in 1558.[123] However, massacres resulted from host desecration libels happened until the 19th century. The last recorded accusations were brought up in Barlad, Romania, in 1836 and 1867 respectively.[124][bettersourceneeded]
Throughout history, Christians alleged that Jews either dislike or sought to destroy Christianity. A 65,000-word treatise written by Martin Luther, a pioneering 16th-century Christian reformer, also consists of such a libel that is still being promoted. For instance, radio host James Edwards alleged that Jews "hate Christianity" and were "using pornography as a subversive tool against us".[125] The ADL noted,
This is not to say that Jews have historically borne no animus towards Jesus and the Apostles, or towards Christianity as a whole. In the two-thousand year relationship between Judaism and Christianity, many of them marred by anti-Jewish polemic and Christian persecution of Jews, some rabbis have fulminated against the church [...] But contemporary anti-Semitic polemicists are not interested in learning or reporting about the historical development of Jewish-Christian relations. Their goal is to incite hatred against Judaism and Jews by portraying them as bigoted and hateful.[126]
worse than a brothel and a drinking shop [...] a den of scoundrels, the repair of wild beasts, a temple of demons, the refuge of brigands and debauchees, and the cavern of devils, a criminal assembly of the assassins of Christ.
His anti-Jewish homily was legitimized in Christian theology as the basis of Christian antisemitism for the following millennia, ultimately subject to Nazi co-optation to garner Christian support for the Holocaust.[128][129] In such regard, historian Jeremy Cohen wrote,
Yet the very impulse that propelled the Christian imagination from the Jew as a deliberate killer of Christ to the Jew as a perpetrator of the most heinous crimes against humanity also led to the portrayal of the Jew as inhuman, satanic, animal-like, and monstrous [...] the bestiality of the Jew climaxed in the image of the Judensau.[130]
Judensau (German for Jews' sow) is a dehumanizing imagery of Jews that appeared around the 13th century. Its popularity lasted for six centuries until Nazi revival. Sculptures of Jews, typically portrayed as "obscene human contact" with unclean animals like pigs and owls, were often found on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings etc. The images always combined multiple antisemitic motifs, which sometimes included derisive prose or poetry.[127][c]Martin Luther, a 16th-centuryReformation's pioneer, was noted for his vicious antisemitism. Luther wrote a 65,000-word thesis demonizing the Jews in which he not only described Jews as[131][132][133]
a base, whoring people, that is, no people of God, and their boast of lineage, circumcision, and law must be accounted as filth [...] and the synagogue [...] incorrigible whore and an evil slut,
Such BHI-espoused antisemitic tropes have been popularized to discredit Jews[147] by associating them with White supremacy. BHI sects deemed antisemitic include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), House of Israel (HOI), Nation of Yahweh (NOY), Israelites Saints of Christ, True Nation Israelite Congregation and The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC).[148] The ADL summarized the commonly used BHI slurs:[148]
Jew-ish: Negative term for depicting Jews as "imposters"
So-called Jews: Casting doubt on the Jewish identity of mainstream Jews
BHI groups or members have also been involved in domestic terrorism towards Jewish Americans since the 1970s, the most recent of which include the Jersey City Shooting (7 dead and 3 injured).[143][150] The BHI, to some extent, managed to desensitize the public to their anti-Jewish terrorism by appropriatingJewish symbols and misusing their historically oppressed status to gain sympathy from anti-racist intellectuals.[151][bettersourceneeded]
The Unification Church (UC), founded by South Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon in 1954, was criticized for demonizing Jews in its manifesto Divine Principle. A multi-faith panel that included Rabbi A. James Rudin, the assistant director of the American Jewish Committee's department of interreligious affairs, pointed out 125 antisemitic references in their manifesto, including the libel that Jews were "collectively responsible" for the crucifixion of Christ.[152] Rudin argued that UC's manifesto included "pejorative language, stereotyped imagery, accusations of collective sin and guilt", including its claim that "Jews had gone through a course of indemnity" due to John the Baptist's "failure to recognize Jesus as the Messiah".[153] It is also found that the UC's text portrayed the Holocaust as a "divine punishment".[152] The UC denied the AJC's charges as "distortion" and "obscurations".[154]
Male menstruation
The false belief of Jewish male anal menstruation emerged in the 16th century, which formed part of the canard that all Jews were somehow female.[155] The false belief was allegedly based on scripture associating Jews with bleeding, particularly the description of Judas' death in Acts 1:18–19, where his belly was allegedly burst open, which inspired further accounts of heretics having their blood or entrails spilled via the anus at death.[155] It was, in the 12th century, referenced to the blood curse invoked by the Jews at Jesus' trial before Pilate.[156][155] In the following century, a pseudoscientific explanation based on humoral medicine was added, supplemented by a verse from Psalms 78:66.[155] By 1302, it was claimed that Jewish male descendants of those alleged to have "taken responsibility" for the crucifixion of Jesus would suffer a monthly bleeding.[155] A 1503 account of the 1494 ritual murder trials at Tyrnau consisted of the earliest mention of the alleged monthly male bleeding.[155] In 17th-century Spain, the notion was revived by physicians, including the king's, conflating menstruation with hemorrhoids, which contributed to the "legal concept" of "impure blood" in a family or race.[157]
Medieval depiction of a Jew poisoning a well during an alleged ritual murder
During the devastating 14th century Black Death, crowded cities were hard hit, with death tolls as high as 50%. Emotionally distraught survivors scapegoated Jews opportunistically. Soon after the Black Death's entry to Europe in 1346, a massacres of Jews broke out between 1348 and 1351 based on false charges of Jews "spreading" the epidemic. The first massacres happened in Toulon in 1348, where the Jewish quarter was sacked and 40 Jews murdered, then in Barcelona.[158] In 1349, massacres and persecution spread across Europe, including the Erfurt massacre, Basel Massacre and massacres in Aragon and Flanders.[159][160] 2,000 Jews were also burned alive in the Strasbourg massacre on 14 February 1349 by antisemites who justified the massacre as a "preventive measure". Such accusation later became an antisemitic trope, which evolved into the one fabricated by Joseph Stalin as the doctors' plot in the early 1950s,[161][162] then the charges of Jews "spreading" intractable diseases like the AIDS[163] and COVID-19.[164]
German politician Heinrich von Treitschke in the 19th century coined the phrase "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), which became Der Stürmer's motto.[165] Israeli-British historian Efraim Karsh noted,
Jews have traditionally been accused of lacking true patriotism to their countries of citizenship, and instead seeking to embroil their non-Jewish compatriots in endless conflicts and wars on behalf of such cosmopolitan movements and ideals as 'world imperialism', 'international bolshevism', or 'world Zionism'.
