Ceremonial maces in the United Kingdom

Last updated
Trumpeters and a mace bearer at the English coronation of James II in 1685 Trumpeters and mace bearer 1685.png
Trumpeters and a mace bearer at the English coronation of James II in 1685

Ceremonial maces in the United Kingdom began as lethal weapons of medieval knights in England, Scotland, and Wales, evolving into ceremonial objects carried by sergeants-at-arms.

Contents

In the United Kingdom, they now represent the monarch's authority in parliaments and councils, and royal maces are borne in procession at the State Opening of Parliament and British coronations.

Some British universities also have their own maces for ceremonial purposes.

Crown Jewels

In the late 17th century, there were 16 royal maces in the Crown Jewels, but only 13 survive, 10 of which are on display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London. The other three are on permanent loan to the Houses of Parliament. [1] All are of a type adopted, with slight variations, by Charles II after 1660. Two maces from the Jewel House are carried in the royal procession at State Openings of Parliament and British coronations. [2] Each mace has a core of oak, around which 13 silver-gilt parts fit together. At the top is either a small crown or a monde and cross pattée; below that are four crown arches, a coronet, a plate engraved with the coat of arms (facing upwards), a cup-shaped head with the royal cypher, a bracket of scrolls, a knop, the upper stem, a knop, the lower stem, a knop (in two halves), and the butt. [3]

Maces in the Jewel House are numbered 1–10:

#DateCommissionerMakerLengthWeightNotesRCIN
1c. 1670Charles II1.57 m (5.2 ft)10.17 kg (22.4 lb)Probably made for the English House of Commons 31784 [4]
21660–61Charles II1.38 m (4.5 ft)7.29 kg (16.1 lb)One of 13 made for Charles II's coronation31781 [5]
3c. 1685 James II & VII Francis Garthorne1.6 m (5.2 ft)10.8 kg (24 lb)One of three made for James II's coronation31785 [6]
4c. 1685James II & VIIFrancis Garthorne1.6 m (5.2 ft)10.6 kg (23 lb)One of three made for James II's coronation31786 [7]
5c. 1689 William III and Mary II Robert Cooper?1.56 m (5.1 ft)10.65 kg (23.5 lb)Made for William and Mary's coronation31791 [8]
6c. 1689William III and Mary IIRobert Cooper?1.54 m (5.1 ft)10.35 kg (22.8 lb)Made for William and Mary's coronation31792 [9]
7c. 1692William III and Mary IIFrancis Garthorne1.67 m (5.5 ft)9.86 kg (21.7 lb)Probably made for the Irish House of Commons 31788 [10]
8c. 1689William III and Mary IIFrancis Garthorne1.65 m (5.4 ft)11.15 kg (24.6 lb)Made for William and Mary's coronation31787 [11]
9c. 1674Charles IIFrancis Garthorne1.48 m (4.9 ft)10.13 kg (22.3 lb)Originally made for the English Lord Chancellor's
Sergeant-at-Arms; sent to Ireland for use by the
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1692		31790 [12]
10c. 1670Charles II1.51 m (5.0 ft)9.35 kg (20.6 lb)Sent to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 169231789 [13]

Houses of Parliament

In the Houses of Parliament, two ceremonial maces represent the monarch's authority. The monarch is referred to as the "third part of Parliament" and signs Bills into law. [14] Parliament cannot lawfully sit, debate, or pass any legislation without a royal mace being present in the chambers. They are carried into and out of the two chambers in procession at the beginning and end of each day. [15]

On the rare occasion that a monarch addresses both houses in Westminster Hall, for example in 2012 for Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee, [16] the Lords and Commons maces are both present, and are covered with a red and a green cloth respectively when he or she enters the hall. [17]

The House of Lords has two maces, one of which is carried by the Usher of the Black Rod and placed behind the Lord Speaker on the Woolsack before the House sits. [18] All members are required to bow their heads to the mace upon entering the chamber. [19] It is absent when the monarch delivers his or her speech from the throne at State Openings of Parliament. The other mace accompanies the Lord Chancellor on official duties outside the House of Lords. [20] Mace A was made in the reign of Charles II c. 1672, is 1.56 m (5.1 ft) long and weighs 11.21 kg (24.7 lb). [21] Mace B was made in the reign of William III and Mary II in 1695, is 1.58 m (5.2 ft) long and weighs 11.82 kg (26.1 lb). [22]

Top of a royal mace bearing the cypher of Charles II British ceremonial mace.png
Top of a royal mace bearing the cypher of Charles II

The House of Commons mace, carried by the Serjeant-at-Arms, [23] is placed on brackets on top of the Table of the House in front of the Speaker. When the Commons sits as a Committee of the Whole House, or when Finance Bills are discussed, the Mace sits under the table. [15] It is 1.48 m (4.9 ft) long and weighs 7.96 kg (17.5 lb). [24] It was made in 1660, was refurbished in 1767, and is one of five that have used in the Commons at various periods since the Restoration: from 1660 to 1670, 1678 to 1690, and 1825 to the present day. [25]

Incidents with the Mace in the House of Commons

During the Rump Parliament in 1653, which followed the abolition of the monarchy, Oliver Cromwell derided the mace as a "fools' bauble" and ordered his troops to take it away. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Members of Parliament have used the symbolism of the mace to make various protests.

