List of antisemitic incidents in the United States

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Civil rights groups in the United States, such as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), ^{[1] [2]} American Jewish Committee (AJC) ^[3] and Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC), ^[4] catalog antisemitic incidents, including assaults, harassment, vandalism, violence and threats of violence. ^[5]

Resurgence of antisemitism

Research has shown a rising level of antisemitism since the 2010s. ^{[6] [7]} According to the ADL, there were 8,873 antisemitic incidents across the United States in 2023, a 140% bump from the 3,698 incidents in 2022 and the highest since 1979. Compared to 2022, assaults, vandalism and harassment rose by 45%, 69% and 184% respectively in 2023. ^[8] The ADL reported a 200% increase in antisemitic incidents from October 7, 2023 to September 24, 2024, vis-à-vis 2022-23. They explained that the increase was due partly to their new methodology, ^[9] which was disputed by some current and former staff disagreeing with the ADL's methodology, e.g. definition of antisemitism being used. ^[10]

According to the FBI's 2023 statistics, antisemitic incidents accounted for 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, a 63% bump vis-à-vis 2022. The American Jewish Committee (AJC) commented that it was likely much lower than the actual number as hate crimes had been widely underreported across the country. ^[11]

Scholars claimed the rise signaled a shift in the nature and prevalence of antisemitism in United States that portended a return to the era of explicit and pervasive antisemitism. ^{[12] [13] [14]} According to an August 2024 survey by the Combat Antisemitism Movement, 3.5 million Jews in America have experienced antisemitism since the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel. Of the 1,075 American Jews interviewed, 28% claimed to have heard "Jews care too much about money", 25% heard "Jews control the world", 14% heard "American Jews care more about Israel than about the US", and 13% heard "the Holocaust did not happen" or its severity has been "exaggerated". ^{[15] [16]}

