Pucklechurch

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Pucklechurch
ChurchatPucklechurch.jpg
St Thomas à Becket Church, Grade I listed C of E parish church
Gloucestershire UK location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Pucklechurch
Location within Gloucestershire
Population3,207 (2021 Census) [1]
OS grid reference ST698765
Civil parish
  • Pucklechurch
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town BRISTOL
Postcode district BS16
Dialling code 0117
Police Avon and Somerset
Fire Avon
Ambulance South Western
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Gloucestershire
51°29′13″N2°26′07″W / 51.4870°N 2.4353°W / 51.4870; -2.4353 Coordinates: 51°29′13″N2°26′07″W / 51.4870°N 2.4353°W / 51.4870; -2.4353

Pucklechurch is a large village and civil parish in South Gloucestershire, England. It has a current population of about 3000. The village dates back over a thousand years and was once the site of a royal hunting lodge, as it adjoined a large forest.

Contents

A Royal Air Force station called RAF Pucklechurch existed until 1959, when the site was transferred to HM Prison Service.

Geography

Bordering at its western boundary the Bristol Semi-Ring Road, the village forms a large eastern cluster of development on a raised area of land in the parish, the northern half of which has 14 listed buildings including the church. All of the main development of the village is on a knoll or escarpment which descends steeply in the west, and in a few places has long views of the Cotswolds 4 miles (6.4 km) east and land in between. It is located 7.4 miles (11.9 km) ENE of the city of Bristol and 8.9 miles (14.3 km) NW of the city of Bath.

Through the far north of the parish which is farmland 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from the village centre the busy M4 motorway passes.

History

The Murder of King Edmund at Pucklechurch, drawn by Robert Smirke, published in Ashburton's History of England, 1793 MurderOfKingEdmundAshburton.jpg
The Murder of King Edmund at Pucklechurch, drawn by Robert Smirke, published in Ashburton's History of England, 1793

The land of Pucklechurch is relatively prominent in elevation compared to surrounding areas and as such it was selected in the Bronze Age as the site of a tumulus (round barrow) at Shortwood Hill.

Saxon royal villa or palace

Pucklechurch royal villa or palace was one of only a few in the Kingdom of Wessex [2] and was adjoined on the west by a very large hunting forest, Kingswood, which was larger than today's settlement of the same name. The palace became prominent in the two centuries before the Norman Conquest, therefore during the early part of the Kingdom of England, before becoming wrecked. Much of its stone was later removed.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that King Edmund I was murdered here, at his hunting lodge, in 946: "A.D. 946. This year King Edmund died, on St. Augustine's mass day. That was widely known, how he ended his days: that Leof or Liofa stabbed him at Pucklechurch." [3]

The above reference is the first attestation of the name of Pucklechurch, in which it is spelt Puclancyrce. The name appears as Pulcrecerce in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name means 'Pucela's church'. [4]

Behind Pucklechurch's Star Inn is the site of this ancient royal villa. In 950 King Eadred gave 25 hides of land (at Pucelancyrcan) to the Abbey of Glastonbury. [5]

Domesday Book

The Domesday Book records these hides as belonging to St. Mary's church, which was in Glastonbury Abbey's grounds. [6] [7] It notes: [8]

"[The church of] St Mary of Glastonbury holds Pucklechurch. There are twenty hides. In demesne are six ploughs and twenty three villans and eight bordars with eighteen ploughs. There are ten slaves and six men render 100 ingots of iron less ten and in Gloucester one burgess pays 5d and two coliberts pay 34d and there are 3 Frenchmen and two mills rendering 100d. There are sixty acres of meadow and woodland half a league long and a half broad. It was worth £20, now £30 [to its overlord per year]".

