There are 11 time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02:00 to UTC+12:00. Daylight saving time (DST) has not been used in Russia since 26 October 2014. From 27 March 2011 to 26 October 2014, permanent DST was used.
Prior to 2011, Russia moved its clocks backward and forward on the same annual cycle as Europe. On 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+04:00 permanently.[5] On 26 October 2014, following another change in the law, the clocks in most of the country were moved back one hour, but summer daylight saving time was not reintroduced; Moscow Time returned to UTC+03:00 permanently.[6]
History
Russian Empire
In the Russian Empire, most of the nation observed solar time. Until Saturday, 7 October [19 October, N.S.] 1867 at 3:30p.m. GMT+14:59 in the capital of New Archangel (Sitka) (00:31 GMT), Alaska belonged to Russia (Russian America) which used the Julian calendar, which was 11 or 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar (as used by the rest of Russia) and had local times up to GMT+15:10. The westernmost area of Russia was Congress Poland, with local times down to GMT+01:10.
During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January [13 January, N.S.] 1880, originally at GMT+02:30:17.[7] 2:30:17 corresponds to 37.6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years.
Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, when Wednesday 31 January (O.S.) was followed by Thursday 14 February (N.S.), which dropped 13 days from the calendar.
Soviet Union
After the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+02:00 and the various other time zones (up to UTC+12:00) were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time UTC+07:00 (Irkutsk has since this always been MSK+5).[7] Between 1917 and 1922 the time was less ordered, with daylight saving time some of those years, some with two hours addition, and some of those years with one or two hours extra winter time.[7]
On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, effectively making the nation run on daylight saving time all year (the so-called decree time).
Decree time
In 1930, according to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR[8] Clocks across the country were moved forward by 1 hour from June 21 to September 30, but the effect of this decree was then extended[9][10] — later this time became known as decree time. The extension was due to a lack of electricity due to overloading of power plants in winter in the evening hours. In 1931, the Supreme Council of the National Economy proposed moving the clocks forward another hour, but the State Planning Committee opposed it. In 1935, a return to standard time was planned, which was never implemented.[11].
Changes after 1937
After 1937[12][13] changes were made that eliminated the use of different times in relatively small areas. Thus, daylight saving time in some regions (in their western part) was changed by 1 hour forward, already 2 hours ahead of the standard time established in 1924, and in others (in the eastern part) - by 1 hour back, that is, the "daylight saving hour" was effectively abolished.
From December 1, 1956, the official boundaries of time zones were to change, in particular to eliminate the presence of a number of regions in two time zones[14]. As a result, daylight saving time in a number of places had to change either by 1 hour forward or by 1 hour back. The clocks were planned to be changed on December 1, 1956 at 00:00 Moscow time, but this happened on March 1, 1957, as reported in the central newspapers[15]. The change of clocks in the regions was described in local newspapers. Thus, in the regional newspaper in the Molotov region it was noted that "today, on March 1, in the Karagai, Ocher, Sivinsky, Vereshchaginsky regions of our region the working day began an hour earlier than before. (…) Now in our entire region the time differs from Moscow by two hours"[16].
After the 1957 reform, some regions in the European part of the RSFSR, located to the east of Moscow, officially remaining in the 3rd time zone, switched to Moscow time, thereby effectively abolishing the “decree hour” on all or part of their territory[14][17][18].
By 1962, the time zone established in 1924 was 2 hours ahead of the standard time in some parts of the following regions:[17]: Altai Krai, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Novosibirsk, Perm, Sakhalin (Sakhalin Island), Tomsk, Tyumen and Chita regions of the RSFSR, Ural region of the Kazakh SSR, as well as a number of other regions.