List

  Fatal incidents

Date	Reported type	Dead	Injured	Location	Details
5 November 2023	Involuntary manslaughter	1	0	Thousand Oaks, California	Jewish American man Paul Kessler was a victim of suspected involuntary manslaughter. The suspect, a Moorpark College professor, hit Kessler's head with a megaphone over disagreement at a rally. Kessler fell with another hit and died of intracerebral hemorrhage. [17] The suspect has pleaded not guilty. [18] Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass issued a condemnation, [19] while the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles called it an "antisemitic crime". [20]
April 20, 2022	Assault	0	1	Manhattan, New York	Attack on Matt Greenman : Matt Greenman, a Jewish man, was assaulted in an antisemitic hate crime in New York City while watching a rally organized by the group Within Our Lifetime. Saadah Masoud, one of the group's founders, pled guilty to the assault and was sentenced to 18 months in prison in March 2023. [21] [22] [23]
January 15, 2022	Hostage taking	1	0	Colleyville, Texas	Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis : Four people were taken hostage by a British Pakistani at a synagogue. After a standoff with police, the attacker was killed and all hostages escaped unharmed. [24] [25] [26]
October 31, 2021	Arson	0	0	Austin, Texas	Austin synagogue arson : 18-year old Franklin Barrett Sechriest set fire to the main doors of the sanctuary of Congregation Beth Israel, causing more than $250,000 in damage. Sechriest admitted he conducted the attack due to his hatred of Jews and had written, "I set a synagogue on fire," in his personal journal. [27] [28] [29]
May 20, 2021	Gang attack	0	1	Times Square, Manhattan, New York	Attack on Joseph Borgen : During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, five men attacked Joseph Borgen, a visibly Jewish man, as he walked through Times Square to a pro-Israel rally. Borgen was punched, kicked, bludgeoned with flag poles and a crutch, and maced and peppered spray, resulting in his hospitalization with a concussion. [30] [31] The attackers also yelled anti-Semitic slurs. [32] [31] Five activists were arrested, found guilty for the attack and received sentences of up to 7 years in prison. [33] [34] [35]
April–May 2021	Public school assignment	0	0	Tenafly, New Jersey	In early April 2021, [36] a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as Adolf Hitler and to write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment. [37] [38] After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions, [39] [40] [41] the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay and opened an investigation into the incident. [42] [43]
December 29, 2019	Stabbing	1	4	Monsey, New York	Main articles: Monsey Hanukkah stabbing and Black Hebrew Israelites § Extremist fringe Masked and wielding a large blade, Grafton E. Thomas invaded the home of a Hasidic rabbi celebrating Hanukkah. He began stabbing the guests, leaving five wounded, two of which were hospitalized in critical condition. [44] [45] [46] 72-year-old-man Josef Neuman, who was in a coma for 59 days, succumbed to his wounds in March 2020. [47] The rabbi's son was also among the injured. [48]
December 10, 2019	Shooting	7	3	Jersey City, New Jersey	Main articles: 2019 Jersey City shooting and Black Hebrew Israelites § Extremist fringe David Nathaniel Anderson (age 47) and his girlfriend Francine Graham (age 50) [49] perpetrated a shooting at a kosher grocery store. Five people were killed, including the two assailants and three civilians whom they attacked. Additionally, the assailants wounded one civilian and two police officers. [50] [51] [52] Anderson had made posts on social media that were anti-police and anti-Semitic. His language was linked to that used by the Black Hebrew Israelite movement. [53]
September 19, 2019	Vandalism	0	0	Racine, Wisconsin and Hancock, Michigan	2019 synagogue vandalism: In a campaign the group dubbed "Operation Kristallnacht", members of the neo-Nazi accelerationist paramilitary group The Base vandalized the synagogues Beth Israel Sinai Congregation and Temple Jacob. Three members of The Base were arrested and subsequently found guilty of vandalism. [54] [55] [56] On June 5, 2024, 24-year-old Nathan Weeden was sentenced to 26 months in prison and 3 months of supervised release for the incident. [57]
