| Yaglakar | |
|---|---|
 Tamga of Yaglakar | |
| Country | Uyghur Khaganate, Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom |
| Founder | Bezgek Yaglakar Khan (Mythical) |
| Connected families | Ädiz clan |
| Dissolution | 795 |
The Yaglakar clan was the first imperial clan of the Uyghur Khaganate. Descendants of the Yaglakar clan would later establish the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom.
The clan was named after a mythical founder Yaglakar Khan [1] or Buk Khan (卜可汗). [2] Initially a part of Tiele Confederation, they carried the hereditary title elteber later as subjects of the Tang dynasty. The first known member of the clan was Tegin Irkin (特健俟斤 *dək̚-ɡɨɐnH ʒɨX-kɨn > Tèjiàn Sìjīn).
| Name | Chinese original | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tegin Irkin | 特健俟斤/時健俟斤 | Lady Wuluohun 烏羅渾 | |
| Yaoluoge Pusa | 藥羅葛菩薩 | ?-629 | He was allied to Xueyantuo to make against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Defeated Yukuk Shad. [3] |
| Yaoluoge Tumidu | 藥羅葛吐迷度 | 647-648 | Submitted to Tang, was created Commander of Hanhai Area Command [4] |
| Yaoluoge Wuhe | 藥羅葛烏紇 | 648 | Murdered his uncle Tumidu, was son-in-law of Chebi Qaghan |
| Yaoluoge Porun | 藥羅葛婆閏 | 648-662 | Created chief by Cui Dunli on the order of Emperor Taizong of Tang |
| Yaoluoge Bisidu | 藥羅葛比粟毒 | 662-680 | Rebelled against Emperor Gaozong of Tang, executed by Qibi Heli |
| Yaoluoge Dujiezhi | 藥羅葛獨解支 | 680-695 | Son of Bisidu |
| Yaoluoge Fudifu | 藥羅葛伏帝匐 | 695-719 | Son of Dujiezhi, was created Vice Military Commissioner of Hexi in 715 [5] |
| Yaoluoge Chengzong | 藥羅葛承宗 | 719-727 | Son of Fudifu, exiled to Second Turkic Qaghanate |
| Yaoluoge Fudinan | 藥羅葛伏帝難 | 727 | Commander of Hanhai Area Command |
| Yaoluoge Hushu | 藥羅葛護輸 | 727 | Killed Jiedushi Wang Junchuo (王君㚟) and wounded Niu Xianke in 727 |
| Yaoluoge Yibiaobi | 藥羅葛逸标苾 | 727-744 | Founded Uyghur Khaganate |
| Personal Name | Turkic title | Chinese title | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yaoluoge Yibiaobi | Qutlugh Bilge Köl Qaghan | Huairen Khagan (怀仁可汗) | 744-747 |
| Yaoluoge Moyanchuo | Tengrida Bolmish El Etmish Bilge Qaghan | Yingwu Weiyuan Pijia Qaghan (英武威遠毗伽闕可汗) | 747-759 |
| Yaoluoge Yidijian | Tengrida Qut Bolmish El Tutmish Alp Külüg Bilge Qaghan | Yingyi Qaghan (英義可汗) | 759-780 |
| Yaoluoge Dunmohe | Alp Qutlugh Bilge Qaghan | Wuyi Chenggong Qaghan (武義成功可汗) Changshou Tianqin Qaghan (長壽天親可汗) | 780-789 |
| Yaoluoge Duoluosi | Kulug Bilge Qaghan | Zhongzhen Qaghan (忠貞可汗) | 789-790 |
| Yaoluoge Achuo | Qutluq Bilge Qaghan | Fengcheng Qaghan (奉誠可汗) | 790-795 |
By the death of Yaoluoge Achuo in 795, the main line of the Yaglakar clan ceased to exist. However, successive khagans adopted the Yaglakar surname for prestige. [6] The rest of the clan members were exiled to the Tang capital Chang'an. An epitaph was recently found in 2010 in Xi'an which belonged to one of the Yaglakar princes, Prince Gechuai (葛啜王子), [7] younger brother of Yaoluoge Dunmohe [8] who died of cold fever on 11 June 795 and was buried on 28 June 795.
However, another line of the Yaglakar clan came to rule the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in 890s. [9]
| Personal Name | Turkic title | Chinese title | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yaoluoge Renmei | Yingyi Qaghan (英義可汗) | 911-924 | |
| Yaoluoge Aduo/Diyin/Renyu | Shunhua Qaghan (順化可汗) Fenghua Qaghan (奉化可汗) | 924-959 | |
| Yaoluoge Jingjiong | 960-975 | ||
| Yaoluoge Milie | Yaglakar Bilge Qaghan | 976-983 | |
| Yaoluoge ? | Zhongshun Baode Qaghan (忠順保德可汗) | 1004-1016 | |
| Yaoluoge Guihua | Huaining Shunhua Qaghan (懷甯順化可汗) | 1016-1023 | |
| Yaoluoge Tongshun | Guizhong Baoshun Qaghan (歸忠保順可汗) | 1023-1028 | |
| Yaoluoge Yasu | Baoguo Qaghan (寶國可汗) | 1028-1032 |
The last member of the clan, Baoguo Qaghan, committed suicide in 1032 after the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom was annexed by the Western Xia. [10] Yuri Zuev proposed that the Yaglakar clan survived and eventually became Mongolized under the name "Jalairs". [11]
Shiwei were a Mongolic people that inhabited far-eastern Mongolia, northern Inner Mongolia, northern Manchuria and the area near the Okhotsk Sea beach. Records mentioning the Shiwei were recorded from the time of the Northern Wei (386–534) until the rise of the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1206 when the name "Mongol" and "Tatar" were applied to all the Shiwei tribes.