Held by the Bishop of Bath & Wells and construction of the existing church

The large and fertile manor of Pucklechurch was held by the Bishop of Bath & Wells from 1275, who received it from Glastonbury Abbey, as a document in the Calendar of Bishops of Bath & Wells, dated April 1275 records:

"Accord between Robert Bishop of Bath and Wells and John Abbot of Glastonbury, namely that whereas Robert late Abbot of Glastonbury and the convent quitclaimed to Walter late Bishop of Bath & Wells the manor and advowson [right to appoint the priest] of Pokeleschyrch [sic]..."

The church building largely dates to the 13th and 14th centuries, from the time when it was under the Bishop's patronage. [9] Its listing emphasises how visible the original stonework fabric is and says "it is substantially a medieval building"; its Victorian amendments were "carried out by R C Carpenter, and later by J D Sedding...of good quality, reflecting the involvement of these experienced ecclesiastical architects". This assessment is under the official listing of English Heritage, which took place in 1985 and, as the organisation has re-assessed it, in 2010.

Farmed to Denys family

Arms of Denys/Dennis: Gules, 3 leopard's faces or jessant-de-lys azure over all a bend engrailled azure Arms of Denys of Gloucestershire.png
Arms of Denys/Dennis: Gules, 3 leopard's faces or jessant-de-lys azure over all a bend engrailled azure

To save his see from the administrative burden of collecting all the rents within the manor, the Bishop farmed the manor to Sir Gilbert Denys (d.1422), of nearby Siston, that is to say, gave him the right to keep all the rents he could collect in exchange for an annual one-off payment of £40. One must assume that Denys would have been willing to pay more than anyone else for the privilege, as he already held the next-door manor of Siston, making for convenient administration. In the Communar's Accounts of the See of Bath and Wells the following entries are recorded:

  • 1400–01 Received from Gilbert Denys, knt, for farm of Pokelchurch £40
  • 1400–01 Paid to servant of Sir Gilbert Denys for venison from Pokelchurch for the canons 2s
  • 1407/8 Received from Sir Gilbert Denys, farmer of the church at Pucklechurch £40
  • 1407/9 Expenses of the steward about the agreement with Sir Gilbert Denys and on other occasions £1 3s 2d.
  • 1407/9 Received from Gilbert Denys for wood at Crotesmor £5 13s 4d
  • 1408/9 Received from Sir Gilbert Denys for the farm of Pucklechurch, £5 being remitted for the first term £35
  • 1414–18 Expenses of holding a court at Pucklechurch and treating with Gilbert Denys at Sixton (Siston) and Olvyston (Olveston) and with Abbatiston (Abson?) parish £1 1s 5½d
  • 1414–18 Expenses: Sir Gilbert Denys £2 and his bailiff 3s 4d and his entertainment for horses and men at Simon Bayly's (11s 8d) £2 15s
  • 1414–18 Expenses hire of 2 horses at Wells and holding a court at Pucklechurch 1s 11d
  • 1414–18 Rec'd from the bailiff of Pucklechurch, rent and perquisites of court £1 7s 5d
  • 1417–18 Received from Sir Gilbert Denys for the farm of Pucklechurch £40
  • 1417–18 Expenses at Pucklechurch, with horse hire, about tithes in Pucklechurch, Abbatiston (Abson?) and Westleigh (Westerleigh?) and arranging with Gilbert Denys £1 8s 1d
Slate memorial to John Dennis (d.1660) and his father Henry Dennis (d.1638). Pucklechurch Church, north aisle Dennis family memorial, Saint Thomas a Becket, Pucklechurch, South Gloucestershire, UK - 20090920.jpg
Slate memorial to John Dennis (d.1660) and his father Henry Dennis (d.1638). Pucklechurch Church, north aisle

