The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are a collection of royal ceremonial objects kept in the Jewel House at the Tower of London, which include the coronation regalia and vestments worn by British monarchs.[b]
The coronation regalia are the only working set in Europe and the collection is the most historically complete of any royal regalia in the world.[6] Objects used at the coronation ceremony variously denote the monarch's roles as head of state of the United Kingdom, Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and head of the British armed forces. The regalia feature heraldic devices and national emblems of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and other Commonwealth countries.
Use of regalia by monarchs in England can be traced back to when the country was converted to Christianity in the Early Middle Ages. A permanent set of coronation regalia, once belonging to Edward the Confessor, was established after he was made a saint in the 12th century. The sacred holy relics were kept at Westminster Abbey, venue of coronations since 1066, while monarchs wore another set of regalia at religious feasts and State Openings of Parliament. Collectively, these objects came to be known as the Jewels of the Crown. Most of the collection dates from around 1660 when CharlesII ascended the throne. The medieval and Tudor regalia had either been sold or melted down after the monarchy was abolished in 1649 during the English Civil War. Only four original items predate the Restoration: a late 12th-century anointing spoon (the oldest object) and three early 17th-century swords. The regalia continued to be used by British monarchs after the kingdoms of England and Scotland united in 1707.
The regalia contain 23,578 gemstones, among them Cullinan I (530 carats (106g)), the largest clear cut diamond in the world, set in the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross. It was cut from the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, the eponymous Cullinan, discovered in South Africa in 1905 and presented to Edward VII. In the Imperial State Crown are Cullinan II (317 carats (63g)), the Stuart Sapphire, St Edward's Sapphire, and the Black Prince's Ruby– a large red spinel. The Koh-i-Noor diamond (105 carats (21g)) was acquired by Queen Victoria from the Sikh Empire and has featured on three consort crowns. A small number of disused objects at the Tower are either empty or set with glass and crystal replicas.
At a coronation, the monarch is anointed using holy oil poured from an ampulla into the spoon, invested with robes and ornaments, and crowned with St Edward's Crown. Afterwards, it is exchanged for the lighter Imperial State Crown, which is also usually worn at State Openings of Parliament. Wives of kings, known as queens consort, are invested with a plainer set of regalia.[c] Also regarded as crown jewels are state swords, trumpets, ceremonial maces, church plate, historical regalia, banqueting plate, and royal christening fonts. They are part of the Royal Collection and belong to the institution of monarchy, passing from one sovereign to the next. In the Jewel House they are seen by 2.5million visitors every year.
History
Prehistory and Romans
The earliest known use of a crown in Britain was discovered by archaeologists in 1988 in Deal, Kent, and dates to between 200 and 150 BC. A sword, brooch, ceremonial shield, and decorated bronze crown with a single arch,[d] which sat directly on the head of its wearer, were found inside the tomb of the Deal Warrior.[8] At this point, crowns were symbols of authority worn by religious and military leaders. Priests continued to use crowns following the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD.[9] A dig in a field at Hockwold cum Wilton, Norfolk, in the 1950s revealed a bronze crown with two arches and depictions of male faces,[e] as well as two bronze diadems with an adjustable headband and repoussé silver embellishments, dating from the Roman period. One diadem features a plaque in the centre depicting a man holding a sphere and an object similar to a shepherd's crook,[f] analogues of the orb and sceptre that evolved later as royal ornaments.[10]
By the early 5thcentury, the Romans had withdrawn from Britain, and the Angles and the Saxons settled. A heptarchy of new kingdoms began to emerge. One method used by regional kings to solidify their authority was the use of ceremony and insignia.[11] The tomb of an unknown king– evidence suggests Rædwald of East Anglia (r.circa 599–624)– at Sutton Hoo illustrates the regalia of a pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon monarch.[12] Inside the early 7th-century tomb, discovered in 1939, was found the ornate Sutton Hoo helmet, consisting of an iron cap, a neck guard, and a face mask decorated with copper alloy images of animals and warriors set with garnets.[13] He was also buried with a decorated sword; a ceremonial shield; and a heavy whetstone sceptre,[g] on top of which is an iron ring surmounted by the figure of a stag.[12]
In 597 CE, a Benedictine monk was sent by Pope Gregory I to start converting Pagan England to Christianity. The monk, Augustine, became the first archbishop of Canterbury. Within two centuries, the ritual of anointing monarchs with holy oil and crowning them (initially with helmets) in a Christian ceremony had been established, and regalia took on a religious identity. There was still no permanent set of coronation regalia; each monarch generally had a new set made, with which they were buried upon death.[14] In 9th-century Europe, gold crowns in the Byzantine tradition were replacing bronze, and gold soon became the standard material for English royal crowns.[15]
King Æthelstan (r.924–939) united the various Anglo-Saxon realms to form the Kingdom of England. In the earliest known depiction of an English king wearing a crown he is shown presenting a copy of Bede's Life of St Cuthbert to the saint himself.[16] Until his reign, kings were portrayed on coins wearing helmets and circlets,[17] or wreath-like diadems in the style of Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Whether they actually wore such an item is not known.[10]Edgar the Peaceful (r.959–975) was the first English king to be crowned with an actual crown, and a sceptre was also introduced for his coronation.[18] After crowns, sceptres were the most potent symbols of royal authority in medieval England.[19]
Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor (r.1042–1066) is depicted on a throne and wearing a crown while holding a sceptre in the first scene of the Bayeux Tapestry.[20] Edward died without an heir, and William the Conqueror emerged as the first Norman king of England following his victory over the English at the Battle of Hastings. Wearing a crown became an important part of WilliamI's efforts to assert authority over his new territory and subjects.[21] At his death in 1087, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported: "[William] kept great state … He wore his crown three times a year as often as he was in England … He was so stern and relentless … we must not forget the good order he kept in the land".[22] Those crown-wearings were held on the religious festivals of Easter, Whitsun, and Christmas.[23]
In 1161, Edward the Confessor was made a saint, and objects connected with his reign became holy relics. The monks at his burial place, Westminster Abbey, claimed that Edward had asked them to look after his regalia in perpetuity and that they were to be used at the coronations of all future kings.[21] A note to this effect is contained in an inventory of precious relics drawn up by a monk at the abbey in 1450, recording a tunicle, dalmatic, pallium, and other vestments; a gold sceptre, two rods, a gold crown, comb, and spoon; a crown and two rods for the queen's coronation; and a chalice of onyx stone and a paten made of gold for the Holy Communion.[24] Although the Abbey's claim is likely to have been an exercise in self-promotion, and some of the regalia had probably been taken from Edward's grave when he was reinterred there, it became accepted as fact,[21] thereby establishing the first known set of hereditary coronation regalia in Europe.[25] Westminster Abbey is owned by a monarch,[26] and the regalia had always been royal property – the abbots were mere custodians. In the following centuries, some of these objects would fall out of use and the regalia would expand to include many others used or worn by monarchs and queens consort at coronations.[27]