By 1973, the "maternity leave hour" was abolished in the following regions (in all or part of the region's territory):[19]:
In 1977-1980, the Komi ASSR switched to Moscow time, which effectively meant the abolition of daylight saving time in the western part of the republic, including Syktyvkar, and the establishment of “zone time minus 1 hour” in the eastern part
Introduction of daylight saving time
From April 1, 1981, the country introduced regular switching of clocks to summer time.[20][21]. At the same time, it was necessary to restore the conformity of the applied time with the administrative time zones, in other words, to restore the “decree hour” that had been cancelled in various years in a number of regions.[22][23]. This was especially true for the regions of the 3rd time zone that switched to Moscow time, where, as of 1980, only Astrakhan, Volgograd, Izhevsk, Kirov, Kuibyshev (Samara), Saratov and Ulyanovsk retained their local time.
On April 1, 1981, all regions moved their clocks forward by 1 hour, and on October 1, 1981, about 30 regions of the RSFSR did not move their clocks back, so that they could switch to summer time in the spring of 1982, relative to the restored decree time. However, due to the discontent of the population, these regions did not move their clocks to summer time in the spring of 1982, and in the fall they moved them back along with everyone else by 1 hour, returning to their usual winter time (without the "decree hour"). Thus, in those regions of the 3rd time zone, where Moscow time was used before 1981, MSK+1 time was in effect only from October 1, 1981 to April 1, 1982. The newspapers noted that the clarification of the boundaries of time zones and the new order of calculating time in them led to a disruption of the usual way of life of people, especially residents of the 3rd time zone, accustomed to Moscow time, and: "Especially in those areas where people watched live TV broadcasts from the capital. Now they sat in front of their TV sets an hour later than the local time count. Hence the many letters asking to restore the previous order."[24].
After the introduction of seasonal clock changes, local time in the summer in many regions began to be ahead of the standard time established in 1924 by 2 hours, and in some by 3 hours. For example, the average solar noon in the west of Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions in the summer began to occur at 15:00, in the west of Altai Krai - at 14:48, in the west of Chita Oblast (Zabaikalsky Krai since 2008) - at 14:49.
Reforms of the time before the collapse of the USSR
In 1988, Volgograd and Saratov regions switched to the time of the neighboring western time zone, that is, they effectively abolished daylight saving time; in 1989, the Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian SSRs, the Astrakhan, Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuibyshev and Ulyanovsk regions, as well as the Ural region of the Kazakh SSR; in 1990, Georgia and Moldova. In addition, in 1990, some union republics abandoned seasonal clock changes.
From March 31, 1991, decree time was officially abolished throughout the USSR.[25], except for Turkmenistan and the western regions of Uzbekistan. At the same time, the seasonal change of clocks in 1991 was maintained in almost the entire territory of the USSR (except for the Tajik, Turkmen and Uzbek SSRs).
Decree time was abolished without taking into account the fact that in many regions of the RSFSR it had already been abolished. Therefore, in these regions, local time from September 29, 1991 began to lag behind the standard time established in 1924 by 1 hour, and in the country as a whole, "winter" time almost everywhere shifted back by 1 hour.
The abolition of decree time in the union republics in 1989-1991 coincided with the period of the collapse of the USSR.
On October 23, 1991, the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, by its resolution, obliged the government to restore daylight saving time on the territory of the RSFSR, stating that the implementation of the resolution of February 4, 1991 "on the abolition of daylight saving time and moving the clock back one hour on September 29, 1991 led to a reduction in the length of daylight hours on a significant part of the territory of the RSFSR, caused discontent among the population and led to an increase in electricity consumption."[26].
Russia and most republics in the Soviet Union abolished the decree time (not moving the clocks) on 31 March 1991, but Russia reversed this the following year (except Samara Oblast which was already in UTC+04:00).[citation needed]
On 20 October 1991, Samara Oblast changed its time zone from MSK to MSK+1 (thus reinstating Samara Time; MSK+1), so from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00.[27]
On 23 May 1993, Novosibirsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3.[28] The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+08:00 to UTC+07:00, the offset without DST was therefore changed from UTC+07:00 to UTC+06:00.
