{{native name|kk-Arab|تۇركىستاناۆتونومياسی}}
{{resize|80%|Түркістанавтономиясы}}
{{native name|ky-Arab|تۉرکستاناۋتونومیياسی}}
{{resize|80%|Түркстанавтономиясы}}
{{native name|tg-Arab|مختاریتترکستان}}
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Turkestan Autonomy | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1917–1918 | |||||||||
Flag | |||||||||
Anthem: Hymn of the Turkestan Autonomy | |||||||||
![]() Approximate borders of Turkestan Autonomy | |||||||||
Status | Unrecognized autonomy of Russia | ||||||||
Capital | Kokand | ||||||||
Common languages | Uzbek Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Russian | ||||||||
Religion | Secular | ||||||||
Government | Parliamentary republic | ||||||||
Minister-President | |||||||||
• 1917 | Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev | ||||||||
• 1917-1918 | Mustafa Shokay | ||||||||
Historical era | Russian Civil War | ||||||||
• Established | 27 November 1917 [a] | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 22 February 1918 | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1918 | Almost 5 million | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan |
The Turkestan Autonomy [b] or Kokand Autonomy was a short-lived state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917 [a] and existed until 22 February 1918.[ citation needed ] It was a secular republic,[ citation needed ] headed by a president. [2]
It was one of the first secular states where the majority of the population were Muslims.[ citation needed ] It was the first democratic state in the history of Central Asia.[ citation needed ] The capital of the state was Kokand, which until then was the capital of the Kokand Khanate. There were 5 official languages: Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik and Russian. The population was about 5 million people,[ citation needed ] mostly Uzbeks as well as Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Russians and others.[ citation needed ]
The Turkestan Autonomy occupied former territories of the Russian Empire, which was called the Turkestan Krai or the Russian Turkestan, more particular parts of the Semirechye, Syr-Darya and Fergana Oblasts (Provinces). From the north it bordered on the Alash Autonomy, from the east on the Republic of China, from the south on the Emirate of Afghanistan, from the south-west on the Emirate of Bukhara, on the west and north-west on the Soviet Central Asian Regions.
The state was created by Jadids and Kadimis . The government of Turkestan autonomy in January announced its intention to convene its parliament on 20 March 1918, [1] on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret ballot. Two-thirds of the seats in parliament were intended for Muslim deputies, and one-third was guaranteed to representatives of the non-Muslim population. [1] The existence of such a parliament was to be the first step towards the democratization of Turkestan.[ citation needed ]
In January 1918, in response to an ultimatum from the Soviets on the voluntary inclusion into Soviet Russia, Mustafa Shokay refused to recognize the authority of the Soviets. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of Konstantin Osipov arrived from Moscow in Tashkent. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed.[ citation needed ] Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the Bolsheviks only three months after its creation. It was replaced by Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[ citation needed ]
In November 1917, Muhamedzhan Tynyshpaev was the first president of the state. [2] The second and last president was Mustafa Shokay. [2]
The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s. The Basmachi revolt broke out in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and was quelled in the early 1920s during the Russian Civil War. In 1924, Tajikistan became an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, the Tajik ASSR, within Uzbekistan. In 1929, Tajikistan was made one of the component republics of the Soviet Union – Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic – and it kept that status until gaining independence 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan.
The Basmachi movement was an uprising against Imperial Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia by rebel groups inspired by Islamic beliefs.
Kokand is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. Administratively, Kokand is a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlement Muqimiy. The population of Kokand as of 2022 was approximately 259,700. The city lies 228 km (142 mi) southeast of Tashkent, 115 km (71 mi) west of Andijan, and 88 km (55 mi) west of Fergana. It is nicknamed "City of Winds".
Russian Turkestan was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. It was populated by speakers of Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik.
The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, originally called the Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic, was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Soviet Central Asia which existed between 1918 and 1924. Uzbeks were the preeminent nation of the Turkestan ASSR. Tashkent was the capital and largest city in the region.
The Khanate of Kokand was a Uzbek Khanate Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.
Sart is a name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia which has had shifting meanings over the centuries. According to Great Soviet Encyclopedia, before the October Revolution of 1917, the name “Sart” was used in relation to the Uyghurs and Uzbeks by Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and semi-nomadic Uzbeks.
National delimitation in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the process of specifying well-defined national territorial units from the ethnic diversity of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its subregions.
Soviet Central Asia was the part of Central Asia administered by the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. It is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.
Mustafa bek Shokay was a Kazakh social and political activist and ideologue of the Turkestan Autonomy. From 1921, he lived in exile in France.
The Communist Party of Turkestan was a branch of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) which operated in the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. It was formed in June 1918. At the time of its formation, the party was joined by a large section of Jadids.
The Alash Autonomy, also known as Alash Orda, was an unrecognized Kazakh proto-state located in Central Asia and was part of the Russian Republic, and then Soviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after the Bolsheviks banned the ruling Alash party. The goal of the party was to obtain autonomy within Russia, and to form a national democratic state. The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, the Turkestan Autonomy to the south, and China to the east.
Alash was a political party and liberation movement in the Russian Republic and Soviet Russia, and the ruling party of Alash Autonomy on the territory of present-day Kazakhstan and Russia. They advocated for equal treatment between Kazakhs and Russians and the cessation of Russian settlement on the Kazakh lands. It was notably the first modern organized political Kazakh and Kyrgyz elite group.
The Syr-Darya Oblast was one of the oblasts of the Russian Empire, a part of Russian Turkestan. Its center was Tashkent.
The Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border is 413 kilometres (257 mi) in length and runs from the Caspian Sea to the tripoint with Uzbekistan. It is the shortest international boundary of both states.
The Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border is 1,212 kilometres (753 mi) and runs from the tripoint with Uzbekistan to the tripoint with China. Bishkek, the Kyrgyz capital, is situated just 16 km to the south of this boundary, and Almaty is situated just 29 kilometres (18 mi) to the north of it.
The Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border is an international border between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is 1,312 kilometres (815 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Kyrgyzstan to the tripoint with Afghanistan.