An object referred to as "St Edward's Crown" is first recorded as having been used for the coronation of HenryIII (r.1216–1272) and appears to be the same crown worn by Edward. Being crowned and invested with regalia owned by a previous monarch who was also a saint reinforced the king's legitimacy.[28] The crown would be used in many subsequent coronations until its destruction in the 1600s. Few descriptions survive, although one 17th-century historian noted it was "ancient Work with Flowers, adorn'd with Stones of somewhat a plain setting",[29] and an inventory described it as "gold wire-work set with slight stones and two little bells", weighing 2.25 kilograms (79.5oz).[30] Edward is thought to be the first English king who wore a crown with arches.[31] Known as a 'closed' or imperial crown, the arches and cross symbolised the king as an emperor of his own domain, subservient to no one but God, unlike some continental rulers who owed fealty to more powerful kings or the Holy Roman emperor.[32] Also in the Royal Collection was an item called a state crown, which together with other crowns, rings, and swords, constituted the monarch's state regalia that were kept mainly at royal palaces, separate from the coronation regalia.[33]
The handing over of crowns symbolised the transfer of power between rulers. Following the defeat in 1282 of the Welsh prince Llewelyn ap Gruffydd by EdwardI (r.1272–1307), the Welsh regalia, including the crown of the legendary King Arthur, were surrendered to England. According to the Chronicle of Aberconwy Abbey, "and so the glory of Wales and the Welsh was handed over to the kings of England".[34] After the invasion of Scotland in 1296, the Stone of Scone was sent to the Tower of London "in recognition of a kingdom surrendered and conquered".[35] It was fitted into a wooden chair, which came to be used for the investiture of English kings and known as the Coronation Chair.[36] The Scottish regalia were also taken to London and offered at the shrine of Edward the Confessor;[37] Scotland eventually regained its independence.[38] In the treasury of Edward II (r.1307–1327) there were no fewer than 10 crowns.[39] When Richard II (r.1377–1399) was forced to abdicate, he symbolically handed StEdward's Crown over to his successor with the words "I present and give to you this crown … and all the rights dependent on it".[40]
Monarchs often pledged items of state regalia as collateral for loans. Edward III (r.1327–1377) pawned his magna corona to Baldwin of Luxembourg in 1339 for more than £16,650,[41]equivalent to £22,470,562in 2023.[42] Three crowns and other jewels were held by the Bishop of London and the Earl of Arundel in the 1370s as security for £10,000.[43] One crown was exchanged with the Corporation of London in 1386 for a £4,000 loan. Mayors, knights, peers, bankers, and other wealthy subjects sometimes released objects on a temporary basis for the royal family to use at state occasions. Monarchs also distributed plate and jewels to troops in lieu of money.[44] At some point in the 14thcentury, all of the state regalia were moved to the White Tower at the Tower of London owing to a series of successful and attempted thefts in Westminster Abbey.[h] The holy relics of the coronation regalia stayed behind intact at the Abbey.[45] Having fallen out of use in England in the 13th century,[46] two arches topped with a monde and cross reappeared on the state crown during the reign of HenryV (r.1413–1422),[43] though arches did not feature on the Great Seal again until 1471.[47]
Tudors and early Stuarts
The traditions established in the medieval period continued later. By the mid 15thcentury, a crown was formally worn on six religious feasts every year: Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Whitsun, All Saints' Day, and one or both feasts of StEdward.[48] A crown was displayed and worn at the annual State Opening of Parliament.[49] Also around this time, three swords– symbols of kingship since ancient times– were being used in the coronation ceremony to represent the king's powers in the administration of justice: the Sword of Spiritual Justice, the Sword of Temporal Justice, and the blunt Sword of Mercy.[50]
Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch, in her coronation robes 1559
An emerging item of regalia was the orb, described in Tudor inventories as a gold ball with a cross,[51] which underlined the monarch's sovereignty. Orbs had been pictorial emblems of royal authority in England since the early Middle Ages, but a real orb was probably not used at any English coronation until HenryVIII (r.1509–1547).[52] State regalia increasingly passed from one monarch to the next. The best example of this was the Tudor Crown, probably created at the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.[51] It first appears in a royal inventory during HenryVIII's reign and was one of three used at the coronation of each of his next three successors, the other two being StEdward's Crown and a "rich crown" made specially for the new monarch.[53] After the English Reformation, when England broke away from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England denounced the veneration of medieval relics and downplayed the history of StEdward's regalia.[54]
The concept of hereditary state regalia was enshrined in English law in 1606 when JamesI (r.1603–1625), the first Stuart king to rule England, decreed a list of "Roiall and Princely ornaments and Jewells to be indyvidually and inseparably for ever hereafter annexed to the Kingdome of this Realme".[51][i] After James died, his son, CharlesI (r.1625–1649) ascended the throne. Desperate for money, one of his first acts was to load 41 masterpieces from the Jewel House onto a ship bound for Amsterdam – the hub of Europe's jewel trade. This hoard of unique treasures, including the Mirror of Great Britain brooch, a 14th-century pendant called the Three Brothers, a 4.7-kilogram (10lb) gold salt cellar known as the Morris Dance, and much fine Elizabethan plate, was expected to swell the king's coffers by £300,000, but fetched only £70,000.[55]
Charles's many conflicts with Parliament, stemming from his belief in the divine right of kings and the many religious conflicts that pervaded his reign, triggered the English Civil War in 1642.[56] Parliament deemed the regalia "Jewels of the Crown": their ownership was vested in the monarch by virtue of his public role as king and not owned by him personally.[57] To avoid any legal risk to his subjects, Charles asked his wife, Henrietta Maria, to smuggle the inalienable property of the Crown abroad and sell it on the Dutch jewellery market. Upon learning of the scheme, the House of Lords and House of Commons both declared anyone involved in trafficking the Crown Jewels to be enemies of the state.[58][j] Henrietta succeeded in disposing of a small quantity of jewels, albeit at a heavy discount, and shipped munitions back to England for the royalist cause.[59] Two years later, Parliament seized 187 kilograms (412lb) of rare silver-gilt pieces from the Jewel House and used the proceeds to bankroll its own side of the war.[60]
After nine years of war, Charles was defeated and executed, and less than a week later, the Rump Parliament voted to abolish the monarchy. The newly created English Commonwealth found itself short of money. To raise funds, the Act for the Sale of the Goods and Personal Estate of the Late King, Queen and Prince was brought into law, and trustees were appointed to value the Jewels– then regarded by Oliver Cromwell as "symbolic of the detestable rule of kings"[61] and "monuments of superstition and idolatry"[62]– and sell them to the highest bidder.[k] The most valuable object was HenryVIII's Crown, valued at £1,100.[63] Their gemstones and pearls removed, most of the coronation and state regalia were melted down and struck into coins by the Mint.[64]
