List of English monarchs

Last updated

Monarchy of England
Coat of Arms of England (1509-1603) Variant.svg
HenryIII.jpg
Longest reigning
Henry III

28 October 1216 – 16 November 1272
Details
First monarch Alfred the Great
Last monarch Anne
Formationlate ninth / early tenth centuries
Abolition1 May 1707 (joined by act of union into the Kingdom of Great Britain)
Residence Court of St James's
Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. Listed in red are The Heptarchy, the collective name given to the seven main Anglo-Saxon petty kingdoms located in the southeastern two-thirds of the island that were unified to form the Kingdom of England. British kingdoms c 800.svg
Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. Listed in red are The Heptarchy, the collective name given to the seven main Anglo-Saxon petty kingdoms located in the southeastern two-thirds of the island that were unified to form the Kingdom of England.

This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself king of the Anglo-Saxons from about 886, and while he was not the first king to claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the start of the first unbroken line of kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex. [1]

Contents

Arguments are made for a few different kings thought to have controlled enough Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to be deemed the first king of England. For example, Offa of Mercia and Egbert of Wessex are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers, but it is no longer the majority view of historians that their wide dominions are part of a process leading to a unified England. Historian Simon Keynes states, for example, that "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy." [2] This refers to a period in the late 8th century when Offa achieved a dominance over many of the kingdoms of southern England, but this did not survive his death in 796. [3] [4] Likewise, in 829 Egbert of Wessex conquered Mercia, but he soon lost control of it.

It was not until the late 9th century that one kingdom, Wessex, had become the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Its king, Alfred the Great, was overlord of western Mercia and used the title King of the Angles and Saxons, but he never ruled eastern and northern England, which was then known as the Danelaw, having earlier been conquered by the Danes from southern Scandinavia. His son Edward the Elder conquered the eastern Danelaw, but Edward's son Æthelstan became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927, and he is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England. [3] [4] The title "King of the English" or Rex Anglorum in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in one of his charters in 928. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was "King of the English". In 1016 Cnut the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period "King of the English" remained standard, with occasional use of "King of England" or Rex Anglie. From John's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of "King" or "Queen of England".

The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301 King Edward I invested his eldest son, the future King Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, the eldest sons of all English monarchs, except for King Edward III, [lower-alpha 1] have borne this title.

After the death of Queen Elizabeth I without issue in 1603, her cousin King James VI of Scotland inherited the English crown as James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was actually created until 1707, when England and Scotland united during the reign of Queen Anne to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster. This marked the end of the Kingdom of England as a sovereign state.

House of Wessex (886–1013)

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Alfred [5]
Alfred the Great
(King of Wessex from 871)
c.886

26 October 899
(13 years)
Alfred - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg 849
Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex
and Osburh
Ealhswith of Gainsborough
868
5 children
26 October 899
Aged about 50
Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex
Treaty of Wedmore
Edward the Elder [6]
26 October 899

17 July 924
(24 years, 266 days)
Edward the Elder - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.874
Son of Alfred
and Ealhswith
(1) Ecgwynn
c.893
2 children
(2) Ælfflæd
c.900
8 children
(3) Eadgifu of Kent
c.919
4 children
17 July 924
Aged about 50
Son of Alfred

Disputed claimant

There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Æthelstan, although he was not crowned. A 12th-century list of kings gives him a reign length of four weeks, though one manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says he died only 16 days after his father. [7] However, the fact that he ruled is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear whether—if Ælfweard was declared king—it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only. One interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died, Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia. [4]

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Ælfweard [8]
c.17 July 924

2 August 924 [9]
(16 days)
No image.svg c.901 [10]
Son of Edward the Elder
and Ælfflæd [10]
Unmarried?
No children
2 August 924 [4]
Aged about 23 [lower-greek 1]
Son of Edward the Elder
NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Æthelstan [12]
Æthelstan the Glorious
924
King of the Anglo-Saxons (924–927)

King of the English (927–939)
27 October 939
(14–15 years)
Aethelstan1 of England.jpg 894
Son of Edward the Elder
and Ecgwynn
Unmarried27 October 939
Aged about 45
Son of Edward the Elder
Edmund I [13]
Edmund the Magnificent
27 October 939

26 May 946
(6 years, 212 days)
Edmund I - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.921
Son of Edward the Elder
and Eadgifu of Kent
(1) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
2 sons
(2) Æthelflæd of Damerham
944
No children
26 May 946
Pucklechurch
Killed in a brawl aged about 25
Son of Edward the Elder
Eadred [14]
26 May 946

23 November 955
(9 years, 182 days)
Eadred - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.923
Son of Edward the Elder
and Eadgifu of Kent
Unmarried23 November 955
Frome
Aged about 32
Son of Edward the Elder
Eadwig [15]
Eadwig All-Fair
23 November 955

1 October 959
(3 years, 313 days)
Eadwig - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.940
Son of Edmund I
and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
Ælfgifu
No verified children
1 October 959
Aged about 19
Son of Edmund I
Edgar the Peaceful [16]
1 October 959

8 July 975
(15 years, 281 days)
Edgar - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.943
Wessex
Son of Edmund I
and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
(1) Æthelflæd
c.960
1 son
(2) Ælfthryth
c.964
2 sons
8 July 975
Winchester
Aged 31
Son of Edmund I
Edward the Martyr [17]
8 July 975

18 March 978
(2 years, 254 days)
Edward the Martyr - MS Royal 14 B V.jpg c.962
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Æthelflæd
Unmarried18 March 978
Corfe Castle
Murdered aged about 16
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
(1st reign) [lower-alpha 2]
Æthelred the Unready [18] [19]
18 March 978

1013
(34–35 years)
EthelUn.jpg c.966
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Ælfthryth
(1) Ælfgifu of York
991
9 children
(2) Emma of Normandy
1002
3 children
23 April 1016
London
Aged about 48
Son of Edgar the Peaceful

House of Denmark (1013–1014)

England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Sweyn [20]
Sweyn Forkbeard
25 December 1013

3 February 1014
(41 days)
Sweyn Forkbeard.jpg 17 April 963
Denmark
Son of Harald Bluetooth
and either Tove or Gunhild
(1) Gunhild of Wenden
c.990
7 children
(2) Sigrid the Haughty
c.1000
1 daughter
3 February 1014
Gainsborough
Aged 50
Right of conquest
(great-grandson of a king of Northumbria)

House of Wessex (restored, first time) (1014–1016)

Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king on 3 February 1014. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan, [21] despite ongoing Danish efforts to wrest the crown from the West Saxons.