It would seem that it was a pleasant day out for a couple of the canons or friars of Wells to hire horses and ride over to talk business with Denys, perhaps an excuse to enjoy some all-expenses paid entertainment. It appears that Denys held the farm until his death in 1422, although records are not available to confirm this. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries the manor was granted to William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke from whom it was acquired by Sir Maurice Denys (d.1561), Treasurer of Calais and builder of Siston Court. From him the manor passed to his cousin Hugh Denys, and a cadet (younger) branch of the Denys family became lords of the manor of Pucklechurch until the death of William Dennis in 1701, last of the male line. The Heralds' Visitation of Gloucestershire in 1623 records John Denys (d.1559) as "of Pucklechurch", High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1551. He was the youngest son of Sir Walter Denys (d.1505) of Alveston, buried in Olveston Church, and the youngest brother of Sir William Denys (d.1535) of the adjacent manor of Dyrham. In St. Thomas a Becket Church is a memorial to Henry Dennis (d.1638), Squire of Pucklechurch, son of John "Dennys", fisherman and poet who wrote the earliest English poetical treatise on fishing "The Secrets of Angling" published in 1613.

Coal mining

Parkfield Colliery operated near Pucklechurch from 1851 to 1936. Bristol Archives hold several documents detailing the leases and sale of the coal mining rights by Mary and Elizabeth Dennis, the co-heiresses of William Dennis (d.1701). A deed dated 2 February 1719 reads: [10]

"Articles of Agreement – 1) Mary Dennis of Westminster, Middx. singlewoman 2) John Whitewood of Mangotsfield, Glos., coalminer and Daniell Alsopp of Pucklechurch, Glos. yeo. – granting licence to dig for coals upon farm in or near Shortwood in Pucklechurch rented from her by Daniell Alsopp and to carry away and sell the same. Term 120 years. Whitewood and Alsopp to pay her 3s. for every 20s. worth of coal. Covenants re.making good of damage, appointment of clerk to keep accounts, etc."

World War II and RAF Pucklechurch

During World War II the No.11 Balloon Centre, a barrage balloon depot, was built here. This protected against the Blitz which, as anticipated by the British, included Nazi Germany targeting with bomber aeroplanes the docks of Bristol from various approaches near the village. After the war this became a non-flying Royal Air Force station called RAF Pucklechurch until 1959. In 1962 the site was transferred to HM Prison Service. [11]

Prison

From 1962 the Pucklechurch Remand Centre was built on the RAF Pucklechurch site, opened in 1965 and expanded in 1978. [11] The remand centre was destroyed in a riot in 1990. [12] [13] This made headline national news and was discussed in the House of Lords. [14]

The site on the edge of the developed area became Ashfield Young Offender Institution, which opened in 1999. In 2013 it was closed for young offenders following a critical inspection report that concluded offenders were "exposed to unacceptable levels of violence" and in June 2013 the Ministry for Justice announced it will become a closed adult prison dealing with sex offenders. [15]

Governance

The village falls in 'Boyd Valley' electoral ward. This ward starts in the north east at Pucklechurch and stretches south westerly to Marshfield. The total population of this ward taken at the 2011 census was 7,446. [16]

The village elders regularly gather in the village hall on Abson Road. There, the parish council decides upon matters of local importance to the Pucklechurch community.

Amenities

Rose & Crown Inn and former school School&RoseCrownPucklechurch.jpg
Rose & Crown Inn and former school

The village contains a church, shops including a small bakery, a small hairdresser, a local convenience store and a newsagent.

Recreation Ground

A main public open space, this was formerly a central fortified, enclosed area adjoining the former palace area called "The Burrell" on the tithe map of 1843, which may mean "a defended site set on a hill". Evidence suggests that Pucklechurch was a place of great importance, even before the tenth century. This was a primitive safe place for the Saxons and thus generically a "borough/burgh/burh", with a minster church closely associated with either with it and its neighbouring royal lodge that by the Norman Conquest had become important enough to be a possession of wealthy Glastonbury Abbey in a neighbouring county but who had a few choice possessions in Gloucestershire. The Burrell must have retained its royal functions as a meeting place for the hundred before the Norman Conquest and has been an open area seemingly at all times since. The ground is directly between the village hall, the church and The Star inn. Many events are hosted on it throughout the year, including the "Pucklechurch Revel", a parade and fete. Attendance of this event has declined considerably compared to 1951 when it began, but in recent years it has started picking up again thanks to the new facilities which include a high specification car park and an outdoors TV. [17]

Education

Pucklechurch CE VC Primary School provides primary education. At the May 2017 Ofsted inspection the school was judged to be Good in every category and the report states that 'This is a good school'. An early Victorian school was sold to become a private dwelling house.