Two nuptial crowns survived: the Crown of Margaret of York and the Crown of Princess Blanche had been taken out of England centuries before the Civil War when Margaret and Blanche married kings in continental Europe. Both crowns and the 9th-century Alfred Jewel give a sense of the character of royal jewellery in England in the Middle Ages.[65] Another rare survivor is the 600-year-old Crystal Sceptre, a gift from HenryV to the Lord Mayor of London, who still bears it at coronations.[66][l] Many pieces of English plate that monarchs had presented to visiting dignitaries before the interregnum can be seen in museums throughout Europe.[68] Cromwell declined Parliament's invitations to be made king and became Lord Protector. It was marked by a ceremony in Westminster Hall in 1657 where he donned purple robes, sat on the Coronation Chair, and was invested with many traditional symbols of sovereignty, except a crown.[69] A crown—probably made of gilded base metal—was placed beside Cromwell at his lying in state in 1660.[70]
Restoration to present
The monarchy was restored after Cromwell's death. For the English coronation of CharlesII (r.1660–1685), who returned from exile abroad,[71] new Jewels were made based on records of the lost items.[61] They were supplied by the banker and royal goldsmith,[m]Sir Robert Vyner, at a cost of £12,184 7s 2d[61]– as much as three warships.[73] It was decided to fashion the replicas like the medieval regalia and to use the original names. These 22-carat gold objects,[15] made in 1660 and 1661, form the nucleus of the Crown Jewels: StEdward's Crown, two sceptres, an orb, an ampulla, a pair of spurs, a pair of armills or bracelets, and a staff. A medieval silver-gilt anointing spoon and three early Stuart swords had survived and were returned to the Crown,[74] and the Dutch ambassador arranged the return of extant jewels pawned in Holland.[75] The king also spent £11,800 acquiring 2,270 kilograms (5,000lb) of altar and banqueting plate, and he was presented with conciliatory gifts.[76]
Thomas Blood and his accomplices attempting to steal the regalia, drawn 1793
In 1669, the Jewels went on public display for the first time in the Jewel House at the Tower of London. The Deputy Keeper of the Jewel House took the regalia out of a cupboard and showed it to visitors for a small fee.[77] This informal arrangement was ended two years later when Thomas Blood, an Irish-born army officer loyal to Parliament, attacked the 77-year-old and stole a crown, a sceptre, and an orb. Blood and his three accomplices were apprehended at the castle perimeter, but the crown had been flattened with a mallet in an attempt to conceal it, and there was a dent in the orb.[78] He was pardoned by the king, who also gave him land and a pension; it has been suggested that Blood was treated leniently because he was a government spy.[79] Ever since, the Jewels have been protected by armed guards.[80]
Since the Restoration, there have been many additions and alterations to the regalia.[n] A new set was commissioned in 1685 for Mary of Modena, the first queen consort to be crowned since the Restoration (CharlesII was unmarried when he took the throne). Another, more elaborate set had to be made for Mary II (r.1689–1694), who was crowned as joint sovereign with her husband WilliamIII (r.1689–1702).[61] After England and Scotland were united as one kingdom by the Acts of Union 1707, the Scottish regalia were locked away in a chest,[81] and the English regalia continued to be used by British monarchs. Gemstones were hired for coronations – the fee typically being 4% of their value – and replaced with glass and crystals for display in the Jewel House, a practice that continued until the early 20thcentury.[61]
As enemy planes targeted London during the Second World War, the Crown Jewels were secretly moved to Windsor Castle.[82] The most valuable gemstones were taken out of their settings by James Mann, Master of the Armouries, and Sir Owen Morshead, the Royal Librarian. They were wrapped in cotton wool, placed in a tall glass preserving-jar, which was then sealed in a biscuit tin, and hidden in the castle's basement. Also placed in the jar was a note from the King, stating that he had personally directed that the gemstones be removed from their settings. As the Crown Jewels were bulky and thus difficult to transport without a vehicle, the idea was that if the Nazis invaded, the historic precious stones could easily be carried on someone's person without drawing suspicion and, if necessary, buried or sunk.[83]
After the war, the Jewels were kept in a vault at the Bank of England for two years while bomb damage to the Jewel House was repaired.[84] In May 2023,[85] StEdward's Crown was placed on the head of Charles III (r.2022–present) in the only ceremony of its kind in Europe.[86][o] Other European monarchies have abandoned coronations in favour of secular ceremonies.[88] The Crown Jewels consist of approximately 140 objects,[2] which are permanently set with 23,578 precious and semi-precious stones and are seen by around 2.5million visitors every year.[89]
Crowns
Crowns are the main symbols of royal authority.[90] All crowns in the Tower are decorated with alternating crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, a pattern which first appears on the great seal of Richard III,[47] and their arches are surmounted with a monde and cross pattée. Most of the crowns also have a red or purple velvet cap and an ermine border.[91]
The centrepiece of the coronation regalia is named after Edward the Confessor and is placed on the monarch's head at the moment of crowning.[92] Made of gold and completed in 1661, St Edward's Crown is embellished with 444 stones, including amethysts, garnets, peridots, rubies, sapphires, topazes, tourmalines and zircons.[93] This coronation crown closely resembles the medieval one, with a heavy gold base and clusters of semi-precious stones, but the disproportionately large arches are a Baroque affectation.[94] It was long assumed to be the original as their weight is almost identical and an invoice produced in 1661 was for the addition of gold to an existing crown. In 2008, new research found that it had actually been made in 1660 and was enhanced the following year when Parliament increased the budget for Charles II's twice-delayed coronation.[95] The crown is 30 centimetres (11.8in) tall and at a weight of 2.23kg (4.9lb) has been noted to be extremely heavy.[93] After 1689, monarchs chose to be crowned with a lighter, bespoke coronation crown (e.g., that of GeorgeIV[96]) or their state crown, while St Edward's Crown rested on the high altar.[92] At Queen Victoria's coronation in 1838 it was entirely absent from the ceremony. The tradition of using St Edward's Crown was revived in 1911 by George V and has continued ever since.[97] In 1953 ElizabethII opted for a stylised image of this crown to be used on coats of arms, badges, logos and various other insignia in the Commonwealth realms to symbolise her royal authority, replacing the image of a Tudor-style crown adopted in 1901 by Edward VII.[98][p]
A much lighter crown is worn by the monarch when leaving Westminster Abbey, and at the annual State Opening of Parliament.[100] The current Imperial State Crown was made in 1937 for George VI and is a copy of the one made in 1838 for Queen Victoria, which had fallen into a poor state of repair,[101] and had been made using gems from its own predecessor, the State Crown of George I.[102] In 1953, the crown was resized to fit ElizabethII, and the arches were lowered by 2.5cm (1in).[103] The gold, silver and platinum crown is decorated with 2,868 diamonds, 273 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds and 5 rubies.[104] Among the largest stones are the 317-carat (63g)Cullinan II diamond, also known as the Second Star of Africa, added to the crown in 1909 (the larger Cullinan I is set in the Sovereign's Sceptre). The 170-carat (34g)Black Prince's Ruby, set in the front cross, is not actually a ruby but a large cabochon red spinel. According to legend it was given to Edward the Black Prince by the Spanish king Peter of Castile in 1367 and HenryV wore it at the Battle of Agincourt.[105] How the stone found its way back into the Royal Collection after the Interregnum is unclear, but a substantial "ruby" was acquired for the Crown Jewels in 1661 at a cost of £400, and this may well have been the spinel.[106] On the back of the crown is the 104-carat (20.8g) cabochon Stuart Sapphire, and in the top cross is St Edward's Sapphire, reputedly taken from the ring of the Confessor when his body was re-interred at the Abbey in 1163.[105] Below the monde hang four pearls, three of which are often said to have belonged to Elizabeth I, but the association is almost certainly erroneous.[107]