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
(2nd reign)
Æthelred the Unready [18] [19]
3 February 1014

23 April 1016
(2 years, 81 days)
EthelUn.jpg c.966
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
and Ælfthryth
(1) Ælfgifu of York
991
9 children
(2) Emma of Normandy
1002
3 children
23 April 1016
London
Aged about 48
Son of Edgar the Peaceful
Edmund Ironside [21] [22]
23 April 1016

30 November 1016
(222 days)
Edmund Ironside - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.990
Son of Æthelred
and Ælfgifu of York
Edith of East Anglia
2 children
30 November 1016
Glastonbury
Aged 26
Son of Æthelred

House of Denmark (restored) (1016–1042)

Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut (Canute) under which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut. [23] Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for nineteen years.

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Cnut [24]
Cnut the Great
18 October 1016

12 November 1035
(19 years, 26 days)
Cnut the Great - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.995
Son of Sweyn Forkbeard
and Gunhilda of Poland
(1) Ælfgifu of Northampton
2 sons
(2) Emma of Normandy
1017
2 children
12 November 1035
Shaftesbury
Aged about 40
Son of Sweyn
Treaty of Deerhurst
Harold Harefoot [25] [26]
12 November 1035

17 March 1040 [lower-alpha 3]
(4 years, 127 days)
Harold Harefoot - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.1016
Son of Cnut the Great
and Ælfgifu of Northampton
Ælfgifu?
1 son?
17 March 1040
Oxford
Aged about 24
Son of Cnut the Great
Harthacnut [27]
17 March 1040

8 June 1042
(2 years, 84 days)
Harthacnut - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg 1018
Son of Cnut the Great
and Emma of Normandy
Unmarried8 June 1042
Lambeth
Aged about 24
Son of Cnut the Great

House of Wessex (restored, second time) (1042–1066)

After Harthacnut, there was a Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066.

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Edward the Confessor [28]
8 June 1042

5 January 1066
(23 years, 212 days)
Edward the Confessor - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.1003
Islip
Son of Æthelred
and Emma of Normandy
Edith of Wessex
23 January 1045
No children
5 January 1066
Westminster Palace
Aged about 63
Son of Æthelred

House of Godwin (1066)

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Harold II [29]
Harold Godwinson
6 January 1066

14 October 1066
(282 days)
Harold Godwinson - MS Royal 14 B VI.jpg c.1022
Son of Godwin of Wessex
and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
(1) Edith Swannesha
5 children
(2) Ealdgyth
c.1064
2 sons
14 October 1066
Hastings
Died in the Battle of Hastings aged 44
Supposedly named heir by Edward the Confessor
Brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor
Elected by the Witenagemot

Disputed claimant (House of Wessex)

After King Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings, the Witan elected Edgar Ætheling as king, but by then the Normans controlled the country and Edgar never ruled. He submitted to King William the Conqueror.

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
(Title disputed)
Edgar Ætheling [30] [31]
15 October 1066

17 December 1066 [lower-alpha 4]
(64 days)
Edgar the AEtheling.jpg c.1051
Son of Edward the Exile
and Agatha
No known marriage1125 or 1126
Aged about 75
Grandson of Edmund Ironside
Elected by the Witenagemot

House of Normandy (1066–1135)

In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson (recognised as king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor), Harald Hardrada (King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut) and Duke William II of Normandy (vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor). Harald and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England.

After the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London. Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar Ætheling, the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside. The young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066, in Westminster Abbey, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
William I [32]
William the Conqueror [lower-alpha 5]
25 December 1066

9 September 1087
(20 years, 259 days)
William the Conqueror in the Brief Abridgement of the Chronicles of England.jpg c.1028
Falaise Castle
Son of Robert the Magnificent
and Herleva
Matilda of Flanders
Normandy
1053
9 children
9 September 1087
Rouen
Aged about 59 [lower-greek 2]
Supposedly named heir in 1052 by Edward the Confessor
First cousin once removed of Edward the Confessor
Right of conquest
William II [33]
William Rufus
26 September 1087 [lower-roman 1]

2 August 1100
(12 years, 311 days)
William II of England.jpg c.1056
Normandy
Son of William the Conqueror
and Matilda of Flanders
Unmarried2 August 1100
New Forest
Shot with an arrow aged 44
Son of William I
Granted the Kingdom of England over elder brother Robert Curthose (who remained the Duke of Normandy)
Henry I [34]
Henry Beauclerc
5 August 1100 [lower-roman 2]

1 December 1135
(35 years, 119 days)
Henry1.jpg September 1068
Selby
Son of William the Conqueror
and Matilda of Flanders
(1) Matilda of Scotland
Westminster Abbey
11 November 1100
2 children
(2) Adeliza of Louvain
Windsor Castle
29 January 1121
No children
1 December 1135
Saint-Denis-en-Lyons
Aged 67 [lower-greek 3]
Son of William I
Seizure of the Crown (from Robert Curthose)

House of Blois (1135–1154)

Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster of 1120. This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, Matilda (Countess of Anjou by her second marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as well as widow of her first husband, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor), as his heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as his heir. When Henry died, Stephen travelled to England, and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda. The period which followed is known as The Anarchy, as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare both in Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Stephen [35] [36]
Stephen of Blois
22 December 1135 [lower-roman 3]

25 October 1154
(18 years, 308 days)
Stepan Blois.jpg c.1096
Blois
Son of Stephen II of Blois
and Adela of Normandy
Matilda of Boulogne
Westminster
1125
6 children
25 October 1154
Dover Castle
Aged about 58
Grandson of William I
Appointment /usurpation

Disputed claimants

Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the White Ship , and acknowledged as such by the barons. Upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141. She was the first woman to do so, but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England. [lower-alpha 6]

NamePortraitBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Matilda [36] [37]
Empress Matilda
7 April 1141

1 November 1141
(209 days)
Empress Mathilda.png 7 February 1102
Sutton Courtenay
Daughter of Henry I
and Edith of Scotland
(1) Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire
Mainz
6 January 1114
No children
(2) Geoffrey V of Anjou
Le Mans Cathedral
22 May 1128
3 sons
10 September 1167
Rouen
Aged 65
Daughter of Henry I
Seizure of the Crown

Count Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). The Pope and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right. [38]

House of Plantagenet (1154–1485)

The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, husband of Empress Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins" due to their vast continental empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England.