Public House

In December 2020, there was a [big drugs bust https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2020-12-07/seven-men-arrested-following-drugs-bust-at-disused-pucklechurch-pub] at the Fleur de Lis pub.

Landmarks

Two of the central buildings, Moat House [18] and The Grey House, [19] are Grade II* listed. 15 monuments by the church are also listed. [20]

Transport

First West of England operates the Y5 bus service from Bristol Bus Station - Yate & Chipping Sodbury via Fishponds, Staple Hill, Mangotsfield, Pucklechurch, and Westerleigh. The route is operated mostly by double deckers on a one hourly basis in each direction from Monday to Saturday with the first bus through the village being at around 06:50 and the last being at around 22:15.

There is also a two hourly service in each direction on Sundays and public holidays. The Y5 replaced the X49 which replaced the old 689 service operated by Wessex in April 2014. Pucklechurch is on the Bristol's outer bus zone.

Stagecoach West operates the 620 Bath-Old Sodbury via Wick, Pucklechurch, Yate, Chipping Sodbury Bus. The service has eight buses a day to Bath and six to Old Sodbury Monday-Friday and six buses a day to Bath and four to Old Sodbury on a Saturday. The service does not operate on Sundays or public holidays. This service was also run by Wessex but Stagecoach West took the 620 over in September 2016.

There are also various school bus services in the village that serve Mangotsfield, SBL, John Cabot, BTE Academy, and St Brendan's Sixth Form College.

The M4 motorway runs through the far north of the village. However, the closest junction onto the motorway is junction 18 or 19 which are approximately four miles from the village. In 2017 plans were released to build a new junction just outside the village on the M4. (Junction 18A) with a link road running through the village linking the junction with the nearby A4174 Bristol Ring Road.

Demography

At the United Kingdom Census 2011, the population of the parish was 2,904 who lived in 1,153 households. 1,477 residents were in employment, the largest category of work being: Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles, of these, employing 224. The next largest category employed 194 people: Human Health and Social Work Activities. The previous census in 2001 recorded population density and noted the parish consisted of 915 hectares (2,260 acres). [21]

Twinning association

Pucklechurch is twinned with Pringy, Seine-et-Marne in France. Local community groups often organise trips and short stays with a similar community group from Pringy.

Localities

Two very small hamlets are linear settlements in the west of the village, separated by green buffers.

Shortwood

Shortwood lies west of the village.

Parkfield

The winding route north-west of the village has a line of houses at the top of Coxgrove Hill and along the road of the same name which leads, including on a short stretch of north-south Roman road, towards Henfield, Gloucestershire and Coalpit Heath beyond.

Politics

Pucklechurch in 2001 formed a ward which chiefly in population and land area contained Dyrham to the east, which elected a councillor to South Gloucestershire Council, a unitary authority providing local government services, by 2011 this had been replaced by Boyd Valley which is slightly larger, covering at that date 7,446 residents, [21] and accordingly electing two councillors of the 70. [22]

Pucklechurch is part of the Thornbury and Yate UK parliament constituency, which elected Conservative Luke Hall in the 2019 general election. [23]

Location grid

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Gloucestershire</span> Unitary authority area in England

South Gloucestershire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire, South West England. Towns in the area include Yate, Chipping Sodbury, Thornbury, Filton, Patchway and Bradley Stoke, the latter three forming part of the northern Bristol suburbs. The unitary authority also covers many outlying villages and hamlets. The southern part of its area falls within the Greater Bristol urban area surrounding the city of Bristol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yate</span> Town in South Gloucestershire, England