Consort crowns
After the Restoration, wives of kings– queens consort– traditionally wore the State Crown of Mary of Modena, who first wore it at her coronation in 1685. Originally set with 561 hired diamonds and 129 pearls, it was re-set with crystals and cultured pearls for display in the Jewel House along with a matching diadem that consorts wore in procession to the Abbey. The diadem once held 177 diamonds, 1 ruby, 1 sapphire, and 1 emerald.[108] By the 19thcentury, that crown was judged to be too theatrical and in a poor state of repair, so in 1831 the Crown of Queen Adelaide was made for Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen using gemstones from her private jewellery.[109]
Thus began a tradition of each queen consort having a custom-made crown.[110] In 1902 the Crown of Queen Alexandra, a European-style crown– flatter and with eight half-arches instead of the typical four– was made for Alexandra of Denmark to wear at her coronation. Set with over 3,000 diamonds, it was the first consort crown to include the Koh-i-Noor diamond presented to Queen Victoria in 1850 following the British conquest of the Punjab. Originally 191 carats (38g) and set in an armlet, it was cut down to an oval brilliant weighing 105 carats (21g), which Victoria mounted in a brooch and circlet.[111] The second was the Crown of Queen Mary; also unusual for a British crown owing to its eight half-arches, it was made in 1911 for Mary of Teck. Mary purchased the Art Deco-inspired crown with her own money hoping it would become an heirloom used by future queens consort.[112] Altogether, it is adorned with 2,200 diamonds, and once contained the 94.4-carat (19g)CullinanIII and 63.4-carat (13g)Cullinan IV diamonds. Its arches were made detachable in 1914 allowing it to be worn as an open crown or circlet.[113]
After GeorgeV's death, Mary continued wearing the crown (without its arches) as a queen mother, so the Crown of Queen Elizabeth was created for Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, later known as the Queen Mother, to wear at her coronation in 1937.[114] It is the only British crown made entirely out of platinum,[113] and was modelled on Queen Mary's Crown, but has four half-arches instead of eight.[115] The crown is decorated with about 2,800 diamonds, with the Koh-i-Noor in the middle of the front cross. It also contains a replica of the 22.5-carat (5g) Lahore Diamond given to Queen Victoria by the East India Company in 1851,[116] and a 17.3-carat (3g) diamond given to her by Abdülmecid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, in 1856.[115] The crown was laid on top of the Queen Mother's coffin in 2002 during her lying in state and funeral.[117] The crowns of Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary feature crystal replicas of the Koh-i-Noor, which has been the subject of repeated controversy, with governments of both India and Pakistan claiming to be the diamond's rightful owners and demanding its return ever since gaining independence from the UK.
Queen Camilla was crowned using Queen Mary's Crown at her coronation with Charles III on 6 May 2023.[85] Alterations included re-setting the crown with the original Cullinan diamonds and removing four of its eight half-arches. The Cullinan V brooch replaced the Koh-i-Noor.[118]
A relatively modest gold coronet was made in 1728 for Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of GeorgeII. It takes the form laid down in a royal warrant issued by CharlesII in 1677,[119] which states "the Son & Heir apparent of the Crown for the time being shall use & bear his coronett composed of crosses & flowers de Lizs with one Arch & in the midst a Ball & Cross".[120] The single arch denotes inferiority to the monarch while showing that the prince outranks other royal children, whose coronets have no arches.[121] Frederick never wore his coronet; instead, it was placed on a cushion in front of him when he first took his seat in the House of Lords. It was subsequently used by George III, George IV, and EdwardVII when they were Princes of Wales.[122] Due to its age, a new silver-gilt coronet was made for the future George V to wear at Edward VII's coronation in 1902. In contrast to the earlier coronet, which has a depressed arch, the arch on this one is raised. At George's coronation in 1911 the coronet was worn by his eldest son, Edward,[123] who was invested as Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle a month later.[124] The revival of this public ceremony, not performed since the early 17th century, was intended to boost the Royal family's profile in Wales. Princely regalia known as the Honours of Wales were designed for the occasion by Goscombe John, comprising a Welsh gold circlet with pearls, amethysts and engraved daffodils; a rod; a ring; a sword; and a robe with doublet and sash.[125] After he became king in 1936, EdwardVIII abdicated the same year and emigrated to France,[126] where the 1902 coronet remained in his possession until his death in 1972. In its absence, a new coronet had to be created in 1969 for the investiture of the future Charles III,[127] which is made from gold and platinum and is set with diamonds and emeralds. Both it and the rod were added to the Jewel House in 2020,[128] joining the 1728 and 1902 coronets.
Non-coronation crowns
In the Jewel House there are two crowns that were never intended to be worn at a coronation. Queen Victoria's Small Diamond Crown is just 10cm (3.9in) tall and was made in 1870 using 1,187 diamonds for Victoria to wear on top of her widow's cap. She often wore it at State Openings of Parliament in place of the much heavier Imperial State Crown. After the queen's death in 1901, the crown passed to her daughter-in-law Queen Alexandra and later Queen Mary.[129] When GeorgeV attended the Delhi Durbar with Queen Mary in 1911 to be proclaimed (but not crowned) as Emperor of India, he wore the Imperial Crown of India. As the British constitution forbids coronation regalia to leave the United Kingdom, it was not possible for him to wear StEdward's Crown or the Imperial State Crown, so one had to be made specially for the event. It contains 6,170 diamonds, 9 emeralds, 4 rubies and 4 sapphires.[130] The crown has not been used since and is considered a part of the Crown Jewels.[131]
Processional objects
A coronation begins with the procession into Westminster Abbey.[132]
The swords of state reflect a monarch's role as Head of the British Armed Forces and Defender of the Faith.[133] Three are carried before the monarch into the Abbey: the blunt Sword of Mercy (also known as Curtana), the Sword of Spiritual Justice, and the Sword of Temporal Justice.[50] All are believed to have been supplied at the time of JamesI between 1610 and 1620, probably by a member of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers,[134] using blades created in the 1580s by Italian bladesmiths Giandonato and Andrea Ferrara. They were deposited with StEdward's regalia at the Abbey by CharlesII. Before that point, new swords had been made for each coronation since the 15thcentury.[50] Sold in the civil war, they were returned at the Restoration, and their use was first recorded at the coronation of JamesII in 1685.[134]
The two-handed Sword of State, made in 1678, symbolises the monarch's authority and is also carried before the monarch at State Openings of Parliament.[135] Its wooden sheath, made in 1689, is bound in crimson velvet decorated with silver-gilt emblems of England, Scotland and Ireland, fleurs-de-lis, and portcullises.[136] The lion of England and unicorn of Scotland form the cross-piece to the sword's handle. The sword weighs 3.6kg (8lb) and is 1.2m (4ft) long. During a coronation it must be held for much of the service pointing upwards without touching the body by the Lord President of the Privy Council.[137]