April 27, 2019	Shooting	1	3	Poway, California	Poway synagogue shooting : John Earnest fired shots inside the synagogue, Chabad of Poway. [58] [59] [60] One woman was killed and three others were injured, including the synagogue's rabbi. [61] [62] In an open letter posted on 8chan shortly before the shooting and signed with Earnest's name, the author blamed Jews for the "meticulously planned genocide of the European race", a white genocide conspiracy theory. [63] [ better source needed ]
October 27, 2018	Shooting	11	6	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	Pittsburgh synagogue shooting : Robert Gregory Bowers killed eleven people and wounded six in a mass shooting at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation. It was the deadliest attack on a local Jewish community in the United States. [64] Bowers had earlier posted anti-Semitic posted on Gab. [65] towards the organization HIAS. Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, he wrote that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in." [66] [67]
August 11–12, 2017	Riot	3	49+	Charlottesville, Virginia	Main article: Unite the Right rally In a far-right rally, attendees were filmed chanting "[the] Jews will not replace us". The rally turned deadly when James Alex Fields Jr., one of the attendees, launched a vehicle-ramming attack on an opposing group. [68] [67]
April 13, 2014	Shooting	3	0	Overland Park, Kansas	2014 Overland Park shootings : 73-year-old Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., a Klansman and neo-Nazi, [69] perpetrated shootings at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom, a Jewish retirement community. A total of three people were killed in the shootings, two of whom were shot at the community center and one shot at the retirement community. [70]
June 10, 2009	Shooting	1	1	Washington, D.C.	United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting : At about 12:50 p.m. on June 10, 2009, 88-year-old white supremacist James Wenneker von Brunn entered the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum with a rifle and fatally shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended. [71] [72] [73] [74]
July 28, 2006	Shooting	1	6	Seattle, Washington	Seattle Jewish Federation shooting : at around 4:00 p.m. Naveed Afzal Haq entered the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building and shot six women, one fatally. [75] Witnesses reported that before Haq began shooting he shouted, "I'm a Muslim American; I'm angry at Israel." [76]
August 6, 2003	Stabbing	1	0	Houston, Texas	Murder of Ariel Sellouk : Mohammed Ali Alayed, who had stopped socializing with his Jewish friend Ariel Sellouk due to becoming a religiously strict Muslim, came back to Alayed's apartment after not seeing each other for a year. Alayed slit Sellouk's throat and nearly decapitated him. Alayed pled guilty and was sentenced to 60 years in prison on April 19, 2004. [77] [78]
July 4, 2002	Shooting	2	5	Los Angeles, California	2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting : Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian national, [79] opened fire at the airline ticket counter of El Al, Israel's national airline, at Los Angeles International Airport. Two people were killed and four others were injured before the gunman was fatally shot by an El Al security guard. [80] In September 2002, federal investigators concluded that Hadayet hoped to influence U.S. government policy in favor of the Palestinians, and that the incident was a terrorist act. [81] [82]
August 10, 1999	Shooting	1	5	Los Angeles, California	Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting : at around 10:50 a.m. white supremacist Buford O. Furrow, Jr. walked into the lobby of the North Valley Jewish Community Center in Granada Hills and opened fire with a semi-automatic weapon, firing 70 shots into the complex. The gunfire wounded five people: three children, a teenage counselor, and an office worker. Shortly thereafter, Furrow murdered a mail carrier, fled the state, and finally surrendered to authorities. [83] [84]