Angevin kings of England

King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, in which Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as the designated heir. The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the House of Anjou (after Geoffrey's title as Count of Anjou) or the House of Plantagenet, after his sobriquet. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions, although they are not different royal houses.

The Angevins (from the French term meaning "from Anjou") ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by King John. The direct, eldest male line from Henry II includes monarchs commonly grouped together as the House of Plantagenet, which was the name given to the dynasty after the loss of most of their continental possessions, while cadet branches of this line became known as the House of Lancaster and the House of York during the War of the Roses.

The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. Dieu et mon droit was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France. [39] [40] It has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III. [39]

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Henry II [41]
Henry Curtmantle
19 December 1154 [lower-roman 4]

6 July 1189
(34 years, 200 days)
Henry II Illumination.jpg Royal Arms of England (1154-1189).svg 5 March 1133
Le Mans
Son of Geoffrey V of Anjou
and Matilda
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Bordeaux Cathedral
18 May 1152
8 children
6 July 1189
Chinon
Aged 56 [lower-greek 4]
Grandson of Henry I
Treaty of Wallingford
Great-great-great-grandson of Edmund Ironside
Henry II named his son, Henry the Young King (1155–1183), as co-ruler with him but this was a Norman custom of designating an heir, and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a monarch on lists of kings.
Richard I [42]
Richard the Lionheart
3 September 1189 [lower-roman 5]

6 April 1199
(9 years, 216 days)
Richard I of England in the Brief Abridgement of the Chronicles of England.jpg Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg 8 September 1157
Beaumont Palace
Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine
Berengaria of Navarre
Limassol
12 May 1191
No children
6 April 1199
Châlus
Shot by a quarrel aged 41 [lower-greek 5]
Son of Henry II
Primogeniture
John [43]
John Lackland
27 May 1199 [lower-roman 6]

19 October 1216
(17 years, 146 days)
John of England (John Lackland).jpg 24 December 1166
Beaumont Palace
Son of Henry II
and Eleanor of Aquitaine
(1) Isabel of Gloucester
Marlborough Castle
29 August 1189
No children
(2) Isabella of Angoulême
Bordeaux Cathedral
24 August 1200
5 children
19 October 1216
Newark-on-Trent
Aged 49 [lower-greek 6]
Son of Henry II
Nomination
Proximity of blood

Disputed claimant (House of Capet)

The future Louis VIII of France briefly won two-thirds of England over to his side from May 1216 to September 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. The then-Prince Louis landed on the Isle of Thanet, off the north Kent coast, on 21 May 1216, and marched more or less unopposed to London, where the streets were lined with cheering crowds. At a grand ceremony in St. Paul's Cathedral, on 2 June 1216, in the presence of numerous English clergy and nobles, the Mayor of London and Alexander II of Scotland, Prince Louis was proclaimed King Louis of England (though not crowned). In less than a month, "King Louis" controlled more than half of the country and enjoyed the support of two-thirds of the barons. However, he suffered military defeat at the hands of the English fleet. By signing the Treaty of Lambeth in September 1217, Louis gained 10,000 marks and agreed he had never been the legitimate king of England. [44] "King Louis" remains one of the least known kings to have ruled over a substantial part of England. [45]

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Louis [46]
Louis the Lion
2 June 1216

20 September 1217
(1 year, 111 days)
Louis8.png France Ancient Arms.svg 5 September 1187
Paris
Son of Philip II of France
and Isabella of Hainault
Blanche of Castile
Port-Mort
23 May 1200
13 children
8 November 1226
Montpensier
Aged 39
Right of conquest
Offered by the Barons

Main line of Plantagenets

It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Henry III [47]
Henry of Winchester
28 October 1216 [lower-roman 7]

16 November 1272
(56 years, 20 days)
HenryIII.jpg Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg 1 October 1207
Winchester Castle
Son of John
and Isabella of Angoulême
Eleanor of Provence
Canterbury Cathedral
14 January 1236
5 children
16 November 1272
Westminster Palace
Aged 65
Son of John
Primogeniture
Edward I [48]
Edward Longshanks
20 November 1272 [lower-roman 8]

7 July 1307
(34 years, 230 days)
Edward I - Westminster Abbey Sedilia.jpg 17 June 1239
Palace of Westminster
Son of Henry III
and Eleanor of Provence
(1) Eleanor of Castile
Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
18 October 1254
16 children
(2) Margaret of France
Canterbury
10 September 1299
3 children
7 July 1307
Burgh by Sands
Aged 68
Son of Henry III
Primogeniture
Edward II [49]
Edward of Caernarfon
8 July 1307 [lower-roman 9]

Abdicated 20 January 1327
(19 years, 197 days)
Edward II, King of England (Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson C 292, folio 105r).jpg 25 April 1284
Caernarfon Castle
Son of Edward I
and Eleanor of Castile
Isabella of France
Boulogne Cathedral
24 January 1308
4 children
21 September 1327
Berkeley Castle
Murdered aged 43 [lower-alpha 7]
Son of Edward I
Primogeniture
Edward III [51]
Edward of Windsor
25 January 1327 [lower-roman 10]

21 June 1377
(50 years, 148 days)
Edward III of England (Order of the Garter).jpg Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg
Until 1340,
1360–1369

Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg
1340–1360,
from 1369
13 November 1312
Windsor Castle
Son of Edward II
and Isabella of France
Philippa of Hainault
York Minster
25 January 1328
14 children
21 June 1377
Sheen Palace
Aged 64
Son of Edward II
Primogeniture
Richard II [52]
Richard of Bordeaux
22 June 1377 [lower-roman 11]