Before the investiture, the unwieldy Sword of State is exchanged for the lighter Sword of Offering, which is described as "the one true coronation sword". Commissioned by GeorgeIV for his extravagant 1821 coronation, its gilded leather sheath is encrusted with 1,251 diamonds, 16 rubies, 2 sapphires and 2 turquoises.[138] The sword has a partly blued and gilt steel blade,[139] and its handle is set with 2,141 diamonds, 12 emeralds and 4 rubies.[138] The stones are arranged to form roses, thistles, shamrocks, oak leaves and acorns. Two diamond lion heads, one at each end of the cross-piece, have ruby eyes.[140] George paid more than £5,000 for the sword out of his own pocket in a radical change from the austere £2 swords used by his 18th-century predecessors. It remained in the Royal family's personal ownership until 1903 when it was deposited with the Crown Jewels and has been used at every coronation since 1911.[138] A monarch is girded and blessed using the sword, which is returned to the Keeper of the Jewel House by the Abbey for a token sum of £5,[73][q] and is borne unsheathed for the rest of the ceremony.[138]
The 17th-century Irish Sword of State was held by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (a viceroy) prior to Ireland's independence from the UK in 1922 and has been displayed in the Jewel House since 1959. The handle takes the form of a lion and a unicorn and is decorated with a Celtic harp. Each new viceroy was invested with the sword at Dublin Castle where it usually sat across the arms of a throne, representing the king or queen in their absence. It was borne in procession in front of monarchs during their official visits to Dublin. In June 1921 the sword was present at the official opening of the Parliament of Northern Ireland by GeorgeV. The sword was displayed at Dublin Castle in 2018 as part of the 'Making Majesty' exhibition – the first time it had been to Ireland in 95 years.[141]
St Edward's Staff
StEdward's Staff is a 1.4-metre-long (4.6ft) ceremonial gold walking stick made for CharlesII in 1661. It has a plain monde and cross at the top and a steel pike at the bottom.[142] This object is almost certainly a copy of the long rod mentioned in the list of royal plate and jewels destroyed in 1649,[143] although the pre-Interregnum version was gold and silver and topped by a dove.[144] The staff's intended role in the coronation has been forgotten since medieval times, and so it is carried into the Abbey by a peer as a holy relic and laid on the altar, where it remains throughout the ceremony.[145]
Trumpets
Trumpeters and a mace bearer at the English coronation of JamesII
The Crown Jewels include 16 silver trumpets dating from between 1780 and 1848.[91] Nine are draped with red silk damask banners embroidered with coats of arms in gold, originally made for Queen Victoria's coronation in 1838. They have not been used since the Corps of State Trumpeters was disbanded as a cost-cutting measure in the 19thcentury.[146] The trumpeters' main job was to sound a fanfare at key points in the coronation, and they also played at the banquet afterwards in Westminster Hall.[147] Today, the Band of the Household Cavalry and the Central Band of the Royal Air Force play their own trumpets at state occasions.[148][149]
Beginning as lethal weapons of medieval knights, maces evolved into ceremonial objects carried by sergeants-at-arms that represent a monarch's authority.[1] The House of Commons can only operate lawfully when the royal mace– dating from CharlesII's reign– is present at the table. Two other maces dating from the reigns of CharlesII and WilliamIII are used by the House of Lords, one of which is placed on the Woolsack before the house meets and is absent when a monarch is there in person delivering the King's or Queen's Speech.[150] In the late 17th century there were 16 maces, but only 13 survive, 10 of which are on display at the Tower of London. Two of these are carried in the royal procession at State Openings of Parliament and coronations. Each mace is about 1.5m (4.9ft) long and weighs an average of 10kg (22lb).[151] They are silver-gilt and were made between 1660 and 1695.[91]
A replica of the 1661 Ampulla housed in the triforium at Westminster Abbey
The Ampulla, 20.5cm (8in) tall and weighing 660g (1lb 7+1⁄4oz), is a hollow gold vessel made in 1661 and shaped like an eagle with outspread wings. Its head unscrews, enabling the vessel to be filled with oil, which exits via a hole in the beak.[153] The original ampulla was a small stone phial, sometimes worn around the neck as a pendant by kings, and otherwise kept inside an eagle-shaped golden reliquary.[154] According to 14th-century legend, the Virgin Mary appeared to Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until 1170, and presented him with a gold eagle and some oil for anointing English kings.[153] This ampulla was first recorded as being used at HenryIV's coronation in 1399 and was deposited for safekeeping with StEdward's regalia at the Abbey by RichardIII in 1483.[54] Known as the Holy Oil of St Thomas, the same batch was used to anoint all subsequent kings and queens (except Mary I) until it eventually ran out in 1625. It is unclear why, after the Restoration, the vessel itself came to be reinterpreted as an eagle standing on a domed base.[154] In terms of religious importance, the anointing objects are second only to StEdward's Crown,[155] and in 2013 the ampulla stood beside the crown on the altar of Westminster Abbey at a service marking the 60th anniversary of ElizabethII's coronation.[156]
Coronation Spoon
The 27-centimetre-long (10+1⁄2in) Coronation Spoon, which dates from the late 12thcentury, is silver-gilt and set with four pearls added in the 17thcentury. A ridge divides the bowl in half, creating grooves into which the Archbishop of Canterbury dips two fingers and anoints the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Originally, it may have been used for mixing water and wine in a chalice. The spoon is first known to have been used to anoint a monarch at the English coronation of JamesI in 1603.[157] It is the oldest surviving piece of the Crown Jewels (and the only surviving English royal goldsmith's work from the 1100s), first recorded in the Royal Collection in 1349 as "a spoon of ancient form", and was probably made for HenryII or RichardI.[158] In 1649 the spoon was sold for 16 shillings to Clement Kynnersley, Yeoman of the Removing Wardrobe, who returned it to CharlesII upon the restoration of the monarchy.[159]
The silver-gilt Coronation Spoon
Robes and ornaments
The anointing is followed by investing with coronations robes and ornaments.[r]
All the robes have priestly connotations and their form has changed little since the Middle Ages. A tradition of wearing StEdward's robes came to an end in 1547 after the English Reformation, but was revived in 1603 by JamesI to emphasise his belief in the divine nature of kingship.[161] As well as robes, a monarch also wore cloth-of-gold buskins or sandals, depending on his or her foot size.[162] These holy relics were destroyed along with royal crowns and ornaments in the Civil War. New robes were made for each monarch starting with CharlesII, a practice that ended in 1911, when GeorgeV reused the 1902 Supertunica (a dalmatic), and the Imperial Mantle (a cope), fashioned for GeorgeIV in 1821.[161][s] They were also worn by his successors GeorgeVI, ElizabethII and CharlesIII. Together, the gold robes weigh approximately 10kg (22lb).[164] A new Stole Royal was made in 2023 for CharlesIII by the Royal School of Needlework, taking inspiration from the 1953 stole of his predecessor, ElizabethII. It is adorned with emblems of the four countries of the United Kingdom, a dove representing the Holy Spirit, a Tudor-style crown, and a pattern based on the Cosmati Pavement in Westminster Abbey.[165]
Spurs