March 1, 1994	Shooting	1	3	New York, New York	1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting : Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad Orthodox Jewish students who were traveling on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, killing one and injuring three others. [85] Baz was arrested and found to be in possession of anti-Jewish literature, a .380-caliber semiautomatic pistol, a stun gun, a bulletproof vest, and two 50-round ammunition magazines. Initially, Baz claimed a traffic dispute led him to commit the shootings, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation initially classified the case as road rage. [86] Witnesses testified that on the day of the shooting Baz had attended "a raging anti-Semitic sermon" by Imam Reda Shata at the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge. [87]
August 19 – August 21, 1991	Riot	1		New York, New York	Crown Heights riot : a race riot that took place in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City in which black residents turned against Orthodox Jewish Chabad residents. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of Guyanese immigrants were accidentally struck by one of the cars in the motorcade of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured. In the wake of the fatal accident, some black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia. [88]
April 17, 1986	Murder	1	0	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	Neal Rosenblum: was shot and killed because of his Jewish appearance, wearing Haredi attire. The killer was released from prison on October 23, 2017, after serving 15 years of the maximum 20.
June 18, 1984	Shooting	1	0	Denver, Colorado	Members of the white nationalist group The Order murdered Jewish talk radio host Alan Berg in a shooting. [89]
October 8, 1977	Shooting	1	2	St. Louis, Missouri	Guests who attended a bar mitzvah were leaving Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel synagogue when white supremacist Joseph Paul Franklin began shooting at them, killing Gerald Gordon, and wounding Steven Goldman and William Ash. [90] [91] [92]
November 11, 1957 and October 14, 1958	Bombing	0	0	Temple Beth-El, Nashville, Tennessee. Temple Emanuel, Gastonia, North Carolina. Temple Beth-El, Miami, Florida. Jewish Community Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Jewish Community Center, Jacksonville, Florida. Temple Beth-El, Birmingham, Alabama. The Temple, Atlanta, Georgia. Temple Anshei Emeth, Peoria, Illinois.	1950s synagogue bombings : Five bombings and three attempted bombings of synagogues, seven in the Southern United States and one in the Midwest United States. There were no deaths or injuries. Some of the bombings are unsolved to this day.
August 17, 1915	Lynching	1	0	Marietta, Georgia	Lynching of Leo Frank : Leo Frank was an American factory superintendent who was wrongly convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in Atlanta, Georgia. [94] [96] His trial, conviction, and appeals attracted national attention. A mob lynched him on August 17, 1915, in response to the commutation of his death sentence.
December 17, 1862	Order			Parts of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky	General Order No. 11 was an order issued by Union Major-General Ulysses S. Grant on December 17, 1862, during the Vicksburg Campaign, that took place during the American Civil War. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. Grant issued the order in an effort to reduce Union military corruption, and stop an illicit trade of Southern cotton, which Grant thought was being run "mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders." [97] At Holly Springs, Mississippi, Grant's Union Army supply depot, Jewish persons were rounded up and forced to leave the city by foot. On December 20, 1862, three days after Grant's order, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn's Confederate Army raided Holly Springs, that prevented many Jewish persons from potential expulsion. Although delayed by Van Dorn's raid, Grant's order was fully implemented at Paducah, Kentucky. Thirty Jewish families were expelled and roughly treated from the city. Jewish community leaders protested, and there was an outcry by members of Congress and the press; President Abraham Lincoln countermanded the General Order on January 4, 1863. Grant claimed during his 1868 Presidential campaign that he had issued the order without prejudice against Jews as a way to address a problem that "certain Jews had caused". [98]

