Dictionary of National Biography

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The title page of the first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography (1885) Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 1, title page.jpg
The title page of the first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography (1885)

The Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published since 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and online, with 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives.

Contents

First series

Hoping to emulate national biographical collections published elsewhere in Europe, such as the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1875), in 1882 the publisher George Smith (1824–1901), of Smith, Elder & Co., planned a universal dictionary that would include biographical entries on individuals from world history. He approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine , owned by Smith, to become the editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus only on subjects from the United Kingdom and its present and former colonies. An early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work.

The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885. In May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephen's assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. [1] A dedicated team of sub-editors and researchers worked under Stephen and Lee, combining a variety of talents from veteran journalists to young scholars who cut their academic teeth on dictionary articles at a time when postgraduate historical research in British universities was still in its infancy. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, who included several respected writers and scholars of the late nineteenth century. By 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63. [1] The year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below.

Supplements and revisions

George Murray Smith conceived of the DNB, subsidised it, and saw it finally into print before he died in 1901. George Smith by John Collier.jpg
George Murray Smith conceived of the DNB, subsidised it, and saw it finally into print before he died in 1901.

Since the scope included only deceased figures, the DNB was soon extended by the issue of three supplementary volumes, covering subjects who had died between 1885 and 1900 or who had been overlooked in the original alphabetical sequence. The supplements brought the whole work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. Corrections were added.

After issuing a volume of errata in 1904, the dictionary was reissued with minor revisions in 22 volumes in 1908 and 1909; a subtitle said that it covered British history "from the earliest times to the year 1900". In the words of the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , the dictionary had "proved of inestimable service in elucidating the private annals of the British", [1] providing not only concise lives of the notable deceased, but additionally lists of sources which were invaluable to researchers in a period when few libraries or collections of manuscripts had published catalogues or indices, and the production of indices to periodical literatures was just beginning. Throughout the twentieth century, further volumes were published for those who had died, generally on a decade-by-decade basis, beginning in 1912 with a supplement edited by Lee covering those who died between 1901 and 1911. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co., to Oxford University Press in 1917. Until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. These include the 3rd supplement in 1927 (covering those who died between 1912 and 1921), 4th supplement in 1937 (covering those who died between 1922 and 1930), 5th supplement in 1949 (covering those who died between 1931 and 1940), 6th supplement in 1959 (covering those who died between 1941 and 1950), 7th supplement in 1971 (covering those who died between 1951 and 1960), 8th supplement in 1981 (covering those who died between 1961 and 1970), 9th supplement in 1986 (covering those who died between 1971 and 1980), 10th supplement in 1990 (covering those who died between 1981 and 1985), 11th supplement in 1993 (covering missing persons, see below), and 12th supplement in 1996 (covering those who died between 1986 and 1990).

The 63 volumes of the original DNB included 29,120 lives; [2] the supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the twentieth century. In 1993, a volume containing missing biographies was published. [2] This had an additional 1,086 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. [2]

L. G. L. Legg was editor of the DNB in the 1940s. [3]

In 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research . [4]

Concise dictionary

There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography , which covered everyone in the main work but with much shorter articles; some were only two lines. The last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986.

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

Some volumes of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography volumes.jpg
Some volumes of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

In the early 1990s, Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB. Work on what was known until 2001 as the New Dictionary of National Biography, or New DNB, began in 1992 under the editorship of Colin Matthew, professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford. Matthew decided that no subjects from the old dictionary would be excluded, however insignificant the subjects appeared to a late twentieth-century eye; that a minority of shorter articles from the original dictionary would remain in the new version in revised form, but most would be rewritten; and that room would be made for about 14,000 new subjects. Suggestions for new subjects were solicited through questionnaires placed in libraries and universities and, as the 1990s advanced, online. The suggestions were assessed by the editor, the 12 external consultant editors, and several hundred associate editors and in-house staff. Digitisation of the DNB was performed by the Alliance Photosetting Company in Pondicherry, India. [5]

The new dictionary would cover British history, "broadly defined" (including, for example, subjects from Roman Britain, the United States of America before its independence, and from Britain's former colonies, provided they were functionally part of the Empire and not of "the indigenous culture", as stated in the Introduction), up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a collaborative one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. It would remain selective – there would be no attempt to include all members of parliament, for example – but would seek to include significant, influential or notorious figures from the whole canvas of the life of the United Kingdom and its former colonies, overlaying the decisions of the late-nineteenth-century editors with the interests of late-twentieth-century scholarship in the hope that "the two epochs in collaboration might produce something more useful for the future than either epoch on its own", but acknowledging also that a final definitive selection is impossible to achieve.