Prick spurs remade for CharlesII are presented to the monarch. They are made of solid gold, richly embossed with floral patterns and scrolls, and have crimson velvet straps embroidered in gold. Both necks terminate in a Tudor rose with a spike at its centre. Also known as St George's Spurs, they are emblems of knighthood and chivalry, and denote the sovereign's role as head of the armed forces. Gold spurs are first known to have been used in 1189 at the coronation of RichardI, though it is likely they were introduced for Henry the Young King in 1170, and this element of the service was probably inspired by the initiation ceremony of knights. A pair of mid 14th-century spurs were added to StEdward's regalia at the Abbey in 1399 and used at all coronations until their destruction in 1649.[166] Historically, spurs were fastened to a monarch's feet, but since the Restoration they are simply presented to the monarch.[167]
Armills
The Armills are gold bracelets of sincerity and wisdom.[168] Like spurs, they were first used at English coronations in the 12th century.[169] By the 17th century, armills were no longer delivered to the monarch, but simply carried at the coronation. A new pair had to be made in 1661; they are 4cm (1.6in) wide, 7cm (2.8in) in diameter, and champlevé enamelled on the surface with roses, thistles and harps (the national symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland) as well as fleurs-de-lis.[170] For ElizabethII's coronation in 1953, the tradition of wearing armills was revived, and a new set of plain 22-karat gold armills lined with crimson velvet presented to the Queen on behalf of various Commonwealth governments. Each bracelet is fitted with an invisible hinge and a clasp in the form of a Tudor rose. The hallmark includes a tiny portrait of the Queen,[171] who continued to wear them upon leaving the Abbey and could be seen wearing them later, along with the Imperial State Crown and Sovereign's Ring, at her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace.[172]
Orbs
Sovereign's Orb
An orb, a type of globus cruciger, was first used at an English coronation by Henry VIII in 1509, and then by all subsequent monarchs apart from the early Stuart kings JamesI and CharlesI, who opted for the medieval coronation order. The Tudor orb was deposited with StEdward's regalia at Westminster Abbey in 1625.[173] Since 1661 the Sovereign's Orb is a hollow gold sphere about 16.5cm (6.5in) in diameter and weighing 1.2kg (2.6lb) (more than twice as heavy as the original[173]) made for CharlesII.[174] A band of gems and pearls runs along the equator and there is a half-band on the top hemisphere. Atop the orb is an amethyst surmounted by a jewelled cross, symbolising the Christian world, with a sapphire on one side and an emerald on the other.[175] Altogether, the orb is decorated with 375 pearls, 365 diamonds, 18 rubies, 9 emeralds, 9 sapphires, 1 amethyst and 1 piece of glass.[176] It is handed to the sovereign during the investiture rite of the coronation, and is borne later in the left hand when leaving Westminster Abbey.[177] A small version, originally set with hired gems, was made in 1689 for MaryII to hold at her coronation as joint sovereign with WilliamIII; it was never used again at a coronation and was re-set with imitation gems and cultured pearls. The orb is 14.6cm (5.7in) in diameter and weighs 1.07kg (2.4lb).[174] Both orbs were laid on Queen Victoria's coffin at her state funeral in 1901. Officially, no reason was given for using MaryII's orb, but it may have been intended to reflect Victoria's position as Empress of India.[178]
Rings
The Sovereign's Ring has been worn by monarchs at their coronation since WilliamIV in 1831, with the exceptions of Queen Victoria, whose fingers were too small to retain it,[179] and Charles III, who acknowledged the ring but did not wear it.[180] In the centre is a large octagonal sapphire overlaid with rubies forming a cross, surrounded by 14 brilliant diamonds. The general design is intended to represent the red St George's Cross (England) on the blue background of StAndrew's Cross (Scotland).[171] Rubies symbolise all the kingly virtues – such as humility, good morals, and charity – and have featured on coronation rings since the early Middle Ages.[181] A small copy was made for Victoria, who wrote in a letter: "The Archbishop had (most awkwardly) put the ring on the wrong finger, and the consequence was that I had the greatest difficulty to take it off again, which I at last did with great pain"[182] – her jewellers had measured the wrong finger.[183] In 1919 both rings were deposited at the Tower along with the Queen Consort's Ring, which is similar in design and was made in 1831 for Queen Adelaide.[184]
Before 1831, monarchs generally received a new ring symbolising their "marriage" to the nation,[179] with perhaps two exceptions: RichardII offered Westminster Abbey a "solemn jewel, a gold ring set with a precious stone called a ruby, of no small value" to be worn by his successors. Evidence suggests it was later worn by HenryV.[185] Another was the Stuart Coronation Ring, probably used at the English coronations of CharlesI and CharlesII, and certainly that of JamesII, who took it into exile with him in France after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. It was returned to the British monarchy 100 years later and belongs to the Royal Collection of Gems and Jewels. The ring has a large ruby etched with a StGeorge's Cross and bordered by 26 diamonds. Since 1830 it has been on permanent loan from Windsor Castle to Edinburgh Castle where it is displayed with the Honours of Scotland.[186] The coronation ring of Mary II survives in the Portland Collection at Welbeck Abbey.[187]
Sceptres
The head of the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross
The sceptre, a symbolic ornamental rod held by the monarch at a coronation, is derived from the shepherd's staff via the crozier of a bishop.[188] Two gold sceptres made in 1661 are part of the coronation regalia. The Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross is a token of his or her temporal power as head of state. The whole object is 92cm (3ft) long, weighs around 1.17kg (2.6lb), and is decorated with 333 diamonds, 31 rubies, 15 emeralds, 7 sapphires, 6 spinels, and 1 composite amethyst.[189] In 1910, it was redesigned to incorporate Cullinan I, also known as the Great Star of Africa, which, at over 530 carats (106g), is the largest clear cut diamond in the world.[190] It was part of a rough diamond weighing 3,106 carats (621.2g) found in South Africa in 1905, and was named after Thomas Cullinan, the chairman of the mining company. The gold clasps holding it can be opened and the stone removed to be worn as a pendant hanging from CullinanII, which is set in the Imperial State Crown, to form a brooch– Queen Mary often wore it like this.[105] Above the pear-shaped diamond is the amethyst surmounted by a cross pattée encrusted with an emerald and small diamonds.[190]
The Sovereign's Sceptre with Dove, which has also been known as the Rod of Equity and Mercy, is emblematic of the monarch's spiritual role. It is slightly longer, at 1.1m (3.6ft), but weighs about the same as the Sceptre with Cross. The sceptre is decorated with 285 gemstones, including 94 diamonds, 53 rubies, 10 emeralds, 4 sapphires and 3 spinels.[189] Circling the rod are bands of precious stones. At the top is a gold monde set with diamonds and topped by a plain cross, upon which sits a white enamelled dove with its wings outspread, representing the Holy Ghost.[191] A sceptre like this first appeared in the 11thcentury and was probably based on the German sceptre, which was topped by an Imperial Eagle.[188] The Sceptre with Dove is the penultimate piece of regalia to be delivered. Holding both sceptres, the monarch is crowned with StEdward's Crown.[183]
The Crown Jewels include two sceptres made for Mary of Modena in 1685: a gold sceptre with a cross known as the Queen Consort's Sceptre with Cross, and another made of ivory topped by a dove known as the Queen Consort's Ivory Rod with Dove. Unlike the sovereign's dove, this one has folded wings and is relatively small. It was last used by Queen Elizabeth, later known as the Queen Mother, at her husband GeorgeVI's coronation in 1937. For the coronation of MaryII, the wife and joint sovereign of WilliamIII, a more elaborate gold sceptre with dove was commissioned in 1689. It has not been used since, and went missing for several decades, only to be found in 1814 at the back of a cupboard in the Tower of London.[176]
Altar plate
Altar dishes behind GeorgeV at his coronation in 1911