Both ends of the political spectrum accused American Jews of "dragging" the country into World War II and the Iraq War, exaggerating the influence of an alleged Israel lobby.[166] It was also promoted by political scientist John Mearsheimer in a 2007 book, which was criticized for legitimizing the "Jewish domination" trope and encouraging antisemitism.[167] The Franklin Prophecy was unknown before its appearance in 1934 in William Dudley Pelley's pro-Nazi magazine Liberation.[168][169] As per the 2004 U.S. Congress report Anti-Semitism in Europe: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations,
In 2020, conspiracy theorist Rick Wiles endorsed a claim by some "Messianic Jews" that "Zionists" seek to "make all of humanity androgynous" as per the Kabbalistic concept of Adam Kadmon. They alleged that the plot involved "Zionist" support for transgender rights to "make people LGBT" by "putting specific things in food, in drink".[173][174] Contrarily, some lesbian feminists have accused Jews of being "killers of the Goddess" over their perception of the god of Israel being male to blame Jews for women's mistreatment under the "patriarchy".[175]
Controlling the weather and causing natural disasters
On March 16, 2018, Council of the District of Columbia member Trayon White posted a video on his Facebook page showing snow flurries falling, alluding to the conspiracy theory of the Rothschild family conspiring to manipulate the weather. In his post, he stated, "Y'all better pay attention to this climate control, man, this climate manipulation ... And that's a model based off the Rothschilds controlling the climate to create natural disasters they can pay for to own the cities, man. Be careful."[176][177] The comment was widely reported in Washington and worldwide[178][179] media as an endorsement of an antisemitic conspiracy theory.[180] The Washington City Paper reported on March 19 that this was not the first time White alluded to a Jewish conspiracy to control global weather.[181]
During a speech at the Reichstag on 30 January 1939, Adolf Hitler accused "international Jewish financiers" of seeking to start a world war, but that this would be turned against them in an "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe", for which the Jews would be fully to blame.[186]
In 2002, the then-Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisiasked, "People always talk about what the Germans did to the Jews, but the true question is, 'What did the Jews do to the Germans?'"[187]Gilad Atzmon stated, "Jewish texts tend to glaze over the fact that Hitler's 28 March 1933, ordering a boycott against Jewish stores and goods, was an escalation in direct response to the declaration of war on Germany by the worldwide Jewish leadership."[188] In January 2005, 19 members of the Russian State Duma demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned in Russia,[189] alleging that "most antisemitic actions in the whole world are constantly carried out by Jews themselves with a goal of provocation." After sharp protests by Russian Jewish leaders, including Russia's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar, human rights activists and the Russian Foreign Ministry, the Duma members retracted their appeal.[189]
Dual loyalty
A trope found in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, but originating long before that document, is that Jews are more loyal to world Jewry than to their own country. Since Israel's reestablishment in 1948, libels of Jews being more loyal to Israel than to their country of residence and citizenship have become widespread in different countries.[190][191][192]
"12,000 Jewish soldiers died on the field of honor for the fatherland." A leaflet published in 1920 by German Jewish veterans to counter the stab-in-the-back mythA permanent exhibition dedicated to the 1968 communist antisemitic purge in the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Warsaw.
With the rise of racist theories in the 19th century, "[a]nother old anti-Semitic canard served to underline the putative 'femininity' of the Jewish race. Like women, Jews lacked an 'essence'".[193] In Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations, Kurt Jonassohn and Karin S. Björnson wrote:
Historically, Jews were not allowed to bear arms in most of the countries of the diaspora. Therefore, when they were attacked, they were not able to defend themselves. In some situations, their protector would defend them. If not, they only had a choice between hiding and fleeing. This is the origin of the anti-Semitic canard that Jews are cowards.[194]
Jews were frequently accused of being insufficiently patriotic. In late 19th-century France, a political scandal known as the Dreyfus affair involved the wrongful conviction for treason of a young Jewish French officer. The political and judicial scandal ended with his full rehabilitation.[195] During World War I, the German Military High Command implemented the Judenzählung (German for "Jewish Census"), which was designed to "confirm" allegations of the "lack of patriotism" among German Jews, but the results of the census disproved the accusations and were not made public.[196][197] After the end of the war, the stab-in-the-back myth alleged that internal enemies, including Jews, were responsible for Germany's defeat.[198]
unbridled, evil-minded cosmopolitans, profiteers with no roots and no conscience [...] Grown on rotten yeast of bourgeois cosmopolitanism, decadence and formalism [...] non-indigenous nationals without a motherland, who poison with stench [...] our proletarian culture.[199]
In 1968, the Soviet-dominated Polish communist state exploited pre-existing antisemitism to peddle similar claims, equating Jewish origins with "disloyalty" and "Zionist sympathies", to blame Polish Jews for the anti-communist mass protests. A purge of Polish Jews, most of whom were Holocaust survivors, ensued. The purge caused the exodus of 5,000-10,000 Polish Jews – around 20-33% of those remaining back then. An apology was made by the democratic Polish government in March 2018.[201][202]
Ethnocentrism
Many antisemitic conspiracy theory websites cherry-picked quotes from Jewish religious writings to justify the libel that Judaism is "racist [...] teaching Jews to hate non-Jews."[203] As per rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik,
Even as the Jew is moved by his private Sinaitic Covenant with God to embody and preserve the teachings of the Torah, he is committed to the belief that all mankind, of whatever color or creed, is "in His image" and is possessed of an inherent human dignity and worthiness. Man's singularity is derived from the breath "He [God] breathed into his nostrils at the moment of creation" (Genesis 2:7). Thus, we do share in the universal historical experience, and God's providential concern does embrace all of humanity.[204]
As per the minutes of a 1984 U.S. Congress hearing concerning the Soviet Jewry, the demonization of Jews based on bogus "ethnocentrism" charges was common:
This vicious anti-Semitic canard, frequently repeated by other Soviet writers and officials, is based upon the malicious notion that the "Chosen People" of the Torah and Talmud preaches "superiority over other peoples", as well as exclusivity. This was, of course, the principal theme of the notorious Tsarist Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[205]
The Auschwitz concentration camps would always stand as a testament that antisemitism caused the worst genocide in human history.A Holocaust memorial outside Auschwitz concentration camp I
Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II – usually referred to as the Holocaust[206] – did not occur at all, or it did not happen in the manner or to the extent which is historically recognized. Key elements of these claims are the rejection of the following facts:
The Nazi regime had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews for extermination as a people
At least six million Jews[206] were systematically killed by the Nazis and their allies
Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a "hoax" committed out of a "deliberate Jewish conspiracy" to advance the "Jewish interests".[208] Nowadays, outright denial is no longer socially acceptable. It has, however, morphed into more devious forms involving antisemitic tropes' usage to distort relevant events for fabricating Jewish guilt and legitimizing antisemitism.[209][74][210] As such, Holocaust denial is antisemitic.[211][212] Holocaust deniers are condemned for ignoring all the evidence disproving their falsehood.[213]
In 2010, a poll found that 56% of citizens in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and the UAE believed that the Jews "deserved the Holocaust",[223] most of whom were found to hold the false beliefs that
The Jewish victims died of natural causes or were sentenced to death for criminal reasons
The Allied Powers deliberately inflated the number of Jews killed during the war
In 2014, another global survey found that almost half of the world did not know that the Holocaust ever happened, making them more susceptible to the tropes as mentioned.[224]
Antisemitic poster spotted at an allegedly anti-war rally in San Francisco on February 16, 2003, which incorporated both the motifs of "money-minded Jews" and "Zio-Nazis". The slur ZIONIST PIGS was also used.Antisemitic graffiti in Madrid, 2003, equating the Star of David with the dollar and Nazi swastika
Whereas, "[t]he main motif in Arab cartoons about Israel features 'the devilish Jew'"[226] and "[t]he core anti-Semitic motif of the Jew as the paradigm of an "absolute evil" has a set of submotifs. These, in turn, recur over the centuries but are differently cloaked according to the predominant narrative of the period."[227] Such demonization by association with Israel is termed the Holocaust inversion. Holocaust inversion is an inversion of reality[228] where Jews, the Holocaust's primary victims, are transposed into being the primary perpetrators to erase their historical victimhood and justify antisemitism. It is deemed a form of Holocaust trivialization. The World Jewish Congress noted that Holocaust inversion could be manifested as:[229]
[...] a mass movement demanding the deaths of Jews will be unlikely to yell "Money Jews" or "They Killed Christ." [...] for such a movement to emerge, for people to feel once again [...] the right to burn all the synagogues they want, to attack boys wearing yarmulkes, to harass large number of rabbis [...] an entirely new discourse way of justifying it must emerge.