See also

• List of attacks on Jewish institutions
• Lynching of American Jews
• Antisemitism in the United States
• Antisemitic tropes
• Stereotypes of Jews
• Universities and antisemitism

References

1. "Audit of Antisemitic Incidents". Anti-Defamation League . Retrieved October 14, 2024. Each year, ADL tracks incidents of antisemitic harassment, vandalism and assault in the United States. Since 1979 we have published this information in an annual Audit of Antisemitic Incidents.
   
   Take an in-depth look at antisemitic incidents in the U.S. and compare annual trends.
2. Golembeski, Cynthia (June 25, 2023). "Anti-Defamation League". Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
3. Goldman, Ari (February 13, 1990). "Jewish Group Faces Reorganization". The New York Times . Retrieved November 16, 2013.
4. "Simon Wiesenthal Center Reports". Simon Wiesenthal Center . Retrieved October 14, 2024.
5. • Finkelstein, Norman H. (2024). Saying No to Hate: Overcoming Antisemitism in America. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN   9780827615236.^{[ page needed ][ verification needed ]}
   • Alexander, Jeffrey C. (February 28, 2023). "The return of antisemitism? Waves of societalization and what conditions them". American Journal of Cultural Sociology. 11 (2): 251–268. doi:10.1057/s41290-023-00184-7 . Retrieved October 7, 2024.^{[ verification needed ]}
   • Hodge, David R.; Boddie, Stephanie Clintonia (May 13, 2021). "Anti-Semitism in the United States: An Overview and Strategies to Create a More Socially Just Society". Social Work . 66 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1093/sw/swab011. PMID   33984149 . Retrieved October 6, 2024.^{[ verification needed ]}
   • Kaufman, Caroline C.; Paladino, Andrew J.; Porter, Danielle V.; Thurston, Idia B. (Fall 2020). "Psychological Research Examining Antisemitism in the United States: A Literature Review". Antisemitism Studies . 4 (2). Indiana University Press: 237. doi:10.2979/antistud.4.2.03 . Retrieved October 6, 2024.^{[ verification needed ]}  This article incorporates textfrom this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
6. • Becker, Amy B. (2020). "Polarization and American Jews: The Partisan Debate Over Attribution of Blame and Responsibility for Rising Anti-Semitism in the United States". Social Science Quarterly . 101 (4): 1572–1583. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12829.
   • Hersh, Eitan; Royden, Laura (June 25, 2022). "Antisemitic Attitudes Across the Ideological Spectrum". Political Research Quarterly. 76 (2): 697–711. doi: 10.1177/10659129221111081 .
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   • Steinacher, Gerald J. (July 21, 2023). "The rise of racism and antisemitism in the age of globalization". In Karner, Christian; Hofäcker, Dirk (eds.). Research Handbook on the Sociology of Globalization. pp. 225–237. doi:10.4337/9781839101571.00031. ISBN   978-1-83910-157-1.
   • Wright, Graham; Volodarsky, Sasha; Hecht, Shahar; Saxe, Leonard (2024). "Antisemitism and polarization: The political dynamics of American Jewish concerns about traditional and Israel-related antisemitism". Politics, Groups, and Identities. 12 (2): 457–475. doi: 10.1080/21565503.2022.2144391 .
7. "Antisemitism". Southern Poverty Law Center . 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024. Throughout 2023, antisemitism persisted as a serious threat to Jewish communities. The year was marked both by an increase in antisemitic harassment, vandalism and violence as well as by concerted efforts by the federal government and community organizations to confront these threats. The number of active antisemitic hate groups remained relatively stagnant compared to the previous year; their activities, however, continued to affect communities across the country.
8. • "Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2023". Anti-Defamation League . April 16, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
   • Shveda, Krystina (March 23, 2023). "Antisemitic incidents in the US are at the highest level recorded since the 1970s". CNN . Retrieved January 26, 2024.
9. Honderich, Holly (October 6, 2024). "Antisemitic incidents in US surge to record high - report". BBC News .
10. Guyer, Jonathan; Perkins, Tom (January 5, 2024). "Anti-Defamation League staff decry 'dishonest' campaign against Israel critics". The Guardian .
11. • "AJC Warns: Staggering FBI Hate Crimes Data Likely Represents Under-Reporting of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes". American Jewish Committee . September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. With the FBI reporting that hate crimes against Jews increased a staggering 63% year over year, from 1,124 in 2022 to 1,832 in 2023, AJC recognizes that the actual numbers of incidents is likely greater, as hate crimes are widely underreported across the country. Despite Jews only accounting for 2% of the U.S. population, the community was the target of 68% of religiously motivated hate crimes committed in 2023.
    • "New FBI Data Reflects Record-High Number of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes". Anti-Defamation League . September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. Although Jews only make up around 2 percent of the U.S. population, reported single-bias anti-Jewish hate crimes comprised 15 percent of all hate crimes and 68 percent of all reported religion-based hate crimes in 2023, which is consistent with patterns from prior years.
    • "Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI". The Times of Israel . September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. Antisemitic incidents were 15% of all hate crimes in 2023, and 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, according to the data — even though Jews only make up some 2% of the US population.
    • "FBI reports record-high antisemitic hate crimes in 2023, up 63% from 2022". Jewish Insider . September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024. The FBI reported 1,832 anti-Jewish hate crimes in 2023, the second-largest category of hate crimes reported last year
12. Wright, Graham (February 15, 2021). "Trends in Jewish Young Adult Experiences and Perceptions of Antisemitism in America from 2017 to 2019". Contemporary Jewry. 41 (2): 461–481. doi:10.1007/s12397-021-09354-6. PMC   7883958 . PMID   33612891.  This article incorporates textfrom this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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15. "Antisemitism in US at all-time high as American Jews report 'explosion of hate'". The Jerusalem Post . October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024. A total of 10,000 antisemitic incidents were recorded in the US since October 7 - the highest number of incidents in the ADL's history.
