Somali Americans

Last updated
Somali Americans
Percent of the population with Somali ancestry by state.svg
Percent of the population with Somali ancestry by state
Total population
169,799 (2023)
Total Somali ancestry [1]
76,205 (2008-2012)
Somalia-born [2]
Regions with significant populations
Portland, Oregon, Portland, Maine, San Diego, Grand Island, Nebraska
Languages
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Somali Canadians

Somali Americans are Americans of Somali ancestry. The first ethnic Somalis to arrive in the U.S. were sailors who came in the 1920s from British Somaliland. They were followed by students pursuing higher studies in the 1960s and 1970s, by the late 1970s through the late 1980s and early 1990s more Somalis arrived. However, it was not until the mid and late 1990s when the civil war in Somalia broke out that the majority of Somalis arrived in the United States. The Somali community in the U.S. is now among the largest in the Somali diaspora.

Contents

History

Former Somali embassy in Washington, D.C. 1804 - 1808 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W..JPG
Former Somali embassy in Washington, D.C.

The earliest ethnic Somali immigrants to the United States were sailors who arrived in the 1920s, mainly from British Somaliland. Eventually acquiring American citizenship, they actively participated in the Somali independence movement and served as key liaisons whenever Somali political figures visited the UN headquarters. For their substantial contributions to Somali society, these early Somali expatriates were rewarded with medals by the Somali government and some were also issued land back home. Following independence in 1960, Somali students began arriving in the US to pursue higher studies while living with relatives or on scholarships. Many of the youngsters returned to Somalia after graduation and went on to play an important role in the development of their nation. During the 1980s, a small number of Somalis settled in the United States. They were later joined by many other ethnic Somalis from different backgrounds, who sought asylum in the US after the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia or emigrated from other parts of Greater Somalia. [5]

A large number of the Somali immigrants settled in Minnesota, which by 2002 harbored the largest population of Somalis in North America. [6] Many of the newer arrivals came through voluntary agencies (VOLAGS) contracted with the State Department, who helped them settle in. [7] [8] By 2006, Somalis in the state accounted for $164–$394 million in purchasing power and owned 600 businesses. [9] The city of Minneapolis in particular hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated commercial ventures. As of the 2015 American Community Survey, there are 57,000 residents in the state who are of Somali ancestry, among whom 31,400 were born in Somalia. [10]

Somalis in the United States often send resources to their extended families abroad, remittances that were facilitated by the signing of the Money Remittances Improvement Act. [11] Following a greatly improved security situation in Somalia in 2012, many Somali U.S. residents have also begun returning to Mogadishu and other parts of the country. [12] A few of the homeward-bound immigrants along with some American-born associates have been sought and/or prosecuted for allegedly providing material support to the Al-Shabaab and Islamic State political militant groups. [13] [14] However, according to intelligence officials, fewer expatriates were joining the groups' ranks by late 2013. [15] [16] Most of the returnees have instead repatriated for investment opportunities and to take part in the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia. Participating in the renovation of schools, hospitals, roads and other infrastructure, they have played a leading role in the capital's recovery and have also helped propel the local real estate market. [12]

Demographics

Counties of Minnesota by percent with Somali ancestry Counties of Minnesota by percent with Somali ancestry, 2021.svg
Counties of Minnesota by percent with Somali ancestry
This strip mall in the Northland neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio has several Somali businesses: a funds transfer company, grocery store, entertainment center, and restaurant. Little Somalia Columbus Ohio USA.jpg
This strip mall in the Northland neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio has several Somali businesses: a funds transfer company, grocery store, entertainment center, and restaurant.

Estimates of the number of Somali immigrants living in the United States vary widely, ranging from 35,760 to 150,000 persons. [17] 2010 American Community Survey data indicates that there are approximately 85,700 people with Somali ancestry in the US. Of those, around 25,000 or one third live in Minnesota; [18] 21,000 of the latter were born in Somalia. [19] Nationwide, 76,205 were Somalia-born. [2] Somalis are the second largest ethnic group from the Horn of Africa, after Ethiopians.

According to US Census Bureau estimates for 2008–2012, the largest concentration of Somalia-born people in the United States is in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington area (17,320) of Minnesota. Other metropolitan areas with significant numbers of Somali Americans include Columbus, Ohio (10,280), Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue in Washington (7,850), San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos in California (2,845), Washington, D.C.-Arlington-Alexandria in the Virginia-D.C. area (2,715), Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta in Georgia (2,305), Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale in Arizona (1,965), Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro in Oregon (1,480), Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin in Tennessee (1,420), Boston-Cambridge-Quincy in Massachusetts (1,380), and other areas (28,650). [2]

In 2014, the Minneapolis City Council passed a resolution marking July 1 as Somali American Day. The event commemorates the Independence Day of Somalia, which is annually celebrated on the same day. [20] The council also approved a resolution making Minneapolis and Bosaso in northeastern Somalia sister cities. [21] Additionally, the Federal Government of Somalia announced that it would start officially keeping count of Somalis abroad. [22]

Employment

Many Somali refugees in the US have experienced difficulties accessing the labour market. According to the 2010 census, 47% of Somalis in Minnesota were employed, 13% unemployed and 40% were economically inactive. By comparison, the unemployment amongst the state's overall foreign-born population was 6%. [23] At the national level, survey data over the period 2011 to 2015 shows that 58% of working age Somali Americans were employed and 5.1% self-employed. [24]

Community organizations

Somali cultural event hosted by the Somali Student Association at the University of Minnesota. SSA Culture Day.jpg
Somali cultural event hosted by the Somali Student Association at the University of Minnesota.