In the Jewel House there is a collection of chalices, patens, flagons, candlesticks, and dishes– all silver-gilt except five gold communion vessels– that are displayed on the altars at Westminster Abbey during coronations. Some are also used at other times.[192] Although not regalia, such items are considered to be Crown Jewels by virtue of their long association with the Jewel House.[193]
One of the most striking pieces is a large dish 95cm (3.12ft) across and weighing 13kg (28.7lb), in the centre of which is a relief depiction of the Last Supper. Around the edge are four engravings of biblical scenes: the Washing of the Feet, the Walk to Emmaus, the Coming of the Holy Ghost, and Christ's Commission to the Apostles. Made in 1664 for James, Duke of York, and later acquired by CharlesII, it stands on the high altar during a coronation ceremony.[194] At each end of the altar stands a 91cm (3ft) tall candlestick made in the 17thcentury, which is engraved all over with scrolls, leaves and flowers.[195]
An altar dish and flagon were made in 1691 for the royal Church of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London. The dish measures 70cm (2.3ft) across and depicts the Last Supper above the coat of arms of co-monarchs WilliamIII and MaryII.[196] The flagon stands 42.5cm (1.4ft) tall.[197] Both pieces are still used in the chapel on Easter, Whitsun and Christmas, and they were first displayed at a coronation in 1821.[198] Another dish still in regular use is the Maundy Dish– one of six used by the King at Royal Maundy for handing out alms to elderly people in recognition of their service to the church and local community. The ceremony, which takes place in a different cathedral every year, entirely replaced the ancient custom of washing the feet of the poor in 1730, and the dish, though it bears the royal cypher of William and Mary, dates from the reign of CharlesII. Two purses containing specially minted coins are taken from the dish and presented to each recipient.[199]
Banqueting plate
The Exeter Salt top centre with salt spoons either side, a caddinet (spice box) lower left, and a cruet lower right
The last coronation banquet held at Westminster Hall took place in 1821 for GeorgeIV.[200] Silverware used at those banquets include the Plymouth Fountain, a wine fountain made around 1640 by a German goldsmith and presented to CharlesII by the city of Plymouth. Gilded for GeorgeII in 1726, it is 77.5cm (2.5ft) tall and decorated with flowers, fruit, dolphins, mermaids and sea monsters.[201] The nautical theme is continued in the silver-gilt Wine Cistern, also known as the Grand Punch Bowl, which is cast as a giant oyster shell. It weighs 257kg (567lb), measures 0.76m ×1.38m ×1.01m (2.5ft ×4.5ft ×3.3ft), and can hold 144 bottles of wine on ice.[202] It was commissioned in 1829 by GeorgeIV but not completed until after his death. It is the heaviest surviving piece of English banqueting plate.[203] In 1841, the cistern was re-purposed as a punch bowl, with the addition of a large ivory-stemmed ladle, which has a silver-gilt bowl in the form of a nautilus shell.[204]
The Exeter Salt is a 45-centimetre (1.5ft) tall salt cellar in the form of a castle on a rocky outcrop. Each of its four main compartments held about 29g (1oz) of salt, while smaller ones held pepper and other spices.[205] It was made c.1630 in Germany and is set with 73 gems probably added later. The Salt was bought in Hamburg in 1657 by the city's British Resident as a peace offering to the Russian court, which had cut all ties with Britain during the Interregnum. He was turned away at the Russian border and eventually took it home to London. In 1660, it was acquired from a private dealer for £700 by the city of Exeter and presented to CharlesII.[206]
Eleven smaller salts named after StGeorge were originally made for a St George's Day banquet of the Knights of the Garter in the late 17thcentury. A twelfth, the Queen Elizabeth Salt, was made in 1572 during the reign of ElizabethI for a member of the aristocracy; it was later acquired by CharlesII. Twelve spoons made for GeorgeIV in 1820 complement these salts.[207]
Three silver-gilt objects (comprising a total of six parts) associated with royal christenings are displayed in the Jewel House. CharlesII's 95-centimetre (3ft 1in) tall font was created in 1661 and stood on a basin to catch any spills.[91] Surmounting the font's domed lid is a figure of Philip the Evangelist baptising the Ethiopian eunuch.[208] While Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no heir, the font may have been used to secretly baptise some of his 13 illegitimate children.[209] In 1688, James Francis Edward Stuart, son of JamesII and Mary of Modena, was the first royal baby to be christened using this object.[210]
A ewer and basin of French design made in 1735 were only used at two christenings. The 46-centimetre (1ft 6in) tall ewer's handle is topped by a figure of Hercules slaying the Hydra, an unlikely motif for baptismal plate, suggesting it originally had an alternate purpose. Indeed, it was first used in 1738 at the impromptu christening of a "very ill" future GeorgeIII only hours after his birth.[211] His father, Frederick, Prince of Wales, was banished from the royal court and forbidden to use the CharlesII font.[209] An inscription on the ewer records its presence at the 1780 christening of GeorgeIII's youngest son, Prince Alfred.[211]
The Lily Font was made in 1840 for the christening of Victoria, Princess Royal, the first child of Queen Victoria, who declined to use the CharlesII font because of its unseemly history. The 1661 font was recycled as a plinth (pictured) and its basin found a new role as an altar dish.[209] The Lily Font stands 43 centimetres (1ft 5in) tall and weighs approximately 10kg (22lb).[212] It is decorated with water lilies, symbolising purity and new life, and cherubs plucking lyres. The object has been used for the christenings of all of ElizabethII's children and grandchildren (except Princess Eugenie) with holy water brought from the River Jordan.[213]
Ownership, management and value
The Crown Jewels are part of the Royal Collection.[2] As with Royal palaces, ownership is regarded as inalienable and passes from one monarch to the next in perpetuity.[214] However, a 17th-century ruling by SirEdward Coke, which states "the ancient jewels of the crown are heirloomes and shall descend to the next successor and are not devisable by testament", contains an exception allowing the monarch to dispose of objects via letters patent during their lifetime under the Great Seal or Privy Seal.[215][t] In 1995, Iain Sproat, then Secretary of State for National Heritage, confirmed that the disposal of the Royal Collection was "entirely a matter for the Queen".[216] Their potential value is generally not included in estimates of the monarch's wealth because in practice it is unlikely the Crown Jewels will ever be sold,[214] nor are they insured against loss,[217] and are officially described as priceless.[218][u] Maintenance, alteration and repair falls to the Crown Jeweller, a member of the Royal Household who cleans them after visiting hours at the Tower of London each January and accompanies the regalia and plate whenever they leave the Tower for use at royal ceremonies. Older items have been conserved by experts from the British Museum.[221] The Royal Collection Trust keeps an inventory of the jewels,[4] and Historic Royal Palaces is responsible for their display.[222]
↑ Three maces from the Jewel House are on permanent loan to the Palace of Westminster.[1] Objects can be temporarily moved to other exhibitions.
↑ Technically, the Crown Jewels are the regalia and vestments used or worn by monarchs at a coronation.[4] However, the term has been commonly used to refer to the contents of the Jewel House since at least the 17thcentury.[5] The inventory in Keay (2011) extends to items displayed in the Martin Tower.
↑ "An Order of the House concerning the Pawning of the Crown Jewels at Amsterdam" can be found in Rushworth, John (1721), Historical Collections, vol. 4, p. 736.
↑ There is a list of additions and alterations up to Queen Victoria's 1838 coronation in Jones, pp. 63–72. For a timeline of changes between 1855 and 1967 see Holmes and Sitwell, pp. 76–78. A thorough history is contained in Blair, vol. 2.