Mo-yun Chur (磨延啜) or Eletmish Bilge Qaghan was second qaghan of Uyghur Khaganate. His Tang dynasty invested title was Yingwu Weiyuan Pijia Qaghan or simply Yingwu Qaghan. He was also known as Gelei Qaghan. His official regnal name in Turkic was Tengrida Bolmish Eletmish Bilge Qaghan. He is mostly famous for ordering the erection of the Tariat Inscriptions.
The Uyghur Khaganate was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. It was a tribal confederation under the Orkhon Uyghur (回鶻) nobility, referred to by the Chinese as the Jiu Xing, a calque of the name Toquz Oghuz or Toquz Tughluq.
The Toquz Oghuz was a political alliance of nine Turkic Tiele tribes in Inner Asia, during the early Middle Ages. The Toquz Oghuz was consolidated and subordinated within the First Turkic Khaganate (552–603) and remained as a nine-tribe alliance after the Khaganate fragmented.
Ötüken or Otuken was the capital of the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate. It has an important place in Turkic mythology and Tengrism.
The Xueyantuo were an ancient Tiele tribe and khaganate in Northeast Asia who were at one point vassals of the Göktürks, later aligning with the Tang dynasty against the Eastern Göktürks.
The Shatuo, or the Shatuo Turks were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three, Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han, of the five dynasties and one, Northern Han, of the ten kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Northern Han would later be conquered by the Song dynasty. Sometime before the 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into the general population around them.
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century after the First Turkic Khaganate had splintered into two polities – one in the east and the other in the west. Finally, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was defeated and absorbed by the Tang dynasty, and Xueyantuo occupied the territory of the former Turkic Khaganate.
Jalair, also Djalair, Yyalair, Jalayir, is one of the Darliqin Mongol tribes according to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-tawarikh.They lived along the Orkhon River in modern day Central Mongolia. After the Mongol conquest in the 13th century many Jalairs spread over Central Asia and the Middle East. Jalairs are one of the founding tribes of Mongolia's largest ethnic group Khalkha. People with the clan name of Jalayir are also found in Inner Mongolia in China. The Jalayirs who stayed in Central Asia under the rules of Genghis Khan's older sons' descendants eventually adopted Turkic language. They are found among the Kazakhs of the Great jüz; also they are found among the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, and the Kyrgyz. The Jalairs who went to Iran and Iraq found the Jalairid Sultanate in 1330, and expanded into Turkey. The state was subjugated by the Kara Koyunlu in 1432.
Ashina Funian was a Göktürk leader and member of the Ashina tribe who was the leader of one of the Göktürk revolts that tried to restore the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in the 7th century and break from Tang domination. His rebellion was unsuccessful and he was executed by the Tang authorities in 681.
The history of the Uyghur people extends over more than two millennia and can be divided into four distinct phases: Pre-Imperial, Imperial, Idiqut, and Mongol, with perhaps a fifth modern phase running from the death of the Silk Road in AD 1600 until the present.
Kutlug I Bilge Boyla Khagan, also known by his throne name Qutlugh Bilge Kül Qaghan, and in Chinese sources the personal name of Yaoluoge Yibiaobi (藥羅葛逸标苾) was the khagan of Uyghur Khaganate, the successor state of the Second Turkic Khaganate, from 744 to 747 AD.
Qocho or Kara-Khoja, also known as Idiqut, was a Uyghur kingdom created in 843, with strong Chinese Buddhist and Tocharian influences. It was founded by refugees fleeing the destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate after being driven out by the Yenisei Kirghiz. They made their winter capital in Qocho and summer capital in Beshbalik. Its population is referred to as the "Xizhou Uyghurs" after the old Tang Chinese name for Gaochang, the "Qocho Uyghurs" after their capital, the "Kucha Uyghurs" after another city they controlled, or the "Arslan ("Lion") Uyghurs" after their king's title.
The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom, also referred to as the Hexi Uyghurs, was established in 894 around Ganzhou in modern Zhangye. The kingdom lasted from 894 to 1036; during that time, many of Ganzhou's residents converted to Buddhism.
Bögü Qaghan or Tengri Qaghan was the third khagan of Uyghurs. He was the younger son of Bayanchur Khagan. His personal name was Yaoluoge Yidijian (藥羅葛移地健) and was titled Ulu Bilge Töles Shad during his father's reign. His subsequent regnal names upon inheriting the throne were Tarkhan Bögü Qaghan, Alp Külüg Bögü Qaghan, and finally Tengrida Qut Bolmish El Tutmish Alp Külüg Bilge Qaghan. He was posthumously renamed as Kün Tengrida Qut Bolmish El Tutmish Alp Külüg Bilge Qaghan by Baoyi Qaghan, stressing his adoption of the Manichean religion. Other titles granted to him were Yingyi Qaghan (英義可汗) - a Tang dynasty invested title and Zahag-i Mani - a Manichaean title.
Tun Baga Tarkhan or Alp Qutlugh Bilge Qaghan — was the fourth leader of Uyghur Khaganate.
Qutluq Bilge Qaghan was the sixth khagan of the Uyghur Khaganate and the last one from the Yaglakar clan. His Tang invested title was Fengcheng Qaghan.
Alp Qutluq Külüg Bilge Qaghan — seventh khagan of the Uyghur Khaganate and the first one from the Ädiz clan. His Tang invested title was Huaixin Qaghan.
Zhaoli Qaghan (昭禮可汗) was tenth ruler of Uyghurs. His personal name was recorded as Yaoluoge Hesa (藥羅葛曷薩) in Chinese sources. His Uyghur name could be Qasar or Xazar.
The - was the second imperial clan of the Uyghur Khaganate.
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