The Somali community in the United States is represented by various Somali-run organizations. Somali Community Services in San Jose and the Somali American Council of Oregon (SACOO) on the west coast offer guidance to new Somali families and works closely with the municipal authorities to strengthen civic relations. [25] [26] The Somali Community Access Network (SomaliCAN) is one of several groups serving Columbus' Somali community. [27] In Minnesota, the Confederation of Somali Community in Minnesota (CSCM), Somali American Parent Association (SAPA), and Somali Action Alliance also offer various social services to the state's resident Somalis. [25] [28] [29]

Politically, a Somali American Caucus in the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) was formed to represent the Somali community. [30] A Somali American also chairs the Republican Party's Immigrant Relations Committee in Minnesota. [31]

Diplomatic missions

Somalis in the United States are represented by the embassy of Somalia in Washington, D.C. [32] The embassies of Djibouti and Ethiopia in the capital provide additional diplomatic representation for resident ethnic Somalis. [33] The breakaway region of Somaliland maintains a representative office in Washington as well.

Notable people

Somali American model Iman Iman Abdulmajid.jpg
Somali American model Iman

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Somalia</span>

Somali, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. The country was an important centre for commerce with the rest of the ancient world, and according to most scholars, it was the seat of ancient Land of Punt that thrived during bronze age. During the classic era until the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali states and port towns dominated the regional trade, including the Sultanate of Mogadishu and the Ajuran Sultanate, both centered around the port town of Mogadishu. Additionally, the port towns of Barawe and Merca played significant roles in this commercial network which were part of the Azania city states during classic era. Preceding these medieval states were ancient civilisations such as the legendary Macrobian Kingdom, noted by Herodotus for its wealth and wisdom, and the Barbario civilisation, an early pre-Islamic civilisation that helped lay the foundations for the region's prosperous trade routes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Somaliland</span> British protectorate from 1884 to 1960

British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate, was a protectorate of the United Kingdom in modern Somaliland. During its existence, the territory was bordered by Italian Somalia, French Somali Coast and Abyssinia. From 1940 to 1941, it was occupied by the Italians and was part of Italian East Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somali people</span> Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa

The Somali people are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The East Cushitic Somali language is the shared mother tongue of ethnic Somalis, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Forming one of the largest ethnic groups on the continent, they cover one of the most expansive landmasses by a single ethnic group in Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaaq</span> Somali clan family

The Isaaq is a major Somali clan. It is one of the largest Somali clan families in the Horn of Africa, with a large and densely populated traditional territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammad Ali Samatar</span> Somali politician; 5th President of Somalia

Mohammad Ali Samatar. was a Somali military officer, politician, former Commander-in-Chief of the Somali National Army, former Minister of Defence, former Vice President (1971-1990), former Deputy General Secretary of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, and former Prime Minister. He was known for his intelligent military tactics in the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War, Ogaden War and 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harti</span> Sub-clan of the Somali Darod clan

The Harti, (Somali: Harti), are a Somali clan that trace their lineage back to SalehAbdi (Harti). They are a sub-clan of the larger Darod clan. Notable sub-clans within Harti include the Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, and the Warsengeli. They predominantly reside in the apex of the Horn of Africa and its surrounding regions. Furthermore, in the southern territories, the clan's settlements span both sides of the Kenya-Somalia border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dahabshiil</span> Bank based in Dubai

Dahabshiil is a Somali funds transfer company, and is the largest money-transfer business in Africa. It's headquartered in Burao, Somalia. Formed in 2004, the firm operates from over 24,000 outlets and employs more than 2,000 people across 126 countries. It provides financial services to international organisations, as well as to both large and small businesses and private individuals. The company is also involved in community building projects in Somalia.

Ethiopian Americans are Americans of Ethiopian descent, as well as individuals of American and Ethiopian ancestry. The largest Ethiopian American community is in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, with some estimates claiming a population of over 200,000 in the area; other large Ethiopian communities are found in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Las Vegas, Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, Denver, the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, Columbus, and South Dakota.

The Somali diaspora or Qurbajoogta refers to Somalis who were born in Greater Somalia and reside in areas of the world that they were not born in. The civil war in Somalia greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many Somalis moved from Greater Somalia primarily to Europe, North America, Oceania and South Africa. There are also small Somali populations in Asia. The UN estimates that in 2015, approximately 2 million people from Somalia were living outside of the country's borders.