Matthews's dedication to a digitised ODNB included what Christopher Warren calls Matthews's "data internationalism". [5] In a 1996 essay, Matthew prophesied, "Who can doubt that in the course of the next century, as nationality in Europe gives way to European Union, so national reference works, at least in Europe, will do so also....Just as the computer is collapsing national library catalogues in a single world-wide series, so I am sure that in the course of the next fifty years we will see the gradual aggregation of our various dictionaries of national biography. We will be much blamed by our users if we do not!" [5]

Following Matthew's death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (or ODNB), was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7,500, and in an online edition for subscribers. Most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a much lower price. [6] At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, including entries on all subjects included in the old DNB (the old DNB entries on these subjects may be accessed separately through a link to the "DNB Archive" – many of the longer entries are still highly regarded). A small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition. Harrison was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Lawrence Goldman, in October 2004. The first online update was published on 4 January 2005, including subjects who had died in 2001. A further update, including subjects from all periods, followed on 23 May 2005, and another on 6 October 2005. New subjects who died in 2002 were added to the online dictionary on 5 January 2006, with continuing releases in May and October in subsequent years following the precedent of 2005. The ODNB also includes some new biographies on people who died before the DNB was published and are not included in the original DNB, because they have become notable since the DNB was published through the work of more recent historians, for example William Eyre (fl. 1634–1675).

The online version has an advanced search facility, allowing a search for people by area of interest, religion and "Places, Dates, Life Events". This accesses an electronic index that cannot be directly viewed.

Response to the new dictionary has been for the most part positive, but in the months following publication there was occasional criticism of the dictionary in some British newspapers and periodicals for reported factual inaccuracies. [7] [8] However, the number of articles publicly queried in this way was small – only 23 of the 50,113 articles published in September 2004, leading to fewer than 100 substantiated factual amendments.[ citation needed ] These and other queries received since publication are being considered as part of an ongoing programme of assessing proposed corrections or additions to existing subject articles, which can, when approved, be incorporated into the online edition of the dictionary. In 2005, The American Library Association awarded the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography its prestigious Dartmouth Medal. A general review of the dictionary was published in 2007. [9]

Sir David Cannadine took over the editorship from October 2014. [10]

First series contents

Contents of each volume of the first series with year of publication and editor.
VolumeNamesYear publishedEditor
1Abbadie – Anne1885Stephen
2Annesley – Baird
3Baker – Beadon
4Beal – Biber
5Bicheno – Bottisham1886
6Bottomley – Browell
7Brown – Burthogge
8Burton – Cantwell
9Canute – Chaloner1887
10Chamber – Clarkson
11Clater – Condell
12Conder – Craigie
13Craik – Damer1888
14Damon – D'Eyncourt
15Diamond – Drake
16Drant – Edridge
17Edward – Erskine1889
18Esdale – Finan
19Finch – Forman
20Forrest – Garner
21Garnett – Gloucester1890
22Glover – GravetStephen & Lee
23Gray – Haighton
24Hailes – Harriott
25Harris – Henry I1891
26Henry II – Hindley
27Hindmarsh – HovendenSidney Lee
28Howard – Inglethorpe
29Inglish – John1892
30Johnes – Kenneth
31Kennett – Lambart
32Lambe – Leigh
33Leighton – Lluelyn1893
34Llywd – MacCartney
35MacCarwell – Maltby
36Malthus – Mason
37Masquerier – Millyng1894
38Milman – More
39Morehead – Myles
40Myllar – Nicholls
41Nichols – O'Dugan1895
42O'Duinn – Owen
43Owens – Passelewe
44Paston – Percy
45Pereira – Pockrich1896
46Pocock – Puckering
47Puckle – Reidfurd
48Reilly – Robins
49Robinson – Russell1897
50Russen – Scobell
51Scoffin – Sheares
52Shearman – Smirke
53Smith – Stanger1898
54Stanhope – Stovin [11]
55Stow – Taylor
56Teach – Tollet
57Tom – Tytler1899
58Ubaldini – Wakefield
59Wakeman – Watkins
60Watson – Whewell
61Whichcord – Williams1900
62Williamson – Worden
63Wordsworth – Zuylestein