The deepest source of anti-Israel animus is the symbolization of the Jew as embodiment of evil. The satanic Jew has been replaced by the satanic Jewish state [...] The end of the post-Holocaust era is expressed most starkly in the inversion of the Holocaust [...] The Jew-as-Nazi is the endpoint of political supersessionism:[240] Not only have we forfeited our identity as "Israel," but we've assumed the identity of our worst enemy.
Exploiting the pre-existing racial tension between Black and Jewish Americans,[243] antisemites have exaggerated Jews' role in the Atlantic slave trade to demonize them in the eyes of Black Americans.[244] It is the central tenet of the American Islamist hate group Nation of Islam (NOI), led by Louis Farrakhan,[245] that Jews "orchestrated" the Atlantic slave trade.[246][247] A number of historians, including Saul S. Friedman, conducted research into the matter. Friedman published the book Jews and the American Slave Trade to summarise his findings, concluding that Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade was negligible, thereby disproving the rumour.[248] Also, in 1995, the American Historical Association (AHA) explicitly condemned "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade".[249][full citation needed]
In August 2009, an article in the Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet accused Israeli troops of harvesting organs from Palestinians who died in their custody.[250][bettersourceneeded] Henrik Bredberg wrote in the rival newspaper Sydsvenskan: "Donald Boström publicized a variant of an anti-Semitic classic, the Jew who abducts children and steals their blood."[251] In a video[252] on their website, Time magazine quoted the 2009 Swedish Aftonbladet's unbacked variant of the classic antisemitic blood libel accusation as fact and retracted[253] the allegations that Israeli soldiers had harvested and sold Palestinian organs in 2009 within hours on 24 August 2014 after a denouncing report from HonestReporting came out.[252][254]
In December 2009, Israel's Channel 2 published an interview with Yehuda Hiss, the former chief pathologist at L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, where he accused workers at the forensic institute of taking skin, corneas, heart valves and bones from deceased Israelis, Palestinians and foreign workers without permission in the 1990s. Hiss was dismissed as head of Abu Kabir in 2004 after discovery of the use of organs.[255] Israeli officials acknowledged that isolated incidents had taken place, but the vast majority of cases involved Israeli citizens and no such incidents had occurred for a protracted period, while Hiss had already been removed from his position.[255] In a state inquiry report, they also found “no evidence that Hiss targeted Palestinians...The families of dead Israeli soldiers were among those who complained about Hiss's conduct.”[256] Despite this, similar accusations are still made by different members of society, including the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.[257][258]
During the 2023-present Israel–Hamas war conspiracy theories were spread that the IDF was harvesting the organ of Palestinians. [259] There has been no evidence presented to substantiate this outside of claims made by the Gaza Ministry of Health. [260] Despite this the claim has been spread and been used to incite anti-Jewish sentiments online. [261][262]
Haiti
In the immediate aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Israel sent 120 staff, doctors and troops of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to Port-au-Prince.[263][264] The IDF set up a field hospital that performed 316 surgeries and delivered 16 babies.[265][266] On 18 January, an American "activist" called T. West posted a YouTube video calling on Haitians to be wary of "personalities who are out for money", which he referred to as the Israeli Defense Force (IDF).[267][268][269] To explain his allegations, West stated that in the past "the IDF [had] participated in stealing organ transplants of Palestinians and others", thus echoing the Aftonbladet Israel controversy. West, who claimed to speak for a black-empowerment group called AfriSynergy Productions, stopped short of making more explicit accusations against the IDF's behaviour in Haiti but he noted that there was "little monitoring" of it in the quake's aftermath, insinuating that organ theft was at the very least a strong possibility. The Iranian state outlet Press TV promoted the allegations.[268] In a speech on 22 January, AyatollahAhmad Khatami said "There have been news reports that the Zionist regime, in the case of the catastrophe of Haiti, and under the pretext of providing relief to the people of Haiti, is stealing the organs of these wretched people",[270] again without citing any evidence. On 27 January, a Syrian TV reporter described T. West's video as "document[ing] this heinous crime and [...] show[ing] Israelis engaged in stealing organs from the earthquake victims" (despite the fact that the video quite evidently does no such thing).[271]
On 1 February 2010, "The Palestine Telegraph" accused the IDF of harvesting organs in Haiti for sale based on the said YouTube video by T. West whose material was re-used from Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV.[272] In the United Kingdom, Baroness Jenny Tonge was removed from her role as Liberal Democrat health spokeswoman as a result of an interview in which she suggested that an independent inquiry should be established.[273] Israeli media and Jewish groups fought back against the claims immediately.[269][274] In an interview with the Ynetnews, West re-iterated his accusation of IDF's past organ theft and cited Operation Bid Rig as further "evidence" of Jewish "involvement" in organ trafficking.[269] The Anti-Defamation League responded, labeling West's allegations as an antisemitic "Big Lie", while an author for the Jewish Ledger referred to the rumors as a renewed blood libel.[274]
Some conspiracy theories hold that Jews or Israel played a key role in carrying out the September 11 attacks. As per a paper published by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have not been accepted in mainstream circles in the U.S.", but "this is not the case in the Arab and Muslim world".[275] A claim that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the WTC on 11 September has been widely reported and widely debunked. The number of Jews who died in the attacks – typically estimated at 400[276][277] – tracks closely with the proportion of Jews living in the New York area. Five Israelis died in the attack.[278]
In 2003, the ADL published a report which attacked "hateful conspiracy theories" that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Israelis and Jews, saying that they had the potential to "rationalize and fuel global anti-Semitism". The ADL's report found that "The Big Lie has united the American far-right, white supremacists and the Arab and Muslim world". It also found that many of those were modern manifestations of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[279][280] The ADL has characterized the Jeff Rense website as carrying antisemitic materials, such as "American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their own financial gain and to induce the American people to endorse wars of aggression and genocide on the nations of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the benefit of Israel".[281] Accusations of Jews masterminding the 9/11 attacks have also been made by the black supremacistNew Black Panther Party (NBPP),[282][283] which have gained traction among anti-Zionist Black Americans.[284][285]
Friend and foe alike have tried to explain or to justify this hatred of the Jews by bringing all sorts of charges against them. They are alleged to have crucified Jesus, to have drunk the blood of Christians, to have poisoned wells, to have taken usury, to have exploited the peasant, and so on. These and a thousand and one other charges against an entire people have been proved groundless. They showed their own weakness in that they had to be trumped up wholesale in order to quiet the evil conscience of the Jew-baiters, to justify the condemnation of an entire nation, to demonstrate the necessity of burning the Jew, or rather the Jewish ghost, at the stake. He who tries to prove too much proves nothing at all. Though the Jews may justly be charged with many shortcomings, those shortcomings are, at all events, not such great vices, not such capital crimes, as to justify the condemnation of the entire people.[286]
In her 2003 book The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History, Jocelyn Hellig wrote:[287]
Michael Curtis has pointed out the many directly contradictory accusations, claiming that Jews are simultaneously:
The Jews were accused by the nationalists of being the creators of Communism; by the Communists of ruling Capitalism. If they live in non-Jewish countries, they are accused of double-loyalties; if they live in the Jewish country, of being racists. When they spend their money, they are reproached for being ostentatious; when they don't spend their money, of being avaricious. They are called rootless cosmopolitans or hardened chauvinists. If they assimilate, they are accused of being fifth-columnists, if they don't, of shutting themselves away.[289][290]
An antisemite claimed that the Jews had caused the war; the reply was: Yes, the Jews and the bicyclists. Why the bicyclists? asked the one; the other replied: Why the Jews?