Somaliwood is an informal name for the Somali film industry that has developed in Columbus, Ohio, where a large Somali diaspora exists. Following the model of Bollywood, the name is a portmanteau of the words "Somali" and "Hollywood", the center of the American film industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hussein Samatar</span> Somali-American politician, banker and community organizer in Minneapolis

Hussein Samatar was a Somali American politician, banker and community organizer. He established the African Development Center in 2004, which provided microloans and technical expertise to recent immigrant businesses.

Somalis are an ethnic group in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area that makes up the largest Somali diasporas in the United States. By 2018, approximately 43,000 people born in Somalia were living in Minnesota, and approximately 94,000 Minnesotans spoke Somali language at home.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saado Ali Warsame</span> Somali singer-songwriter and politician (1950-2014)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somali Museum of Minnesota</span>

The Somali Museum of Minnesota is a cultural institution in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The Minneapolis–Saint Paul metro area is home to the largest Somali immigrant and refugee population in the United States, after civil war in Somalia prompted large-scale displacement of the Somali people. The Somali Museum of Minnesota presents a collection of more than 1000 traditional nomadic artifacts from Somalia, as well as educational programming about Somali culture, arts events, and cross-cultural activities. It may now be the only museum in the world dedicated to preserving Somali culture and traditions.

Samatar is a Somali language surname.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samatar Crossing</span> Shared-use path in Minneapolis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somaliland Declaration of Independence</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohamed Aden Tiiceey</span>

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References

  1. ↑ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American Community Survey - 1-Year Estimates - Table B04006". data.census.gov.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Ten Largest African-Born Countries of Birth in the United States by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 2008–2012" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  3. ↑ "Amarillo highlights diverse culture for World Refugee Day".
  4. ↑ "Refugees from Somalia in Amarillo, Texas".
  5. ↑ Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993). The Somalis: Their History and Culture. Center for Applied Linguistics. p. 1.
  6. ↑ "New Americans in the North Star State" (PDF). Immigration Policy Center . American Immigration Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  7. ↑ "2014 MAA-CBO Directory" (PDF). Minnesota DOH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  8. ↑ Abdi, Cawo Mohamed (2019). "The Newest African-Americans?: Somali Struggles for Belonging". In Armila, Päivi; Kananen, Marko; Kontkanen, Yasemin (eds.). The Contexts of Diaspora Citizenship: Somali Communities in Finland and the United States. International Perspectives on Migration. Vol. 17. Cham: Springer. pp. 19–32. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94490-6_2. ISBN   9783319944890. S2CID   54729447.
  9. ↑ "Economic Contributions of Somalis in Minnesota" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2008.
  10. ↑ "Immigration & Language". Minnesota State Demographic Center. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  11. ↑ "Ellison and Paulsen Reintroduce Money Remittances Improvement Act To Help Somali Families Send Money Home". House Office of Keith Ellison. 6 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  12. 1 2 "SOMALIA: Returning diaspora help rebuild". Heegan Times. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  13. ↑ Moran, Greg (31 January 2013). "Terror Trial of 4 Somalis Begins". San Diego Union Tribune . Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  14. ↑ Forliti, Amy (21 April 2016). "Feds: Minnesota men spoke of terrorist attacks in US". The Big Story. Associated Press . Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  15. ↑ "Al-Shabaab Recruits in the U.S." CNN . 23 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  16. ↑ "Report: ISIS publishes 'kill list' for Minnesota police officers". Washington Examiner . Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  17. ↑ "Tuberculosis (TB) - CDC" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  18. ↑ "Survey: Nearly 1 in 3 US Somalis live in Minnesota". MPR. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  19. ↑ "The Foreign-Born Population From Africa: 2008–2012" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  20. ↑ "Minneapolis celebrates first Somali-American Day". Minnesota Public Radio. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  21. ↑ "Minneapolis City Council Approves New Sister City In Somalia". CBS. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  22. ↑ "SOMALIA: Gov't to launch population census ahead of 2016 elections". Koonfurta. 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  23. ↑ Kananen, Marko; Haverinen, Ville-Samuli (2019). "Facts and figures: Somalis in Finland and in the United States". In Armila, Päivi; Kananen, Marko; Kontkanen, Yasemin (eds.). The Contexts of Diaspora Citizenship: Somali Communities in Finland and the United States. Cham: Springer. pp. 3–18. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94490-6_1. ISBN   9783319944890. S2CID   158625854.
  24. ↑ Carlson, Benny; Chambers, Stefanie (23 May 2017). "A Tale of Twin Cities and Somalis being Trumped". MinnPost. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  25. 1 2 "Member Organizations" (PDF). National Network for Arab American Communities. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  26. ↑ "FBI Honors Local Somali American with the Director's Community Leadership Award". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  27. ↑ "SomaliCAN - Our Mission". Somali Community Access Network. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  28. ↑ "CSCM - About Us". Confederation of Somali Community in Minnesota. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  29. ↑ "Somali American Parent Association". Somali American Parent Association. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  30. ↑ "Somali American Caucus". Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  31. ↑ Shah, Allie (13 October 2012). "Somali-Americans begin making mark on local politics". Star Tribune. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  32. ↑ "Ex-Somalia PM named as new ambassador to US". Garowe Online. 11 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  33. ↑ "List of Embassies" (PDF). Office of the Secretary. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
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