29 September 1399
(22 years, 100 days)
The Westminster Portrait of Richard II of England (1390s).jpg Royal Arms of England (1395-1399).svg 6 January 1367
Bordeaux
Son of Edward the Black Prince
and Joan of Kent
(1) Anne of Bohemia
14 January 1382
No children
(2) Isabella of Valois
Calais
4 November 1396
No children
14 February 1400
Pontefract Castle
Aged 33
Grandson of Edward III
Primogeniture

House of Lancaster

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Henry IV [53]
Henry of Bolingbroke
30 September 1399 [lower-roman 12]

20 March 1413
(13 years, 172 days)
Illumination of Henry IV (cropped).jpg Royal Arms of England (1340-1367).svg
until 1406
Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg
from 1406
c. April 1367
Bolingbroke Castle
Son of John of Gaunt
and Blanche of Lancaster
(1) Mary de Bohun
Arundel Castle
27 July 1380
6 children
(2) Joanna of Navarre
Winchester Cathedral
7 February 1403
No children
20 March 1413
Westminster Abbey
Aged 45
Grandson / heir male of Edward III
Usurpation
Henry V [54]
Henry of Monmouth
21 March 1413 [lower-roman 13]

31 August 1422
(9 years, 164 days)
Henry V Miniature.jpg Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg 16 September 1386
Monmouth Castle
Son of Henry IV
and Mary de Bohun
Catherine of Valois
Troyes Cathedral
2 June 1420
1 son
31 August 1422
Château de Vincennes
Aged 35
Son of Henry IV
Agnatic primogeniture
(1st reign)
Henry VI [55] [56]
1 September 1422 [lower-roman 14]

4 March 1461
(38 years, 185 days)
Henry VI of England, Shrewsbury book.jpg Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle
Son of Henry V
and Catherine of Valois
Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son
21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49
Son of Henry V
Agnatic primogeniture

House of York

The House of York claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, but it inherited its name from Edward's fourth surviving son, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York.

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
(1st reign)
Edward IV [57]
4 March 1461 [lower-roman 15]

3 October 1470
(9 years, 214 days)
King Edward IV.jpg Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg 28 April 1442
Rouen
Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville
Elizabeth Woodville
Grafton Regis
1 May 1464
10 children
9 April 1483
Westminster Palace
Aged 40
Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward III
Seizure of the Crown
Act of Accord

House of Lancaster (restored)

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
(2nd reign)
Henry VI [55]
3 October 1470

11 April 1471
(191 days)
Henry VI of England, Shrewsbury book.jpg Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg 6 December 1421
Windsor Castle
Son of Henry V
and Catherine of Valois
Margaret of Anjou
Titchfield Abbey
22 April 1445
1 son
21 May 1471
Tower of London
Allegedly murdered aged 49
Son of Henry V
Seizure of the Crown

House of York (restored)

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
(2nd reign)
Edward IV [57]
11 April 1471

9 April 1483
(11 years, 364 days)
King Edward IV.jpg Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg 28 April 1442
Rouen
Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville
Elizabeth Woodville
Grafton Regis
1 May 1464
10 children
9 April 1483
Westminster Palace
Aged 40
Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward III
Seizure of the Crown
Act of Accord
Edward V [58] [59]
9 April 1483

25 June 1483 [lower-alpha 8]
(78 days)
King-edward-v.jpg 2 November 1470
Westminster
Son of Edward IV
and Elizabeth Woodville
UnmarriedDisappeared mid-1483
London
Allegedly murdered aged 12
Son of Edward IV
Primogeniture
Richard III [60]
26 June 1483 [lower-roman 16]

22 August 1485
(2 years, 58 days)
Richard III earliest surviving portrait.jpg 2 October 1452
Fotheringhay Castle
Son of Richard of York
and Cecily Neville
Anne Neville
Westminster Abbey
12 July 1472
1 son
22 August 1485
Bosworth Field
Killed in battle aged 32 [lower-greek 7]
Great-great-grandson of Edward III
Titulus Regius

House of Tudor (1485–1603)

The Tudors descended in the female line from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year. [61] Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397. [62] A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne. [63] Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.

By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages. (See family tree.)

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Henry VII [64]
22 August 1485 [lower-roman 17]

21 April 1509
(23 years, 243 days)
Enrique VII de Inglaterra, por un artista anonimo.jpg Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg 28 January 1457
Pembroke Castle
Son of Edmund Tudor
and Margaret Beaufort
Elizabeth of York
Westminster Abbey
18 January 1486
8 children
21 April 1509
Richmond Palace
Aged 52
Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III
Right of conquest
Marriage to Elizabeth of York
Henry VIII [65]
22 April 1509 [lower-roman 18]

28 January 1547
(37 years, 282 days)
After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg 28 June 1491
Greenwich Palace
Son of Henry VII
and Elizabeth of York
(1) Catherine of Aragon
Greenwich
11 June 1509
1 daughter
(2) Anne Boleyn
Westminster Palace
25 January 1533 [lower-alpha 9]
1 daughter
(3) Jane Seymour
Whitehall Palace
30 May 1536
1 son
3 further marriages
No more children
28 January 1547
Whitehall Palace
Aged 55
Son of Henry VII
Primogeniture
Edward VI [66]
28 January 1547 [lower-roman 19]

6 July 1553
(6 years, 160 days)
Circle of William Scrots Edward VI of England.jpg 12 October 1537
Hampton Court Palace
Son of Henry VIII
and Jane Seymour
Unmarried6 July 1553
Greenwich Palace
Aged 15
Son of Henry VIII
Primogeniture

Disputed claimant

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary queen. Jane was later executed for treason.