Although the Russian government wanted to reduce the number of time zones even further, there were protests in far-eastern Russia on the changes, including a 20,000-strong petition in support of Kamchatka returning to UTC+12:00.[36]
Decree No.725 of 31 August 2011 changed the UTC offset for Moscow Time and the other time zones.[37]Moscow Time Zone began using UTC+04:00 all year around. The notions of decree time and daylight saving time were abolished, but in fact, this decree mandated permanent daylight saving time (or even double daylight saving time in regions that had not abolished the decree time).
The decree also changed the offset of some parts of the Sakha Republic from Moscow. Oymyakonsky District switched from Magadan Time (MSK+8) to Vladivostok Time (MSK+7), and the following areas switched from Vladivostok Time (MSK+7) to Yakutsk Time (MSK+6):
In July 2014, further changes were passed, which took effect on 26 October 2014. Most of Russia moved back one hour, so Moscow Time became UTC+03:00 again. Some areas changed offset from Moscow:[39]
The parts of the Magadan Time zone that remained on MSK+8 were given a new time zone name, Srednekolymsk Time, UTC+11:00. Annual DST changes were not observed.[40]
The following time zone changes occurred on 27 March 2016:[41]
Astrakhan and Ulyanovsk oblasts moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time)
Altai Krai and Altai Republic moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time)
Zabaykalsky Krai moved forward one hour from UTC+08:00 to UTC+09:00 (from Irkutsk to Yakutsk time)
Sakhalin Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+10:00 to UTC+11:00 (from Vladivostok to Srednekolymsk time), except Severo-Kurilsky District, which was already in UTC+11:00 (Srednekolymsk Time)
On 24 April 2016, Magadan Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+10:00 to UTC+11:00 (from Vladivostok to Srednekolymsk time).[42] After this change, the UTC+11:00 time zone was again called Magadan Time.[43]
On 29 May 2016, Tomsk Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time).[44]
On 24 July 2016, Novosibirsk Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+06:00 to UTC+07:00 (from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time).[45]
On 4 December 2016, Saratov Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time).[46][47]
On 28 October 2018, Volgograd Oblast moved forward one hour from UTC+03:00 to UTC+04:00 (from Moscow to Samara time),[48] but this change was reverted on 27 December 2020.[49][50]
After the Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in September 2022, the parts of these oblasts under Russian administration remained on Moscow Time (UTC+03:00) and did not revert to UTC+02:00 with the rest of Ukraine at the end of its daylight saving time period in October 2022.[51] In April 2023, the Russian time zone law was changed to formally include these oblasts in Moscow Time.[52]
Railway time
Until 2018, all timetables on Russian Railways (except Sakhalin railways) followed Moscow Time. From 2018 time tables follow local time.[53][54] Airports and flights follow local time.[55]
The list below shows the 16 zones for Russia as defined in the file zone.tab of the database. The database aims to identify regions that had the same time offset rules since 1970.
On the last Sunday in October 2011, daylight-saving time ended in tzdata, but all zones moved forward one hour. In other words, the clocks did not change, but the names of the time zones reverted permanently to their standard time variants and there will be no more daylight-saving time. [citation needed]
If available, the change column lists the offset changes that caused a creation of a new zone in the tz database.
"Initial zone" means that in 1970 there was already a difference in time offset from the offsets in any other zone.
Asia/Ulan Ude was a time zone identifier from the zone file of the tz database. The reference point was Ulan-Ude. It was added in tz version 2011e.[58] Edition 2011i did not contain it anymore. The area remained at Asia/Irkutsk. The contained data in zone.tab was:
↑ Правительство Российской Федерации.Постановление№740от14 сентября 2009 г. «О применении на территории Кемеровской области времени пятого часового пояса». (Government of the Russian Federation.Resolution#740of14 September 2009 On Using the Time of the Fifth Time Zone on the Territory of Kemerovo Oblast. ).
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