↑ In 1937 and 1953 the coronation was rehearsed using a set of replicas made by Messrs Robert White and Sons. After 1953 the set was purchased jointly by the Abbey and the Ministry of Works, and it has been displayed in the Abbey's triforium since 2018.[87]
↑ The Tudor Crown was reinstated in 2022 by Elizabeth's successor, CharlesIII.[99]
↑ Prior to decimalisation in 1971 the sword was redeemed for 100 shillings.[138]
↑ Objects are listed in the order in which they are presented to a monarch.
↑ George IV never wore the Supertunica. Westminster Abbey took custody of the robe and it was donated to the Crown by a private owner in 1911.[163]
↑ Further reading on this subject: Nash, Michael L. (2017). "The Jewels of the Kingdom". Royal Wills in Britain from 1509 to 2008. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.61–86. ISBN978-1-137-60144-5.
↑ In 1995, three disused crown frames then owned by the jewellers Asprey & Garrard, which are now kept in the Tower of London, were valued for an export licence application:[219]
Crown jewels are the objects of metalwork and jewellery in the regalia of a current or former monarchy. They are often used for the coronation of a monarch and a few other ceremonial occasions. A monarch may often be shown wearing them in portraits, as they symbolize the power and continuity of the monarchy. Additions to them may be made, but, since medieval times, the existing items have been typically passed down unchanged, symbolizing the continuity of a monarchy.
St Edward's Crown is the coronation crown of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Named after Saint Edward the Confessor, versions of it have traditionally been used to crown English and British monarchs at their coronations since the 13th century. It is normally on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.
The Imperial State Crown is a state crown of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. First created for the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, a faithful copy was made in 1937 for the coronation of George VI and remains in use today. The crown is adorned with 3,170 precious stones, including the Cullinan II diamond, St Edward's Sapphire, the Stuart Sapphire, and the Black Prince's Ruby.
The Honours of Scotland, informally known as the Scottish Crown Jewels, are the regalia that were worn by Scottish monarchs at their coronation. Kept in the Crown Room in Edinburgh Castle, they date from the 15th and 16th centuries, and are the oldest surviving set of crown jewels in the British Isles.
The coronation of the monarch of the United Kingdom is an initiation ceremony in which they are formally invested with regalia and crowned at Westminster Abbey. It corresponds to the coronations that formerly took place in other European monarchies, which have all abandoned coronations in favour of inauguration or enthronement ceremonies. A coronation is a symbolic formality and does not signify the official beginning of the monarch's reign; de jure and de facto his or her reign commences from the moment of the preceding monarch's death or abdication, maintaining legal continuity of the monarchy.
The Coronation Chair, also known as St Edward's Chair or King Edward's Chair, is an ancient wooden chair on which British monarchs sit when they are invested with regalia and crowned at their coronations. It was commissioned in 1296 by King Edward I to contain the Stone of Scone, which he had captured from the Scots. The chair was named after Edward the Confessor and for centuries it was kept in his shrine at Westminster Abbey. The Coronation Chair was last used at the Coronation of King Charles the III and Queen Camilla at Westminster Abbey in 2023.
The French Crown Jewels and Regalia comprise the crowns, orb, sceptres, diadems and jewels that were symbols of Royal or Imperial power between 752 and 1870. These were worn by many Kings and Queens of France as well as Emperor Napoleon. The set was finally broken up, with most of it sold off in 1885 by the Third Republic. The surviving French Crown Jewels, principally a set of historic crowns, diadems and parures, are mainly on display in the Galerie d'Apollon of the Louvre, France's premier museum and former royal palace, together with the Regent Diamond, the Sancy Diamond and the 105-carat (21.0 g) Côte-de-Bretagne red spinel, carved into the form of a dragon. In addition, some gemstones and jewels are on display in the Treasury vault of the Mineralogy gallery in the National Museum of Natural History.
The Diamond Diadem, historically known as the George IV State Diadem, is a diadem that was made in 1820 for King George IV. The diadem has been worn by queens regnant and queens consort in procession to coronations and State Openings of Parliament. It has been featured in paintings and on stamps and currency.
Curtana, also known as the Sword of Mercy, is a ceremonial sword used at the coronation of British kings and queens. One of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, its end is blunt and squared to symbolise mercy.
Danish Crown Regalia are the symbols of the Danish monarchy. They consist of three crowns, a sceptre, globus cruciger, the sword of state and an ampulla . The Danish Royal Regalia are kept in the treasury at Rosenborg Castle. The oldest of these is Christian III's sword of state from 1551. They further include King Christian IV's diamond; pearl- and gold-embroidered saddles; objects carved from ivory and rock-crystal; lapidary pieces of precious stones, and brooches in the form of fantastic animals.
The regalia of Norway are items that symbolise the Norwegian monarch's power and majesty. Little is known of the old Norwegian regalia which have since been lost. The majority of the modern regalia date from 1818 and were made for the coronation of Jean Bernadotte as King Carl III Johan.
The State Crown of George I is the imperial and state crown crafted in 1714 for King George I. It was modified and used by subsequent monarchs until 1838. The empty gold frame and its aquamarine monde which dates from the reign of King James II are both part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. They are on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.
The State Crown of Mary of Modena is the consort crown made in 1685 for Mary of Modena, queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. It was used by future queens, even by queens regnant until the end of the 18th century.
The Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales is a small crown that is part of the Honours of Wales. The gold coronet, with diamonds set in platinum, was made for and used by King Charles III at his investiture as Prince of Wales in 1969. Designed by the artist Louis Osman, the coronet was a gift from the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths to the Prince's mother, Queen Elizabeth II. It has been described as modern but its form is traditional. The coronet is on permanent display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.
The only surviving original piece of the Polish crown jewels from the time of the Piast dynasty is the ceremonial sword Szczerbiec. It is currently on display along with other preserved royal items at the Wawel Royal Castle Museum in Kraków.
The Crown of Scotland is the centrepiece of the Honours of Scotland. It is the crown that was used at the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland, and it is the oldest surviving crown in the British Isles and among the oldest in Europe.
Sweden's regalia are kept deep in the vaults of the Royal Treasury, underneath the Royal Palace in Stockholm, in a museum that is open to the public. The crowns and coronets have not been worn by Swedish royalty since 1907, but they are still displayed at weddings, christenings and funerals.
A Supertunica is a robe worn by British monarchs at their coronation. It is donned shortly after the Anointing ceremony for the vesting of the Spurs, Sword of Offering and the Armills. Afterwards the Stole Royal and Robe Royal are worn on top of the Supertunica for the crowning of the monarch. The Supertunica, Stole and Robe are replaced with the Imperial Robe for the final procession from Westminster Abbey.
The Stole Royal is an item of regalia used during the coronation of a British monarch, similar to the stoles worn as vestments by clergymen. It is donned after the anointing of the monarch and is worn throughout the crowning, receiving of homage and conclusion of the communion. The Stole Royal is removed, with other garments, before the procession from Westminster Abbey for which the Imperial Robe is worn.
The Robe Royal is a robe worn by the British monarch when he or she is crowned. It is donned just before the monarch is invested with the Orb, Ring and Sceptres. It is worn during the crowning and paying of homage. The Robe Royal used is one originally created for the 1821 coronation of George IV.
Barclay, Andrew (2008). "The 1661 St Edward's Crown – Refurbished, Recycled or Replaced?". The Court Historian. 13 (2): 149–170. doi:10.1179/cou.2008.13.2.002. S2CID159809217.
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