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Jane [67]
Lady Jane Grey
10 July 1553

19 July 1553
(9 days)
Streathamladyjayne.jpg Arms of Grey Family.svg 1536 or 1537
Bradgate Park
Daughter of the 1st Duke of Suffolk
and Frances Brandon
Guildford Dudley
The Strand
21 May 1553
No children
12 February 1554
Tower of London
Executed aged about 17
Great-granddaughter of Henry VII
Devise for the Succession
NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Mary I [68]
19 July 1553 [lower-roman 20]

17 November 1558
(5 years, 122 days)
Anthonis Mor 001.jpg Royal Arms of England (1554-1558).svg 18 February 1516
Greenwich Palace
Daughter of Henry VIII
and Catherine of Aragon
Philip II of Spain
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children
17 November 1558
St James's Palace
Aged 42
Daughter of Henry VIII
Third Succession Act
(Jure uxoris)
Philip [69]
25 July 1554 [lower-alpha 10]

17 November 1558
(4 years, 116 days)
Portrait of King Philip II of Spain (1527-1598), by Antonis Mor (Bilbao Fine Arts Museum).jpg 21 May 1527
Valladolid
Son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
and Isabella of Portugal
Mary I of England
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children
3 other marriages
7 children
13 September 1598
El Escorial
Aged 71
Husband of Mary I
Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (later Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions" [70] (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife. [69] [lower-alpha 11]

Elizabeth I [74]
17 November 1558 [lower-roman 21]

24 March 1603
(44 years, 128 days)
Elizabeth I in coronation robes.jpg Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg 7 September 1533
Greenwich Palace
Daughter of Henry VIII
and Anne Boleyn
Unmarried24 March 1603
Richmond Palace
Aged 69
Daughter of Henry VIII
Third Succession Act

House of Stuart (1603–1649)

Elizabeth's cousin, King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland. In 1604, he adopted the title King of Great Britain. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707. [75]

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
James I [76]
24 March 1603 [lower-roman 22]

27 March 1625
(22 years, 4 days)
JamesIEngland.jpg Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg 19 June 1566
Edinburgh Castle
Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Anne of Denmark
Oslo
23 November 1589
7 children
27 March 1625
Theobalds House
Aged 58
Great-great-grandson / heir general of Henry VII
Charles I [77]
27 March 1625 [lower-roman 23]

30 January 1649
(23 years, 310 days)
King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg 19 November 1600
Dunfermline Palace
Son of James I
and Anne of Denmark
Henrietta Maria of France
St Augustine's Abbey
13 June 1625
9 children
30 January 1649
Whitehall Palace
Executed aged 48
Son of James I
Cognatic primogeniture

First Interregnum (1649–1660)

No monarch reigned after the 1649 execution of Charles I. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England.

After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered The Protectorate period, under Cromwell's direct control with the title Lord Protector.

It was within the power of the Lord Protector to choose his heir and Oliver Cromwell chose his eldest son, Richard Cromwell, to succeed him.

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)Death
Oliver Cromwell
16 December 1653

3 September 1658 [78]
(4 years, 262 days)
Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg Arms of the Protectorate (1653-1659).svg 25 April 1599
Huntingdon [78]
Son of Robert Cromwell
and Elizabeth Steward [79]
Elizabeth Bourchier
St Giles [80]
22 August 1620
9 children [78]
3 September 1658
Whitehall
Aged 59 [78]
Richard Cromwell
3 September 1658

7 May 1659 [81]
(247 days)
Richard Cromwell (1626-1712), by Gerard Soest.jpg 4 October 1626
Huntingdon
Son of Oliver Cromwell
and Elizabeth Bourchier [81]
Dorothy Maijor
May 1649
9 children [81]
12 July 1712
Cheshunt
Aged 85 [82]

Richard Cromwell was forcibly removed by the English Committee of Safety in May 1659. England again lacked any single head of state. After almost a year of anarchy, the monarchy was formally restored when Charles II returned from France to accept the throne.

House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)

The Monarchy was restored under the rule of Charles II.

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Charles II [83]
29 May 1660 [lower-roman 24]

6 February 1685
(24 years, 254 days)
King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg 29 May 1630
St James's Palace
Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France
Catherine of Braganza
Portsmouth
21 May 1662
No children
6 February 1685
Whitehall Palace
Aged 54
Son of Charles I
Cognatic primogeniture
English Restoration
James II [84]
6 February 1685 [lower-roman 25]

23 December 1688
(Overthrown after 3 years, 321 days)
James II by Peter Lely.jpg 14 October 1633
St James's Palace
Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France
(1) Anne Hyde
The Strand
3 September 1660
8 children
(2) Mary of Modena
Dover
21 November 1673
7 children
16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Aged 67
Son of Charles I
Cognatic primogeniture

Second Interregnum 1688–1689

James II was ousted by Parliament less than four years after ascending to the throne, beginning the century's second interregnum. To settle the question of who should replace the deposed monarch, a Convention Parliament elected James' daughter Mary II and her husband (also his nephew) William III co-regents, in the Glorious Revolution.

Houses of Stuart and Orange

NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriage(s)DeathClaim
Mary II [85]
13 February 1689 [lower-roman 26]

28 December 1694
(5 years, 319 days)
Mary II - Kneller 1690.jpg Royal Arms of England (1689-1694).svg 30 April 1662
St James's Palace
Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
William III of England
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children
28 December 1694
Kensington Palace
Aged 32
Daughter of James II
Offered the Crown by Parliament
William III [85] [86]
William of Orange
13 February 1689 [lower-roman 26]

8 March 1702
(13 years, 24 days)
King William III of England.jpg Royal Arms of England (1694-1702).svg 4 November 1650
The Hague
Son of William II of Orange
and Mary of England
Mary II of England
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children
8 March 1702
Kensington Palace
Aged 51
Grandson of Charles I
Offered the Crown by Parliament
Anne [87]
8 March 1702 [lower-roman 27]

1 May 1707
(5 years, 55 days)
(Queen of Great Britain until
1 August 1714)

(12 years, 147 days)
Closterman, John - Queen Anne - NPG 215.jpg Royal Arms of England (1603-1707).svg 6 February 1665
St James's Palace
Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
3 children
1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49
Daughter of James II
Cognatic primogeniture
Bill of Rights 1689

While James and his descendants continued to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James II's son and grandson, James Francis Edward and Charles respectively) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701, enacted by Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters.

With the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain; see List of British monarchs.

Acts of Union

The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. The acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate sovereign states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into the Kingdom of Great Britain. [88]

England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate crowns resting on the same head.

There had been attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689, to unite England and Scotland by Acts of Parliament but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the support of both political establishments behind it, albeit for rather different reasons.