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Biography"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954. The DNB is described in the last paragraph of this article.
  2. 1 2 3 The Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993. pp. v–vii. ISBN   0-19-865211-9.
  3. "Legg, Leopold George Wickham" in Who Was Who 1961–1970 (A & C Black, 1979 reprint, ISBN   0-7136-2008-0)
  4. University of London. Corrections and Additions to the Dictionary of National Biography, Cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research Covering the Years 1923–1963. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1966.
  5. 1 2 3 Warren, Christopher N. (2018). "Historiography's Two Voices: Data Infrastructure and History at Scale in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB)". Journal of Cultural Analytics. doi: 10.22148/16.028 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  6. E.g., at least one U.K. bookseller in 2012 was asking £1738.44 (US$2842.42) including free worldwide delivery: "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: In Association with the British Academy. From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000 (Hardback)". AbeBooks. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
  7. Stefan Collini (20 January 2005). "Our Island Story". London Review of Books . Vol. 27, no. 2. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009.
  8. Vanessa Thorpe (6 March 2005). "At £7,500 for the set, you'd think they'd get their facts right". The Observer . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008.
  9. Raven, James (2007). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Dictionary or Encyclopaedia?". The Historical Journal . 50 (4): 991–1006. doi:10.1017/S0018246X07006474. S2CID   162650444.
  10. "David Cannadine is the new Editor of the Oxford DNB". OUP. 1 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  11. Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). Dictionary of national biography. Vol. 54. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
DNB
The volumes of the first edition of the Dictionary of National Biography in various file formats in the Internet Archive
VolumeDateFromToNotes
Index and Epitome 1903The Index, with a summary for each entry.
Volume 1 1885AbbadieAnne
Volume 2 1885AnneslyaBaird
Volume 3 1885BakerBeadon
Volume 4 1885BealBiber
Volume 5 1886BichenoBottisham
Volume 6 1886BottomleyBrowell
Volume 7 1886BrownBurthogge
Volume 8 1886BurtonCantwell
Volume 9 1887CanuteChaloner
Volume 10 1887ChamberClarkson
Volume 11 1887ClaterCondell
Volume 12 1887ConderCraigie
Volume 13 1888CraikDamer
Volume 14 1888DamonD'Eyncourt
Volume 15 1888DiamondDrake
Volume 16 1888DrantEdridge
Volume 17 1889EdwardErskine
Volume 18 1889EsdaileFinan
Volume 19 1889FinchForman
Volume 20 1889ForestGarner
Volume 21 1890GarnettGloucester
Volume 22 1890GloverGravet
Volume 22 supplement 1901GloverGravet
Volume 23 1890GrayHaighton
Volume 24 1890HailesHarriottIncorrectly labeled as Volume 25
Volume 25 1891HarrisHenry I
Volume 26 1891Henry IIHindley
Volume 27 1891HindmarshHovenden
Volume 28 1891HowardInglethorp
Volume 29 1892InglisJohnTruncated at p. 279, at Jeffreys G.
Volume 30 1892JohnesKenneth
Volume 31 1892KennettLambart
Volume 32 1892LambreLeigh
Volume 33 1893LeightonLluelyn
Volume 34 1893LlwydMacCartney
Volume 35 1893MacCarwellMaltby
Volume 36 1893MalthusMason
Volume 37 1894MasquerierMillyng
Volume 38 1894MilmanMore
Volume 39 1894MoreheadMyles
Volume 40 1894MyllarNichols
Volume 41 1895NicholsO'Dugan
Volume 42 1895O'DuinnOwen
Volume 43 1895OwensPasselewe
Volume 44 1895PastonPercy
Volume 45 1896PereiraPochrich
Volume 46 1896PocockPuckering
Volume 47 1896PuckleReidfurd
Volume 48 1896ReilyRobins
Volume 49 1897RobinsonRussell
Volume 50 1897RussenScobell
Volume 51 1897ScoffinSheares
Volume 52 1897ShearmanSmirke
Volume 53 1898SmithStanger
Volume 54 1898StanhopeStovin
Volume 55 1898StowTaylor
Volume 56 1898TeachTollet
Volume 57 1899TomTytler
Volume 58 1899UbaldiniWakefield
Volume 59 1899WakemanWatkins
Volume 60 1899WatsonWhewell
Volume 61 1900WhichcordWilliams
Volume 62 1900WilliamsonWorden
Volume 63 1900WordsworthZuylestein
Supplementary volumes for the first edition
Supplement Volume 1 1901AbbottChilders
Supplement Volume 2 1901ChippendaleHoste
Supplement Volume 3 1901HowWoodward
Errata 1904
The volumes of the second edition at Google Books
Volume 1 1908AddadieBeadon
Volume 2 1908BealBrowell
Volume 3 1908BrownChaloner
Volume 4 1908ChamberCraigie
Volume 5 1908CraikDrake
Volume 6 1908DrantFinan
Volume 7 1908FinchGloucester
Volume 8 1908GloverHarriott
Volume 9 1908HarrisHoveden
Volume 10 1908HowardKenneth
Volume 11 1909KennettLluelyn
Volume 12 1909LlwydMason
Volume 13 1909MasquerierMyles
Volume 14 1909MyllarOwen
Volume 15 1909OwensPockrich
Volume 16 1909PockockRobins
Volume 17 1909RobinsonSheares
Volume 18 1909ShearmanStovin
Volume 19 1909StowTytler
Volume 20 1909UbaldiniWhewell
Volume 21 1909WhichcordZuylestein
Volume 22 1909
Supplementary volumes for the second edition
Second supplement Volume 1 1912AbbeyEyre
Second supplement Volume 2 1912FaedMuybridge
Second supplement Volume 3 1912NeilYoung
Second series of supplementary volumes for the second edition
Second supplement 1927