"Belonging without believing: British Jewish identity and God". Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 20 March 2024. Only a third of Jews living in the UK have faith in God, as described in the Bible, yet 'non-believers' make up more than half of paid-up synagogue memberships, according to data from the JPR National Jewish Identity Survey.
"Jews in U.S. are far less religious than Christians and Americans overall, at least by traditional measures". Pew Research Center. 13 May 2021. [In 2021] 12% of U.S. Jewish adults say they attend religious services weekly or more often, compared with 27% of the general public and 38% of U.S. Christians. And 21% of Jewish adults say religion is very important in their lives, compared with 41% of U.S. adults overall and 57% of Christians [...] There are even bigger gaps when it comes to belief in God. About a quarter of Jews (26%) say they believe in God as described in the Bible, compared with more than half of U.S. adults overall (56%) and eight-in-ten Christians. Jews are more likely than U.S. adults overall (50% vs. 33%) to say they believe in some other spiritual force or higher power, but not in God as described in the Bible. Jewish adults also are twice as likely as the general public to say they do not believe in any kind of higher power or spiritual force in the universe (22% vs. 10%).
Dozens of Judensaus [...] intersect with the portrayal of the Jew as a Christ killer. Various illustrations of the murder of Simon of Trent blended images of Judensau, the devil [...] and the Crucifixion. In a seventeenth-century engraving from Frankfurt [...] a well-dressed, very contemporary-looking Jew has mounted the sow backward and holds her tail, while a second Jew sucks at her milk and a third eats her feces. The horned devil, himself wearing a Jewish badge, looks on and the butchered Simon, splayed as if on a cross.
Related Research Articles
Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews. This sentiment is a form of racism, and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Primarily, antisemitic tendencies may be motivated by negative sentiment towards Jews as a people or by negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism. In the former case, usually presented as racial antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society. In the latter case, known as religious antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's successor faith—this is a common theme within the other Abrahamic religions. The development of racial and religious antisemitism has historically been encouraged by the concept of anti-Judaism, which is distinct from antisemitism itself.
Antisemitism has increased greatly in the Arab world since the beginning of the 20th century, for several reasons: the dissolution and breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western imperialism and Arab Christians; Nazi propaganda and relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world; resentment over Jewish nationalism; the rise of Arab nationalism; and the widespread proliferation of anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist conspiracy theories.
Denial of The Holocaust is an antisemitic conspiracy theory that asserts that the genocide of Jews by the Nazis is a fabrication or exaggeration. Holocaust denial includes making one or more of the following false claims:
A number of organizations and academics consider the Nation of Islam (NOI) to be antisemitic. The NOI has engaged in Holocaust denial, and exaggerates the role of Jews in the African slave trade; mainstream historians, such as Saul S. Friedman, have said Jews had a negligible role. The NOI has repeatedly rejected charges made against it as false and politically motivated.
The Zionist occupation government, Zionist occupational government or Zionist-occupied government (ZOG), sometimes also called the Jewish occupational government (JOG), is an antisemitic conspiracy theory claiming that Jews secretly control the governments of Western states. It is a contemporary variation on the centuries-old belief in an international Jewish conspiracy. According to believers, a secret Zionist organization actively controls international banks, and through them governments, to conspire against white, Christian, or Islamic interests.
New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of antisemitism developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, typically manifesting itself as anti-Zionism. The concept is included in some definitions of antisemitism, such as the working definition of antisemitism and the 3D test of antisemitism. The concept dates to the early 1970s.
Radio Islam was a Swedish neo-Nazi and Islamic local radio channel, now a website. The EU's racism monitoring organization has called it "one of the most radical right-wing antisemitic homepages on the net".
Gilad Atzmon is an Israeli-born British saxophonist, novelist, political activist, and writer.
The terms "self-hating Jew", "self-loathing Jew", and "auto-antisemite" are pejorative terms used to describe Jewish people whose viewpoints, especially favoring Jewish assimilation, Jewish secularism, limousine liberalism, or anti-Judaism are perceived as reflecting self-hatred.
This is a list of countries where antisemitic sentiment has been experienced.
The Holocaust had a deep effect on society both in Europe and the rest of the world, and today its consequences are still being felt, both by children and adults whose ancestors were victims of this genocide.
The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy is an antisemitic and anti-Masonic conspiracy theory involving an alleged secret coalition of Jews and Freemasons. These theories are popular on the far-right, particularly in France, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Russia, Serbia, Eastern Europe, and Japan, with similar allegations still being published.
Historians continue to study and debate the extent of antisemitism in American history and how American antisemitism has similarities and distinctions with its European counterpart.
Antisemitism, the prejudice or discrimination against Jews, has had a long history since the ancient times. While antisemitism had already been prevalent in ancient Greece and Roman Empire, its institutionalization in European Christianity after the destruction of the ancient Jewish cultural center in Jerusalem caused two millennia of segregation, expulsions, persecutions, pogroms, genocides of Jews, which culminated in the 20th-century Holocaust in Nazi German-occupied European states, where 67% European Jews were murdered.
Antisemitism has long existed in the United States. Most Jewish community relations agencies in the United States draw distinctions between antisemitism, which is measured in terms of attitudes and behaviors, and the security and status of American Jews, which are both measured by the occurrence of specific incidents. FBI data shows that in every year since 1991, Jews were the most frequent victims of religiously motivated hate crimes. The number of hate crimes against Jews may be underreported, as in the case for many other targeted groups.
Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary principally takes the form of negative stereotypes relating to Jews, although historically it manifested itself more violently. Studies show antisemitism has become more prevalent since the fall of Communism, particularly among the younger generations. Surveys performed from 2009 and beyond have consistently found high levels of antisemitic feelings amongst the general population.
The claim that there was a Jewish war against Nazi Germany is an antisemitic conspiracy theory promoted in Nazi propaganda which asserts that the Jews, framed within the theory as a single historical actor, started World War II and sought the destruction of Germany. Alleging that war was declared in 1939 by Chaim Weizmann, president of the World Zionist Organization, Nazis used this false notion to justify the persecution of Jews under German control on the grounds that the Holocaust was justified self-defense. Since the end of World War II, the conspiracy theory has been popular among neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers.
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Zionist antisemitism or antisemitic Zionism refers to a phenomenon in which antisemites express support for Zionism and the State of Israel. In some cases, this support may be promoted for explicitly antisemitic reasons. Historically, this type of antisemitism has been most notable among Christian Zionists, who may perpetrate religious antisemitism while being outspoken in their support for Jewish sovereignty in Israel due to their interpretation of Christian eschatology. Similarly, people who identify with the political far-right, particularly in Europe and the United States, may support the Zionist movement because they seek to expel Jews from their country and see Zionism as the least complicated method of achieving this goal and satisfying their racial antisemitism.
Antisemitism on social media can manifest in various forms such as emojis, GIFs, memes, comments, and reactions to content. Studies have categorized antisemitic discourse into different types: hate speech, calls for violence, dehumanization, conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.
↑ Feldman, Louis H. (1996). Studies in Hellenistic Judaism. Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums. Leiden; New York: E. J. Brill. ISBN978-90-04-10418-1.
↑ Zipperstein, Steven J. (2019). Pogrom: Kishinev and the tilt of history (First published as an Liveright paperbacked.). New York London: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN978-1-63149-599-1.
↑ Gerber, Jane (1986). Anti-Semitism and the Muslim World. Jewish Publications Society. p.78. ISBN0827602677.
↑ Rosenfeld, Alvin H., ed. (2019). Anti-zionism and antisemitism: the dynamics of delegitimization. Studies in antisemitism. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-04002-2.
1 2 "The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following:
Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war.
Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people.
The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them.
Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis.
Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease. The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends.
Errors and inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies point to their essential unreliability.
Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank's diary, is fabricated.
↑ Gerstenfeld, Manfred (1 March 2007). "Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism: Common Characteristics and Motifs". Jewish Political Studies Review. Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 5 October 2024. Often cartoons embody more than one principal anti-Semitic submotif [...] In addition to the conspiracy motif, it also expresses a second one: that Israel or the Jews are subhuman. Kotek mentions that Jews are often represented as spiders, bloodthirsty vampires, and octopuses, and notes that he has not found any other nation besides the Jews being systematically depicted as vampires.
↑ Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.102.
↑ Mendes, Philip (2010). Debunking the myth of Jewish communism.
↑ Frankel, Richard (July 2013). "One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany". American Jewish History. 97 (3): 235–258. doi:10.1353/ajh.2013.0020.
↑ Schwarz, Sidney (2006). Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World. Jewish Lights Publishing. p.96. ISBN1-58023-312-0. One of the most widely distributed antisemitic tracts in history is The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a book of canards which was authored in the nineteenth century and portrays Jews as conspiring to seek global dominance. Similarly, American-based racist groups frequently accused Jews of controlling both banks and public officials during the 20th century.
Bulska, Dominika; Haska, Agnieszka; Winiewski, Mikołaj; Bilewicz, Michał (2020). "From Judeo-Polonia to Act 447: How and why did the Jewish conspiracy myth become a central issue in Polish political discourse?". Conspiracy Theories in Eastern Europe: Tropes and Trends. Routledge. ISBN9780429326073. Retrieved 16 October 2024. [...] Currently, according to census data, there are approximately 10,000 Jews living in Poland. At the same time, antisemitic attitudes, especially the belief in a Jewish conspiracy, are widespread among Polish society. What are the sources of such attitudes? [...] What are the psychological functions of it? [...]
Bronner, Stephen Eric (2000). A Rumor About the Jews: Reflections on Antisemitism and The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p.136. The National States Rights Party and the California Noontide Press distributed The Protocols during the 1970s and it is still hailed by representatives of right-wing militias: William Luther Pierce, author of the neofascist bestseller The Turner Diaries, for example, identifies the American state as a 'Zionist Occupation Government'.
Perry, Barbara (2003). Hate and Bias Crime. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p.325. vivid philosophy of White supremacy, including the belief that the United States is manipulated by foreign Jewish interests collectively known as the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG). With this conspiracy theory, the strain is 'explained' (for example, the Jews are behind multicultural curricula), and the solution is presented: hate crimes and race war.
Pilch, Richard F; Zilinskas, Raymond A (2005). Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p.114. The importance of Christian Identity (CI) in the context of bioterrorism is that it has been openly embraced by certain U.S. right-wing 'militia' and terrorist cells whose members have expressed interest in acquiring or utilizing pathogens and toxic chemical agents [...] as weapons against their opponents, including representatives of the 'Zionist Occupation Government' (ZOG) that they feel is controlled by 'satanic' Jews.
Sauter, Mark; Carafano, James (2005). Homeland Security. New York City: McGraw Hill Education. p.122. The Order, a faction of the Aryan Nations, seized national attention during the 1980s. The tightly organized racist and anti-Semitic group opposed the federal government, calling it the 'ZOG', or Zionist Occupation Government.
Weitz, Eric; Fenner, Angelica, eds. (2004). Fascism and Neofascism: Critical Writings on the Radical Right in Europe. Studies in European Culture and History. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p.208. ISBN978-1-40396659-9. the neo-Nazis have proclaimed themselves a white/Aryan resistance movement fighting the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG) and racial traitors.
Becker, Amy B. (2020). "Polarization and American Jews: The Partisan Debate Over Attribution of Blame and Responsibility for Rising Anti-Semitism in the United States". Social Science Quarterly. 101 (4): 1572–1583. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12829.
"Farrakhan compares Jews to termites, says Jews are 'stupid'". The Jerusalem Post. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2024. Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan has once again provoked controversy by comparing Jews to termites and calling Jewish people stupid in a speech he gave earlier this week at an event marking the 23rd anniversary of the so-called "Million Man March" in Washington, DC in 1995 [...] I'm not an anti-Semite. I'm anti-Termite [...] "To the members of the Jewish community that don't like me, thank you very much for putting my name all over the planet because of your fear of what we represent," he continued [...] Farrakhan was referring to the strong reaction to antisemitic comments he made in a speech in May this year when he talked of "Satanic Jews who have infected the whole world with poison and deceit."
"When Malcolm X Met the Nazis". VICE. 15 April 2015. On Sunday, June 25, 1961, ten members of the American Nazi Party arrived at a Nation of Islam rally in Washington, DC [...] According to historian William Schmaltz, Malcolm X delivered a speech [...] Rockwell contributed $20 [...] Overt anti-Semitism, it turned out, was something the two groups could bond over. While Rockwell pushed his hatred of Jews to frothy extremes, Muhammad backed a range of racist theories, including the hoax that the Jews had financed the slave trade.