16. "3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds". The Times of Israel . October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
17. • "Jewish man dies a day after he was injured in a violent clash at pro-Palestine rally in US". LBC . November 7, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
    • "California professor charged with involuntary manslaughter in the death of Jewish demonstrator". AP News . November 16, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
    • "College professor to stand trial in death of pro-Israel counter-protester last year". CBS News . May 16, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
18. • "Flowers, candles and anger at LA street corner where pro-Israel protester was killed". The Times of Israel . November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
    • "Who is Loay Alnaji? Pro-Palestinian Accused of Killing Paul Kessler". Newsweek . November 9, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
    • "Professor charged in death of Jewish pro-Israel protester at dueling LA war rallies". The Times of Israel . November 17, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
    • "Thousand Oaks Intersection Where Paul Kessler Died Has Been Turned Into a Memorial". Jewish Journal . November 18, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
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21. "Staten Island Man Sentenced To 18 Months In Prison For Conspiracy To Commit Antisemitic Hate Crimes". United States Attorney's Office Southern District in New York, United States Department of Justice. March 3, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
22. "Staten Island Man Sentenced to 18 Months in Prison for Attacks on Jews". The New York Times . March 3, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2024. Saadah Masoud wanted to punish supporters of Israel, prosecutors said. His assaults came amid a rising wave of antisemitism in the United States.
23. "The Lawfare Project issues statement following the sentencing of Saadah Masoud". Jewish News Syndicate . March 6, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2024. The international pro bono legal group continues to call for an investigation into Masoud's co-conspirators.
24. Graham, Ruth; Fortin, Jacey; Closson, Troy (January 17, 2022). "The Hostages Escaped. But Synagogues Ask, How Can They Be More Secure?". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved January 18, 2022.
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26. "Man threatened hostages over scientist's jailing, inquest told". BBC . August 22, 2024. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
27. Vigdor, Neil (November 15, 2021). "College Student Charged in Arson at Texas Synagogue". The New York Times . Retrieved October 22, 2022.
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30. "Joseph Borgen, Brutally Beaten By Group Of Suspects In Manhattan's Diamond District, Speaks Out: 'My Whole Face Felt Like It Was On Fire For Hours'". 2021-05-24. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
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32. "More Suspects Wanted in Antisemitic Gang Attack on Jewish Man in Times Square". NBC New York. Associated Press. May 22, 2021.
33. Tress, Luke (2023-11-22). "Assailant sentenced to 7 years for antisemitic attack on Joseph Borgen in 2021". New York Jewish Week . Retrieved 26 November 2023.
34. "Guilty pleas: Attackers of Jewish man in New York face years behind bars". Jewish News Syndicate. 2023-10-02. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
35. Henry, Jacob (2023-04-26). "2 of Joey Borgen's attackers plead guilty on hate crime charges for 2021 beating". Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2023.
36. DeMarco, Jerry (31 May 2021). "Tenafly 5th Grader Dresses As Hitler For Class Project: 'Pretty Great Wasn't I?'". Daily Voice .
37. "Teacher, principal on leave after student's project on Hitler in New Jersey town". ABC 7 . 4 June 2021.
38. Beachum, Lateshia (1 June 2021). "Fifth-grader dresses as Hitler, lauds dictator's 'accomplishments.' A N.J. district is investigating". The Washington Post .
39. Sheldon, Chris (4 June 2021). "Teacher who assigned first-person Hitler essay placed on leave, superintendent says". NJ.com .
40. Galluccio, Bill (3 June 2021). "New Jersey School Board Defends 5th Grade Teacher Over Hitler Assignment". NewsRadio WFLA .
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43. Alexander, Dan (June 1, 2021). "Tenafly, NJ 5th grade project on Hitler as 'great' being probed". NJ101.5 .
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47. "Monsey attack victim Josef Neumann succumbs to injuries". The Jerusalem Post . March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
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49. "Jersey City shootout investigators are checking killers' ties to a previous killing and anti-Semitic writings". CNN .
50. Knoll, Corina (December 15, 2019). "How 2 Drifters Brought Anti-Semitic Terror to Jersey City". The New York Times . Retrieved December 15, 2019.
51. De Avila, Joseph; Blint-Welsh, Tyler (December 11, 2019). "New Jersey Shooters Targeted Kosher Grocery Store, Jersey City Mayor Says". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 11, 2019.
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53. Gold, Michael; Watkins, Ali (December 11, 2019). "Suspect in Jersey City Linked to Black Hebrew Israelite Group". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved December 29, 2019.
54. Luthern, Ashley (January 17, 2020). "Oak Creek man, alleged member of neo-Nazi group 'The Base,' charged with vandalizing Racine synagogue". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved January 26, 2024.
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56. "Man admits coordinating neo-Nazi plot to deface synagogues". AP . February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
57. "Michigan man gets 26 months for anti-Jewish, racist vandalism". Jewish News Syndicate . June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
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