Timeline

Timeline of English monarchs
Anne, Queen of Great BritainWilliam III of EnglandMary II of EnglandJames II of EnglandCharles II of EnglandRichard CromwellOliver CromwellCharles I of EnglandJames VI and IElizabeth IPhilip II of SpainMary I of EnglandLady Jane GreyEdward VI of EnglandHenry VIIIHenry VII of EnglandRichard III of EnglandEdward V of EnglandEdward IV of EnglandHenry VI of EnglandHenry V of EnglandHenry IV of EnglandRichard II of EnglandEdward III of EnglandEdward II of EnglandEdward I of EnglandHenry III of EnglandLouis VIIIJohn, King of EnglandRichard I of EnglandHenry the Young KingHenry II of EnglandEustace IV, Count of BoulogneEmpress MatildaStephen, King of EnglandHenry I of EnglandWilliam II of EnglandWilliam the ConquerorEdgar ÆthelingHarold GodwinsonEdward the ConfessorHarthacnutHarold HarefootCnut the GreatEdmund IronsideSweyn ForkbeardÆthelred the UnreadyEdward the MartyrEdgar the PeacefulEadwigEadredEdmund IÆthelstanÆlfweard of WessexEdward the ElderAlfred the GreatList of English monarchs

Titles

The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English").

From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie.

In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was Queen of Great Britain rather than king). [lower-alpha 12]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. Edward III became king at age 14.
  2. Æthelred was forced to go into exile in mid-1013, following Danish attacks, but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard's death in 1014. [18]
  3. Harold was only recognised as Regent until 1037, when he was recognised as king. [26]
  4. After reigning for approximately 9 weeks, Edgar Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror, who had gained control of the area to the south and immediate west of London. [30]
  5. Sometimes William the Bastard
  6. Matilda is not listed as a monarch of England in many genealogies within texts, including Carpenter, David (2003). A Struggle for Mastery. p. 533.; Warren, W.L. (1973). Henry II . Berkeley. p.  176. ISBN   9780520022829.; and Gillingham, John (1984). The Angevin Empire. p. x..
  7. The date of Edward II's death is disputed by historian Ian Mortimer, who argues that he may not have been murdered, but held imprisoned in Europe for several more years. [50]
  8. Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate. He was never crowned. [58]
  9. Edward Hall and Raphael Holinshed both record an earlier secret wedding between Henry and Anne, which was conducted in Dover on 15 November 1532.
  10. Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. (See Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain.) However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous. The Act says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions", but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.
  11. As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish. [69] [71] Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. [72] Acts were passed in England and in Ireland which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority (see Treason Act 1554). [73]
  12. After the personal union of the crowns, James was the first to style himself King of Great Britain, but the title was rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law. The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it. [89] (See also Union Flag.)

Coronations

  1. William II was crowned on 26 September 1087.
  2. Henry I was crowned on 5 August 1100.
  3. Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135.
  4. Henry II was crowned on 19 December 1154 with his queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  5. Richard I was crowned on 3 September 1189.
  6. John was crowned on 27 May 1199.
  7. Henry III was crowned on 28 October 1216.
  8. Edward I was crowned on 19 August 1274 with Queen Eleanor.
  9. Edward II was crowned on 25 February 1308 with Queen Isabella.
  10. Edward III was crowned on 1 February 1327.
  11. Richard II was crowned on 16 July 1377.
  12. Henry IV was crowned on 13 October 1399.
  13. Henry V was crowned on 9 April 1413.
  14. Henry VI was crowned on 6 November 1429.
  15. Edward IV was crowned on 28 June 1461.
  16. Richard III was crowned on 6 July 1483 with Queen Anne.
  17. Henry VII was crowned on 30 October 1485.
  18. Henry VIII was crowned on 24 June 1509 with Queen Catherine.
  19. Edward VI was crowned on 20 February 1547.
  20. Mary I was crowned on 1 October 1553.
  21. Elizabeth I was crowned on 15 January 1559.
  22. James I was crowned on 25 July 1603 with Queen Anne.
  23. Charles I was crowned on 2 February 1626.
  24. Charles II was crowned on 23 April 1661 but had been recognised by Royalists in 1649.
  25. James II was crowned on 23 April 1685 with Queen Mary.
  26. 1 2 Mary II and William III were crowned on 11 April 1689.
  27. Anne was crowned on 23 April 1702.

Burials

  1. Ælfweard was buried at Winchester. [11]
  2. William I was buried at the Abbey of Saint-Étienne (French: Abbaye aux Hommes) in France.
  3. Henry I was buried at Reading Abbey.
  4. Henry II was buried at Fontevraud Abbey.
  5. Richard I was buried at Rouen Cathedral. His body currently lies at Fontevraud Abbey.
  6. John was buried at Worcester Cathedral.
  7. The body of Richard III was exhumed and reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Act of Settlement 1701</span> United Kingdom law disqualifying Catholic monarchs

The Act of Settlement is an Act of the Parliament of England that settled the succession to the English and Irish crowns to only Protestants, which passed in 1701. More specifically, anyone who became a Roman Catholic, or who married one, became disqualified to inherit the throne. This had the effect of deposing the remaining descendants of Charles I, other than his Protestant granddaughter Anne, as the next Protestant in line to the throne was Sophia of Hanover. Born into the House of Wittelsbach, she was a granddaughter of James VI and I from his most junior surviving line, with the crowns descending only to her non-Catholic heirs. Sophia died shortly before the death of Queen Anne, and Sophia's son succeeded to the throne as King George I, starting the Hanoverian dynasty in Britain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</span>

The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. The current monarch is King Charles III, who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022, upon the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Francis Edward Stuart</span> Jacobite pretender (1688–1766)

James Francis Edward Stuart, nicknamed the Old Pretender by Whigs and the King over the Water by Jacobites, was the son of King James VII and II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and his second wife, Mary of Modena. He was Prince of Wales from July 1688 until, just months after his birth, his Catholic father was deposed and exiled in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James II's Protestant elder daughter Mary II and her husband William III became co-monarchs. The Bill of Rights 1689 and Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Catholics such as James from the English and British thrones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of the United Kingdom</span>

The coat of arms of the United Kingdom are the arms of dominion of the British monarch. They are both the personal arms of the monarch, currently King Charles III, and the arms of the state. In addition to the monarch, the arms are used by state institutions including the Government of the United Kingdom, the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the British judiciary. Differenced versions of the arms are used by members of the British royal family. The monarch's official flag, the Royal Standard, is the coat of arms in flag form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speech from the throne</span> Monarchs speech outlining governmental agenda and opening the legislative session

A speech from the throne, or throne speech, is an event in certain monarchies in which the reigning sovereign, or their representative, reads a prepared speech to members of the nation's legislature when a session is opened. The address sets forth the government's priorities for its legislative agenda, for which the cooperation of the legislature is sought. The speech is often accompanied by formal ceremony. It is often held annually, although in some places it may occur more or less frequently, whenever a new session of the legislature is opened.