Yate is a town and civil parish in South Gloucestershire, England. It lies just to the southwest of the Cotswold Hills and is 12 miles northeast of Bristol city centre and 12 miles from the centre of Bath, with regular rail services to Bristol and Gloucester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alveston</span> Human settlement in England

Alveston is a village, civil parish and former royal manor in South Gloucestershire, England, inhabited in 2014 by about 3,000 people. The village lies 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Thornbury and 10 miles (16 km) north of Bristol. Alveston is twinned with Courville sur Eure, France. The civil parish also includes the villages of Rudgeway and Earthcott.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olveston</span> Village in South Gloucestershire, United Kingdom

Olveston is a small village and larger parish in South Gloucestershire, England. The parish comprises the villages of Olveston and Tockington, and the hamlets of Old Down, Ingst and Awkley. The civil parish population at the 2011 census was 2,033. Alveston became a separate church parish in 1846. The district has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and the salt marshes that made up almost half of the parish, were progressively drained in Roman and Saxon times. A sea wall was constructed at the same time to prevent flooding from the nearby estuary of the River Severn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northavon (UK Parliament constituency)</span>

Northavon was, from 1983 until 2010, a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abson</span>

Abson is a small village in South Gloucestershire, England, it forms part of the civil parish of Wick and Abson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Sodbury</span> Human settlement in England

Old Sodbury is a small village and former civil parish in the valley of the River Frome just below and to the west of the Cotswold escarpment and to the east of Chipping Sodbury and Yate, now in the parish of Sodbury, in the South Gloucestershire district, in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire, England. It is situated in the Hundred of Grumbald's Ash. The village extends from Chipping Sodbury in the West to the Cotswold Edge in the East and is on the Cotswold Way. The Badminton Road (A432) winds eastwards towards Badminton, Gloucestershire through the village, up to the Cross Hands junction with the A46, which runs along the top of the Cotswold escarpment from Bath to Stroud. In 1931 the parish had a population of 837. On 1 April 1946 the parish was abolished to form Sodbury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siston</span> Human settlement in England

Siston is a small village in South Gloucestershire, England. It is 7 miles (11 km) east of Bristol at the confluence of the two sources of the Siston Brook, a tributary of the River Avon. The village consists of a number of cottages and farms centred on St Anne's Church, and the grand Tudor manor house of Siston Court. Anciently it was bordered to the west by the royal Hunting Forest of Kingswood, stretching westward most of the way to Bristol Castle, always a royal possession, caput of the Forest. The local part of the disafforested Kingswood became Siston Common but has recently been eroded by the construction of the Avon Ring Road and housing developments. In 1989 the village and environs were classed as a conservation area and thus have statutory protection from overdevelopment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wick, Gloucestershire</span>

Wick is a village in South Gloucestershire, England. It is the main settlement in the civil parish of Wick and Abson. The population of this civil parish taken at the 2011 census was 1,989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilbert Denys</span>

Sir Gilbert Denys of Siston, Gloucestershire, was a soldier, and later an administrator. He was knighted by January 1385, and was twice knight of the shire for Gloucestershire constituency, in 1390 and 1395 and served as Sheriff of Gloucestershire 1393-4. He founded the family which provided more Sheriffs of Gloucestershire than any other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Denys</span>

Sir Maurice Denys (1516–1563) of Siston Court, near Bristol, Gloucestershire, and of St John's Street, Clerkenwell, Middlesex, was an English lawyer and property speculator during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, at which time he served as a "powerful figure at the Court of Augmentations". He served as a Member of Parliament for Malmesbury in Wiltshire and as Treasurer of Calais. He was the builder of Siston Court in Gloucestershire, which survives largely unaltered since his time. His excessive speculation and borrowing caused the ruination of the Siston branch of the Denys family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Denys (sheriff)</span>