↑ "New Black Panther Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 25 June 2019. The New Black Panther Party is a virulently racist and antisemitic organization whose leaders have encouraged violence against whites, Jews and law enforcement officers.
↑ "Leong's vile antisemitic slur exposed". The Australian Jewish News. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. The use of the term "tentacles" echoes a Nazi-era cartoon depicting Jewish people as an octopus with tentacles reaching across the globe..."Jenny Leong wants to silence Jewish Australians and to remove any Jewish influence in politics, the arts and philanthropy. She believes Jewish Australians have no place in our national life. This is the Greens."
↑ "Why progressive Jews like me can no longer support the Greens". The Jewish Independent. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. Until the party moves past binary thinking and acknowledges the complexity of the Middle-East, the Greens will continue to lose the Jews who believed in it.
"Globalist #TranslateHate". American Jewish Committee. 15 March 2021. Much like dual loyalty, globalist is used to promote the antisemitic conspiracy that Jewish people do not have allegiance to their countries of origin [...] but to some worldwide order [...] that will enhance their control over the world's banks, governments, and media [...] The idea of a Jewish globalist was embedded in the core ideology of Nazism. Hitler often portrayed Jews as "international elements" who "conduct their business everywhere," posing a threat to all people who are "bounded to their soil, to the Fatherland."
Buhle, Paul (2007). Jews and American Popular Culture: Music, Theater, Popular Art, and Literature. Vol.2. Praeger Publishers. p.12. ISBN978-0-275-98795-4.
Norman Kelly (2005) "Notes on the political economy of black music", in R&B, Rhythm and Business: The Political Economy of Black Music ( ISBN1888451688), Norman Kelly (Ed.), 2005, Akashic Books, pp 12–13.
Keulenaar, Emillie De; Tuters, Marc (2024). "The Affordances of Replacement Narratives: How the White Genocide and Great Replacement Theories Converge in Poorly Moderated Online Milieus". The Politics of Replacement (1ed.). Routledge. pp.139–161. doi:10.4324/9781003305927-12. ISBN9781003305927. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
↑ "When Paranoia Meets Prejudice: Debunking the Notion of a Jewish Conspiracy". 19 August 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2014. Anti-racist activist Tim Wise once rebutted the trope, 'Of course, in keeping with the logic of anti-Jewish bigots, perhaps one should ask the following: If media or financial wrongdoing is Jewish inspired [...] should the depredations of white Christian-dominated industries (like the tobacco or automobile industries) be viewed as examples of white Christian malfeasance? After all, 400,000 people per year die because of smoking-related illnesses, and tobacco companies withheld information on the cancerous properties of their products. [...] Is their race, religion or ethnic culture relevant to their misdeeds? If not, why is it suddenly relevant when the executives in question are Jewish?'
↑ Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins. p.174. ISBN0-06-091533-1. Financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to gentiles, the unpopularity – and so, of course, the pressure – would increase [...] Christians [...] condemned interest-taking [...] and from 1179 those who practised it were excommunicated [...] Christians also imposed the harshest financial burdens on Jews. Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favour, and so became identified with the hated trade of moneylending.
Smith, S. A., ed. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.206. ISBN9780191667510. Here anti-communism merged with antisemitism as concepts such as Polish żydokomuna (Judaeo-Communism) suggest.
Michnik, Adam; Marczyk, Agnieszka (2018). "Introduction: Poland and Antisemitism". In Michnik, Adam; Marczyk, Agnieszka (eds.). Against Anti-Semitism: An Anthology of Twentieth-century Polish Writings. New York: Oxford University Press. p.xvii (xi–2). ISBN978-0-1-90624514.
1 2 Tuchman, Aryeh (2005). "Dietary Laws". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. ABC-CLIO. p.178. Antisemites have decried this certification as a 'kosher tax' that powerful Jews have enlisted governments to collect on their behalf; others have alleged that greedy rabbis threaten businesses with a Jewish boycott unless they accept their fee-based kosher certification.
↑ "Anti-Semitism: Patriot publications taking on anti-Semitic edge". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Winter 2002. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007. Media Bypass, for one, offered a story about a 'Kosher Nostra scam', in which 'major food companies throughout America actually pay a Jewish Tax amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars per year in order to receive protection' against Jewish boycotts. These 'elaborate extortion schemes' are coordinated, alleges writer Ernesto Cienfuegos, by 'Rabbinical Councils that are set up, not just in the U.S. but in other western countries as well'.
Levenson, Barry M. (2001). Habeas Codfish: Reflections on Food and the Law. University of Wisconsin Press. p.188. ISBN0-299-17510-3. The dark side of this rather uneventful marketing fact is that some anti-Jewish hate groups have developed a bizarre and baseless theory that there is a 'kosher tax' levied on food, a kind of Jewish conspiracy to extort money from the population at large.
"The resurrection of Christian antisemitism". The Jerusalem Post. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2024. John the Golden-Throat (a.k.a. Chrysostom), ascended the pulpit in 347 CE where he began the first of eight sermons in a series titled, Adversus Judaeos; in English, Against The Jews...Chrysostom began his diatribe against all Jews by attacking Christians who celebrated Jewish holy days honoring the same God as Christianity, agreeing to disagree about Jesus. "We must first root this ailment out," he said, "and then take thought of matters outside. We must first cure our own." They are sick, he said, "with the Judaizing disease...deserving stronger condemnation than any Jew.
Berger, J. M.; Broschowitz, Michael S. (25 April 2024). "John Chrysostom: The Architect of Antisemitism". Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved 6 October 2024. Modern antisemitism is informed by concepts articulated more than 1,600 years ago by John Chrysostom, an early father of the Christian Church. While a direct causal lineage is hard to establish, Chrysostom's influence on historical and modern antisemitism is well-documented. Chrysostom articulated several key tropes of antisemitic ideology, including the belief that Jewish people are "schemers" and that they engage in human sacrifice. He also introduced dehumanizing language that foreshadowed the genocidal rhetoric of the Nazis who cited John Chrysostom as a historical source legitimizing their bigotry. Chrysostom is still cited by antisemitic extremists online and offline on a daily basis.
↑ Fumagalli, Pier Francesco. "The Roots of Anti-Judaism in the Christian Environment". The Vatican. Retrieved 12 December 2018. Finally, two points are repudiated which in the past were the roots of persecution: the accusation that the Jewish people were collectively and forever responsible for the death of Christ (the so-called deicide) and anti-Semitism.
1 2 3 4 5 "Radical Traditional Catholicism". Southern Poverty Law Center. For "radical traditionalist" Catholics, antisemitism is an inextricable part of their theology. They subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics.
1 2 Thomas Droleskey in an article on Christ or Chaos, 19 February 2023.
↑ Robert Sungenis in the video Is There Salvation Outside the Catholic Church?, 27 April 2021.
↑ Atila Sinke Guimarães in an article on the Tradition in Action website, 31 August 2015.
↑ Kelly, John (2005). The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. HarperCollins. p.242. ISBN978-0060006921.