The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the English monarchs as the head of the Church of Ireland. The 1534 Act declared King Henry VIII and his successors as the Supreme Head of the Church, replacing the Pope. This first Act was repealed during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I. The 1558 Act declared Queen Elizabeth I and her successors the Supreme Governor of the Church, a title that the British monarch still holds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom</span> British royal regalia

The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are a collection of royal ceremonial objects kept in the Jewel House at the Tower of London, which include the coronation regalia and vestments worn by British monarchs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronation of the British monarch</span> Formal investiture and crowning ceremony

The coronation of the monarch of the United Kingdom is an initiation ceremony in which they are formally invested with regalia and crowned at Westminster Abbey. It corresponds to the coronations that formerly took place in other European monarchies, which have all abandoned coronations in favour of inauguration or enthronement ceremonies. A coronation is a symbolic formality and does not signify the official beginning of the monarch's reign; de jure and de facto their reign commences from the moment of the preceding monarch's death or abdication, maintaining legal continuity of the monarchy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of England</span> State from the early 10th century to 1707

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the early 10th century, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until May 1, 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom. The Kingdom of England was among the most powerful states in Europe during the medieval and early modern colonial periods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Seal of the Realm</span> Symbol of the British monarchys approval

The Great Seal of the Realm is a seal that is used to symbolise the Sovereign's approval of state documents. It is also known as the Great Seal of the United Kingdom. To make it, sealing wax is melted in a metal mould or matrix and impressed into a wax figure that is attached by cord or ribbon to documents that the Monarch wishes to seal officially. The formal keeper of the seal is the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Succession to the British throne</span> Law governing who can become British monarch

Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, sex, legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover who are in "communion with the Church of England". Spouses of Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">English claims to the French throne</span> Claims to the French throne by English and British monarchs

From the 1340s to the 19th century, excluding two brief intervals in the 1360s and the 1420s, the kings and queens of England and Ireland also claimed the throne of France. The claim dates from Edward III, who claimed the French throne in 1340 as the sororal nephew of the last direct Capetian, Charles IV. Edward and his heirs fought the Hundred Years' War to enforce this claim, and were briefly successful in the 1420s under Henry V and Henry VI, but the House of Valois, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, was ultimately victorious and retained control of France, except for Calais and the Channel Islands. Following the Hundred Years War, English and British monarchs continued to prominently call themselves kings of France, and included the French fleur-de-lis in their royal arms. This continued until 1802, by which time France no longer had any monarch, having become a republic. The Jacobite claimants, however, did not explicitly relinquish the claim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Badge of Wales</span> Badge of Wales

A Royal Badge for Wales was approved in May 2008. It is based on the arms borne by the thirteenth-century Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great, with the addition of St Edward's Crown atop a continuous scroll which, together with a wreath consisting of the plant emblems of the four countries of the United Kingdom, surrounds the shield. The motto which appears on the scroll, PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD, is taken from the National Anthem of Wales and is also found on the Welsh designs for £1 coins minted from 1985 until 2000. The badge formerly appeared on the covers of Assembly Measures; since the 2011 referendum, it now appears on the cover of Acts passed by the Senedd and its escutcheon, ribbon and motto are depicted on the Welsh Seal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal succession bills and acts</span>

Royal Succession bills and acts are laws or pieces of proposed legislation to determine the legal line of succession to the Monarchy of the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</span> History of monarchy in the UK

The history of the monarchy of the United Kingdom and its evolution into a constitutional and ceremonial monarchy is a major theme in the historical development of the British constitution. The British monarchy traces its origins to the petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England and early medieval Scotland, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century. Anglo-Saxon England had an elective monarchy, but this was replaced by primogeniture after England was conquered by the Normans in 1066. The Norman and Plantagenet dynasties expanded their authority throughout the British Isles, creating the Lordship of Ireland in 1177 and conquering Wales in 1283. In 1215, King John agreed to limit his own powers over his subjects according to the terms of Magna Carta. To gain the consent of the political community, English kings began summoning Parliaments to approve taxation and to enact statutes. Gradually, Parliament's authority expanded at the expense of royal power.