Maurice Denys, Esquire, of Siston, Gloucestershire, was twice Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1460 and 1461. The Denys family were stated by Sir Robert Atkyns, the 18th-century historian of Gloucestershire, to have provided more sheriffs for that county than any other family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Denys</span>

Sir William Denys of Dyrham, Gloucestershire, was a courtier of King Henry VIII and High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1518 and 1526. The surname is sometimes transcribed as Dennis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Dennis (sheriff)</span>

Henry Dennis was High Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1629. He was lord of the manor of Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. The Dennis family produced more Sheriffs of Gloucestershire than any other family. Like many members of the Gloucestershire gentry he refused to take a knighthood at the coronation of King Charles I in 1625, for which he paid a composition of £25.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denys brass, Olveston</span>

The Denys monumental brass in Olveston Church, Gloucestershire, dates from 1505, and is one of only about 80 Monumental brasses of Gloucestershire surviving today. It was erected following the death of Sir Walter Denys in 1505, and shows the latter together with his father Maurice Denys, both Sheriffs of Gloucestershire. The Denys family were at various times lords of the manors of Alveston, Earthcott Green, Siston and Dyrham in Gloucestershire.

The Manor of Dyrham was a former manorial estate in the parish of Dyrham in South Gloucestershire, England.

Manor of Siston is the ancient manor in Siston in South Gloucestershire, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denys family of Siston</span>

The Denys family of Siston, also spelled Dennis, originally came from Glamorgan in Wales and in the late 14th century acquired by marriage the manor of Siston, Gloucester and shortly thereafter the adjoining manor of Dyrham. Maurice Denys re-built Siston Court in the 16th century.

References

  1. ↑ "Pucklechurch". City population. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  2. ↑ Iron Age earthwork and Saxon royal hunting lodge Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1004542)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  3. ↑ "Here King Edmund died on St Augustine’s Day [26 May]. It was widely known how he ended his days, that Liofa stabbed him at Pucklechurch. And Æthelflæd of Damerham, daughter of Ealdorman Ælfgar, was then his queen." Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS D, tr. Michael Swanton.
  4. ↑ Eilert Ekwall, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names, p.375.
  5. ↑ Puckleweb Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Community history/current events website hosted by the local authority. Retrieved 2013-10-13
  6. ↑ Open Domesday Online: Pucklechurch Archived 3 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , accessed January 2017
  7. ↑ "Glastonbury Abbey at Brittania History". Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  8. ↑ Domesday Book: A Complete Transliteration. London: Penguin, 2003. ISBN   0-14-143994-7 p.454
  9. ↑ Church of St Thomas a Becket - Grade I listing - Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1212871)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  10. ↑ Bristol Archives AC/AS/62/1
  11. 1 2 John Penny. "A short history of No.11 Balloon Centre at Pucklechurch 1939 to 1945 and R.A.F. Station Pucklechurch 1945 to 1959" (PDF). Fishponds Local History Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  12. ↑ "Sex offenders' prison will open near Bristol in July". Bristol Post Online. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  13. ↑ "Pucklechurch Remand Centre: Disturbances". Hansard. 23 April 1990. HL Deb vol 518 cc318-26. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  14. ↑ Hansard Archived 26 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine Hansard official record of 23 April 1990, House of Lords.
  15. ↑ "Ashfield YOI inmates 'had bones broken by staff'". BBC. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  16. ↑ "Boyd Valley ward 2011". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  17. ↑ "Revel". Pucklechurch. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  18. ↑ Moat House Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1212368)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  19. ↑ The Grey House Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1212709)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  20. ↑ "OS Map with Listed Buildings and Parks marked". Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  21. 1 2 2011 Census Archived 11 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2013-10-13
  22. ↑ South Gloucestershire Council - Councillors Archived 14 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2013-10-11
  23. ↑ "Thornbury & Yate parliamentary constituency - Election 2019". Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
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