↑ Marcus, Jacob R. (1961) [1938]. The Jew in the Medieval World. World Publishing. p.153. [...] we order that Jews seized upon such a silly pretext be freed from imprisonment and that they shall not be arrested henceforth on such a miserable pretext, unless – which we do not believe – they be caught in the commission of the crime.
↑ "J'Accuse: The antisemitic lies of 2024". Israel National News. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. The Jewish people are used to lies being spread about them. Nearly a millennium ago, the first of many blood libels accusing the Jews of murdering gentile children to consume their blood emerged. This was joined by accusations that Jews committed 'host desecration,' the supposed mistreatment of Communion Bread, and the accusation that Jews poisoned wells causing the Black Death.
“The story exerted its influence even in the absence of Jews [...] the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the proliferation of the Host-desecration story in England [...] many of them dedicated to the miracles of the Virgin Mary; in the art of illuminated manuscripts used for Christian prayer and meditation; and on stage, as in popular Croxton Play of the Sacrament, which itself evoked memories of an alleged ritual murder committed by Jews in East Anglia in 1191.”
1 2 Luther, Martin. On the Jews and Their Lies, 154, 167, 229, cited in Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 111.
1 2 Oberman, Heiko. Luthers Werke. Erlangen 1854, 32:282, 298, in Grisar, Hartmann. Luther. St. Louis 1915, 4:286 and 5:406, cited in Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 113.
1 2 Michael, Robert (2006). Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p.112.
"Time to Turn"Archived 2016-03-11 at the Wayback Machine , The Evangelical [Protestant] Churches in Austria and the Jews. Declaration of the General Synod of the Evangelical Church A.B. and H.B., 28 October 1998.
Waxman, Jonathan (2006). "Messianic Jews Are Not Jews". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Judaism and Christianity, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community.
"Missionary Impossible". Hebrew Union College. 2 August 1999. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus", "Messianic Jews", and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries.
Glazier, James Scott (6 September 2012). "What are the main differences between a Jew and a Christian?". ReformJudaism.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019. The essential difference between Jews and Christians is that Christians accept Jesus as messiah and personal savior. Jesus is not part of Jewish theology. Amongst Jews, Jesus is not considered a divine being.
"FAQ's About Jewish Renewal". aleph.org. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2007. What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that.
↑ "1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents". B'nai Brith Canada. 1998. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2024. One of the more alarming trends in antisemitic activity in Canada in 1998 was the growing number of incidents involving messianic organizations posing as "synagogues". These missionizing organizations are in fact evangelical Christian proselytizing groups, whose purpose is specifically to target members of the Jewish community for conversion. They fraudulently represent themselves as Jews, and these so-called synagogues are elaborately disguised Christian churches.
"Are 'Messianic Jews' Jews?". The Jerusalem Post. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2024. 'Messianic Jewish' sects, by their belief in Jesus as Messiah, as one of a trinity, as "the son of God," and as the one who leads to salvation, have...become a Christian sect in everything but name...It must be remembered that the very origin of these groups is in the missionary activity of Christianity. The first and most well-known of them, 'Jews for Jesus,' was...created in the 1970's sponsored by Protestant missionaries. Other groups, calling themselves 'Messianic Jews,' followed.
"Moishe Rosen: Evangelist who founded the Jews for Jesus movement". The Independent. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2024. Born to Jewish parents in the American Midwest during the depression years, Martin "Moishe" Rosen converted to Christianity when he was 21, became a Baptist minister and founded Jews for Jesus [...] seeking to convert Jews to Christianity, however, he and the group have been vociferously criticised by mainstream Jewish organisations, which denounce the organisation as "cultist", consider it a threat to the Jewish faith and have described its aims as "spiritual genocide". Many Christian organisations, too, are highly critical, saying the evangelical zeal of Jews for Jesus has crossed the line by seeking to destroy the Jewish faith rather than working with it.
"Cultural appropriation and the Jews". Jewish News Syndicate. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2024. The Jew hatred of Black Israelites, the Nation of Islam and their supporters is similarly based on the theft of Jewish identity. Both the Nation of Islam and Black Israelites insist that the Jews are the "spawn of Satan." The true Jews, they insist, are American blacks [...] The Black Israelites were marching in support for Brooklyn Nets star Kyrie Irving, who was suspended from the NBA for...recommended an anti-Semitic film that [...] denies the Holocaust...The storm that arose among black anti-Semites in response to Irving's suspension makes clear just how central antisemitism is not only in the narrative of the Black Israelites, but in the lives of those who either identify as Black Israelites or ascribe to their fabrication of black history in America.
↑ Anna Foa (2003). The Jews of Europe After the Black Death. p. 13 "This was the context in which the Plague made its appearance in 1348. The Black Death The Plague was not unknown in [...] The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the Jewish quarter was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterward, violence broke out in Barcelona and in other Catalan cities."
↑ Máttis Kantor (2005). Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History. p. 203. "1349 The Black Death massacres swept across Europe [...] The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs—normal social order had [...]"
↑ John Marshall (2006). John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture. p. 376. "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders"
Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. London: Frank Cass. ISBN0-7146-4619-9, pp. 103–6.
↑ Anti-Semitism in Europe: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations. United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs. 2004. p. 69
1 2 Fenyvesi, Charles, ed. (28 January 2005). "Deputies Urge Ban on Jewish Organizations, Then Retract". Bigotry Monitor. Vol.5, no.4. UCSJ. Archived from the original on 30 May 2006. Their seven-page letter [...] accused Jews of carrying out ritual killings, controlling Russian and international capital, inciting ethnic strife in Russia, and staging hate crimes against themselves
Rosenberg, Goran, "Israel and Diaspora: from Solution to Problem", in Turning the Kaleidoscope: Perspectives on European Jewry, S. H. Lustig, Ian Leveson, Berghahn Books, 2008, pp. 110–111 (discusses early manifestations, before Protocols)
Britain, Israel and Anglo-Jewry: 1949–57, Natan Aridan, pp. 189–190, (in United Kingdom scenario)
The Jews of Lebanon: Between Coexistence and Conflict, Kirsten E. Schulze, pp. 83–85 (in Lebanon)
The Politics of Anti-Semitism, Alexander Cockburn, Jeffrey St. Clair, AK Press, 2003, pp. 128–129
The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, 2008, pp. 146–148 (in United States; discusses Protocols)
Terms of Survival: The Jewish World Since 1945, Robert S. Wistrich, Psychology Press, 1995, p. 99 (modern United States)
Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish identity, Danny Ben-Moshe, Zohar Segev – 2007, pp. 144–145, 154–155, 221 (Canada and New Zealand)
Rein, Raanan, "Argentine Jews and the Accusation of 'Dual Loyalty'", in The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory, Sussex Academic Press, 2010, pp. 51–71 (Argentina)
Israel: The First Decade of Independence, Selwyn Ilan Troen, Noah Lucas, SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 27, 163. (formation of Israel)
Chutzpah, Alan M. Dershowitz, Simon and Schuster, 1992, Page 245
American Policy Toward Israel: The Power and Limits of Beliefs, Michael Tracy Thomas, Taylor & Francis, 2007, pp. 2, 23, 102–103, 108, 152, 197
An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957, Zvi Ganin, Syracuse University Press, 2005, pp. 3, 12, 20, 41, 61–62, 68, 84, 102
↑ Gregory Moore (2002): Nietzsche, Biology and Metaphor p. 181
↑ Kurt Jonassohn, Karin Solveig Björnson (1998): Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations. p. 89
↑ Elon, Amos (2002). The Pity of It All. Metropolitan Books. p.338. The results were not made public, ostensibly to 'spare Jewish feelings'. The truth was that the census disproved the accusations: 80% served on the front lines.