References

Citations

  1. Ashley, Mike (2003). A Brief History of British Kings and Queens: British Royal History from Alfred the Great to the Present. Running Press.
  2. Keynes, Simon (1999). "Offa". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 340. ISBN   978-0-631-22492-1.
  3. 1 2 Fryde 1996, p. 25.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Keynes, Simon (2001). "Rulers of the English, c 450–1066". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. p. 514.
  5. Pratt, David (2007). The political thought of King Alfred the Great. Fourth Series. Vol. 67. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-521-80350-2.; "Kings and Queens of England". britroyals.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.; "Alfred 'The Great' (r. 871–899)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  6. "Edward 'The Elder' (r. 899–924)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  7. Yorke, Barbara (1988). Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence. Woodbridge. p. 71.
  8. Yorke, Barbara (1988). Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence. Woodbridge. p. 71; f. 9v. cited by Yorke.; "Ælfweard 4". Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England .
  9. Miller, Sean (2001). "Æthelstan". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. p. 16.
  10. 1 2 Keynes, Simon (2001). "Edward the Elder". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons. Routledge. pp. 50–51.
  11. Thacker, Alan (2001). "Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder. Routledge. p. 253.
  12. "Aethelstan". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.; "Athelstan (r. 924–939)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  13. "Eadmund (Edmund)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edmund I (r. 939–946)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  14. "Eadred (Edred)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "King Edred". britroyals.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edred (r. 946–55)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  15. "Eadwig (Edwy)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edwy". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edwy (r. 955–959)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  16. "Eadgar (Edgar the Peacemaker)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edgar (r. 959–975)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  17. "Eadweard (Edward the Martyr)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.; "Edward II 'The Martyr' (r. 975–978)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  18. 1 2 3 "Aethelred (the Unready)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
  19. 1 2 "Ethelred II 'The Unready' (r. 978–1013 and 1014–1016)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  20. "Sweyn (Forkbeard)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2007.; Rosborn, Sven (2021). The Viking King's Golden Treasure. About the Curmsun Disc, the discovery of a lost manuscript, Harald Bluetooth's grave and the location of the fortress of Jomsborg. Rivengate AB. ISBN   978-91-986780-1-7.
  21. 1 2 "Eadmund (Edmund the Ironside)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
  22. "Edmund II 'Ironside' (r. Apr – Nov 1016)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  23. "Edmund II (king of England)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  24. "Cnut (Canute)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2007.; "Canute 'The Great' (r. 1016–1035)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  25. "Harold I". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12359.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.); "Harold Harefoot (r. 1035–1040)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  26. 1 2 "Harold (Harefoot)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  27. "Harthacnut". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12252.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.); "Harthacnut". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 28 October 2007.; "Hardicanute (r. 1035–1042)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  28. "Edward III 'The Confessor' (r. 1042–1066)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  29. "Harold II (r. Jan – Oct 1066)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  30. 1 2 "Eadgar (the Ætheling)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
  31. "Edgar Atheling (r. Oct – Dec 1066)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  32. "William I 'The Conqueror' (r. 1066–1087)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 34.
  33. "William II (Known as William Rufus) (r. 1087–1100)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 35.
  34. "Henry I 'Beauclerc' (r. 1100–1135)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 35.
  35. Fryde 1996, p. 35.
  36. 1 2 "Stephen and Matilda (r. 1135–1154)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  37. "Matilda (the Empress)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  38. Ashley, Mike (1999). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson Publishing Ltd. p. 516. ISBN   978-1-84119-096-9.
  39. 1 2 Pine, Leslie Gilbert (1983). A Dictionary of mottoes. Routledge. p.  53. ISBN   978-0-7100-9339-4.
  40. Norris, Herbert (1999). Medieval Costume and Fashion (illustrated, reprint ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p.  312. ISBN   978-0-486-40486-8.
  41. "Henry II 'Curtmantle' (r. 1154–1189)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 36.
  42. "Richard I Coeur de Lion ('The Lionheart') (r.1189–1199)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 36.
  43. "John Lackland (r. 1199–1216)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 37.
  44. "England: Louis of France's Claim to the Throne of England: 1216–1217". Archontology.org. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  45. "The Only Two Louis in British History". TheCrownChronicles.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  46. Hanley, Catherine (2016). Louis: The French Prince Who Invaded England. Yale University Press. pp. 1066, 1208. ISBN   978-0-300-22164-0.
  47. "Henry III (r. 1216–1272)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 37.
  48. "Edward I 'Longshanks' (r. 1272–1307)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 38.
  49. "Edward II (r. 1307–1327)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 39.
  50. Mortimer, Ian (2008). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. Penguin Random House. ISBN   978-0-09-952709-1.
  51. "Edward III (r. 1327–1377)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 39.
  52. "Richard II (r. 1377–1399)". royal.gov.uk. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 40.
  53. Mortimer, Ian (2007). "Henry IV's date of birth and the royal Maundy". Historical Research . 80 (210): 567–576. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00403.x. ISSN   0950-3471.; "Henry IV (r.1399–1413)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 40.
  54. Allmand, Christopher (September 2010). "Henry V (1386–1422)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12952.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.); "Henry V (r. 1413–1422)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 41.
  55. 1 2 Berry, Ciara (14 January 2016). "Henry VI (r.1422–1461 and 1470–1471)". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  56. Fryde 1996, p. 41.
  57. 1 2 "Edward IV (r. 1461–1470 and 1471–1483)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  58. 1 2 "Edward V". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  59. "Edward V (Apr–Jun 1483)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 41.
  60. "Richard III". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.; "Richard III (r. 1483–1485)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  61. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 19–20.
  62. Chris Skidmore, The Rise of the Tudors: The Family That Changed English History, (St.Martin's Press, 2013), 22.
  63. Pollard, Albert Frederick (1901). "Beaufort, John (1373?-1410)"  . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 158.
  64. "Henry VII (r. 1485–1509)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  65. "Henry VIII (r.1509–1547)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; Fryde 1996 , p. 42.
  66. "Edward VI (r.1547–1553)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  67. "Lady Jane Grey: Marriage". britannia.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.; "Lady Jane Grey (r. 10–19 July 1553)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  68. "Mary I (r.1553–1558)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  69. 1 2 3 Montrose, Louis Adrian (2006). The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation. University of Chicago Press.
  70. "Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain (1554)". Document Discovery Project. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  71. Pollard, A. F. (2007). The History of England From the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603). Read Books.; Groot, Wim de (2005). The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557). Uitgeverij Verloren.
  72. Marks, Richard; Payne, Ann; British Museum; British Library, eds. (1978). British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800. British Museum Publications Ltd.; The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association. 1971.
  73. Edwards, Robert Dudley (1977). Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation. Taylor & Francis.
  74. "Elizabeth I (r.1558–1603)". royal.gov.uk. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  75. Act of Union 1707  via Wikisource.
  76. "James I (r. 1603–1625)". royal.gov.uk. 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  77. "Charles I (r. 1625–1649)". royal.gov.uk. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  78. 1 2 3 4 "Oliver Cromwell 1599–1658". british-civil-wars.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  79. "Oliver Cromwell – Faq 1". olivercromwell.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  80. "History of St Giles' without Cripplegate". stgilescripplegate.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  81. 1 2 3 "Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 1626–1712". british-civil-wars.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  82. "Cromwell, Richard". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  83. "Charles II (r. 1660–1685)". royal.gov.uk. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; "Oliver Cromwell (1649–1658 AD)". britannia.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
  84. "James II (r.1685–1688)". royal.gov.uk. 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  85. 1 2 "William III (r. 1689–1702) and Mary II (r. 1689–1694)". royal.gov.uk. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  86. "William III". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  87. "Anne (r. 1702–1714)". royal.gov.uk. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.; "Anne (England)". archontology.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  88. "Welcome". parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  89. Croft, p. 67; Wilson, pp. 249–252.

Works cited

Further reading