↑ Soviet Jewry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations, United States Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1984 p. 56
1 2 Donald L. Niewyk, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Estimates by scholars range from 5.1 million to 7.8 million. See the appropriate section of the Holocaust article.
"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'. Holocaust deniers, or 'revisionists', as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition"Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
"In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including [...] the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork [...] the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis [...] the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN0-520-23469-3, p. 3.
"Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." "What is Holocaust Denial", Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
"Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." "Holocaust Denial"Archived 4 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine , Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
↑ A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
"The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition"Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
"Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?"Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine , JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
"Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
"The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN0-452-27274-2, p. 27.
"They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism"Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
"Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled [...] " "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism", Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
"The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
Tabarovsky, Izabella (14 August 2024). "Essay: Wikipedia's Jewish Problem". Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council. Retrieved 17 October 2024. Last year two historians published a bombshell paper demonstrating how a group [...] systematically distortingPolish Jewish history across multiple Wikipedia articles to align it with far-right Polish nationalist preferences. Working in concert, the group falsified evidence, promoted marginal self-published sources, created fake references, and advanced antisemitic stereotypes [...] Another case involved Croatian-language Wikipedia. There, a right-wing group [...] whitewash the history of World War II-era Croatian fascist organisation Ustaše, its Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH), and the Jasenovac extermination camp.
"Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include [...] denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." "Working Definition of Antisemitism"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 June 2011. [...] (33.8KB), Fundamental Rights Agency
"It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, ISBN0-14-024157-4, p. 11.
"The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism [...] "Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN0-7923-2581-8, p. 215.
"Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are Deniers. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. "Deniers in Revisionists' Clothing"Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine , The Holocaust/Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
"Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?"Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine , JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
"This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal [...] In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN0-312-16561-7, p. 3.
"One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial [...]" Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN0-312-16561-7, p. 10.
"Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. Issues in Holocaust Education, Ashgate Publishing, 2004, ISBN0-7546-4211-9, p. 71.
"Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, ISBN0-393-04696-6, p. 40.
"After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN0-520-22864-2, p. 169.
"Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism"Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
"In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN0-521-85401-6, pp. 39–40.
"Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." Efraim Karsh, Rethinking the Middle East, Routledge, 2003, ISBN0-7146-5418-3, p. 104.
"Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
"The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
"Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States"Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
"The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, 11 July 1993.
"There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism [...] insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric [...] The history of the Arab world [...] is disfigured [...] by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in Those Who Forget the Past, Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.
"While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups [...]" "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism"Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition"Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
"Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States"Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine , Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
"'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't"Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine , The Holocaust History Project, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.
↑ Yossi Klein Halevi (10 October 2024). "The End of the Post-Holocaust Era". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 14 October 2024. Oct. 7 shattered Israelis' faith that the state would protect them and shook American Jewry's sense of full social acceptance – but there is a way forward.
Blatman, Daniel, ‘Polish Jewry, the Six Day War, and the Crisis of 1968’, in The Six-Day War and world Jewry, ed. Eli Lederhendler (Bethesda, MD: University Press of Maryland, 2000), pp. 291–310.
Wolak, Arthur J, Forced Out: The Fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland (Tucson, AZ: Fenestra Books, 2004).
Eisler Jerzy, Jews, Antisemitism, Emigration, in 1968: Forty Years After. (Polin Vol. 21), ed. Leszek W. Głuchowski & Antony Polonsky (Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009), pp. 37–61.
Szaynok, Bożena, ‘“Israel” in the Events of March 1968’, in 1968: Forty Years After. (Polin Vol. 21), ed. Leszek W. Głuchowski & Antony Polonsky (Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009), pp. 150–158.
"The Stalinist roots of "left" anti-semitism". Workers' Liberty. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2024. In the 1970s the rulers of the USSR launched a sustained 'anti-Zionist' campaign, in fact anti-semitic [...] much of what many British and international leftists [...] say about Israel is an indirect and unwitting copy of the Stalinists' efforts at constructing a Marxist-sounding gloss on old anti-semitic themes [...] an anti-semitic show-trial was due to be staged, in which five Jewish doctors from the Kremlin's own hospital were to face charges of poisoning and plotting.
↑ "The 4,000 Jews Rumor: Rumor surrounding Sept. 11th proved untrue". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 8 April 2005. Retrieved 7 August 2020. The 4,000 figure apparently came from an article entitled 'Hundreds of Israelis missing in WTC attack' which appeared in the September 12th internet edition of the Jerusalem Post. It stated, 'The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks.'
↑ "As a Black Jewish woman, here's why I thought that Black Lives Matter UK tweet was antisemitic". Glamour UK. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2024. It felt like two sides of my identity were being pitted against each other [...] a prime example is the 'Israel did 9/11' conspiracy theory, or the idea that 'Zionists control the world'. Therefore, when BLM UK said "British politics is gagged of the right to critique Zionism" it immediately set off alarm bells in my head; 'gagged' by whom? If someone is being 'gagged' there must be an omnipotent 'gagger'. Then, when you ask that question [...] it was playing into the old trope that Jews control the media and global politics.
Jewish neoconservatives were behind the attacks. [...]
The Jewish-controlled media and government manipulated narratives about the attacks and worked to prevent the truth from emerging. [...]
Jews or Israelis had foreknowledge of the attacks and chose not to inform the U.S. government. [...]
Zionists exploited the 9/11 attacks to expand surveillance of American citizens. [...]
The technical details of the attacks do not add up; therefore, the entire historical narrative must be fraudulent. [...]
"Jewish Ownership" of the World Trade Center. Conspiracists focused on what the "Jewish owners" of the World Trade Center stood to gain from its destruction. [...]
Black nationalists—united in their belief that Jews and Israel are to blame for the 9/11 terrorist attacks [...] The NOI, led by longtime leader Louis Farrakhan, peddles numerous antisemitic stereotypes and conspiracy theories, including blaming Jews and Zionists for the 9/11 terrorist attacks by claiming that 9/11 was a false flag operation designed to help Israel and provoke a "war on Islam."
↑ Michael Curtis (1986). Antisemitism in the Contemporary World. Westview Press. p. 4. Cited in: Jocelyn Hellig (2003). The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History Oneworld Publications. ISBN1-85168-313-5. pp. 75–76
↑ Michael Curtis (1986): Antisemitism in the Contemporary World. Westview Press. p. 4
↑ Perednik, Gustavo Daniel (2004). España descarrilada: terror islamista en Madrid y el despertar de Occidente (in Spanish). Inédita Editores. ISBN978-8496364042.
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