In 1930, John Beckett, a member of the Labour Party, was suspended from the House of Commons for showing disrespect to the mace by trying to leave the chamber with it as a protest against the suspension of another member; it was wrested from his grip at the door. [26]

In 1976, Michael Heseltine, a member of the Conservative Party, seized the mace from the table and held it above his head after Labour MPs on the government side started to sing "The Red Flag", the traditional anthem of the Labour Party, during a heated debate on the controversial Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Bill, which nationalised large parts of the UK aerospace and shipbuilding industries. [27]

In 1988, Ron Brown, Labour MP for Edinburgh Leith, picked up the mace during a debate on the so-called poll tax and threw it to the floor in protest at the government's proposals. The mace was damaged, and Brown was ordered to pay £1,500 towards the cost of repairs. [28]

In 2009, John McDonnell, Labour MP for Hayes and Harlington, in which Heathrow Airport is located, was suspended from the Commons after disrupting a debate on the proposed expansion of the airport. Following the Transport Secretary's announcement that the government had decided to approve a new runway without a vote in the Commons, McDonnell took the mace and dropped it on an empty bench. He was named by the Deputy Speaker and suspended from the Commons for five days for contempt of Parliament. [29]

In 2018, Lloyd Russell-Moyle, Labour MP for Brighton Kemptown, picked up the mace and walked towards the chamber's exit in protest at Prime Minister Theresa May's delaying of the meaningful vote on a Brexit deal in the Commons. [30] A servant took the mace from him and put it back before he could leave. He was ordered to withdraw from the house for the remainder of the sitting. [31] Russell-Moyle told the press "they stopped me before I got out of the chamber and I wasn't going to struggle with someone wearing a huge sword on their hip". [32]

In 2020, Drew Hendry SNP MP for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey attempted to leave with the mace after he received a warning from Deputy Speaker Rosie Winterton that he would be named for refusing to return to his seat following a debate on the UK Internal Market Bill. He then was suspended from the house for the day's sitting after he was prevented from leaving by the doorkeepers. [33] [34]

England

Mace of the City of London

Mace of the City of London Mace of the City of London.jpg
Mace of the City of London

The Lord Mayor of London is preceded by both a Mace Bearer and a Serjeant-at-Arms. This is only for his status as head of the City of London Corporation: as an alderman he is also accompanied, as are the other 25 aldermen, by his ward beadle, carrying the ward mace. All are displayed and used on the city's eight grand ceremonial occasions of each year. There are many more maces in store than the current number in use, because each division of the wards and their parishes also had its own mace. The city also has a Crystal Sceptre, not strictly a mace, made of crystal and gold set with pearls; the head dates from the 15th century, while the mounts of the shaft are older, dating from the early Middle Ages. These various maces take many forms and are from different periods, but most are no earlier than the Restoration of Charles II. A mace of a most unusual form from that period is that of the Tower Ward of London, whose head resembles the White Tower in the Tower of London, complete with tiny cannons.

In 2017, the City of London mace travelled with the Lord Mayor to Dublin, Ireland, as a symbol of friendship between the two countries. [35]

Other civic maces

Mayoral and aldermanic maces are carried in ceremonial processions in other boroughs and cities throughout England as symbols of the authority of the mayor or lord mayor and council, although the office of alderman has largely been abolished. A mace is commonly of silver gilt, the largest examples being the great maces of the cities of Oxford, [36] Winchester, [37] and Newcastle upon Tyne. [38] The Great Mace of Stafford Borough Council is by tradition placed in the upright position when used at council meetings and on ceremonial occasions after James I visiting Stafford in 1617 was so impressed with the Mace that he ordered 'it should never be allowed to rest'. [39] Most livery companies have their own mace, as do county councils throughout England.

Academic maces

At the University of Oxford there are three dating from the second half of the 16th century and six from 1723 and 1724, while at the University of Cambridge there are three from 1626 and one from 1628. The latter was altered during the Cromwellian Commonwealth and again at the Stuart Restoration. Durham University has a mace carried by one of the two University Bedels, used at special ceremonies, as does the University of Bristol, [40] where it is carried by one of the corps of Bedells. The mace of the Open University reflects its modernist outlook, being made from titanium. [41]

In 1663, Charles II presented a silver-gilt mace to the Royal Society, which he founded in 1660. It is very similar to the maces used in the Houses of Parliament and has the royal cypher "C.R.". [42]

Scotland

Scottish Parliament

The present Scottish Parliament has a silver mace, which was designed in 1999 and incorporates a gold wedding ring. [43] The Scottish Parliament was presented with this mace by Elizabeth II at the opening ceremony on 1 July 1999. It was designed and crafted by Michael Lloyd, a renowned silversmith who has a studio in south-west Scotland. The mace is constructed of Scottish silver with an inlaid band of gold panned from Scottish rivers. The gold band is intended to symbolise the marriage of the Parliament, the land, and the people. The words "Wisdom, Justice, Compassion, Integrity" are woven into thistles at the head of the mace to represent the aspirations of the Scottish people for the Members of their Parliament. The head of the mace bears the words: "There shall be a Scottish Parliament – Scotland Act 1998".

Judicial maces

Lord President's Mace Lord President of the Court of Session's Mace - geograph.org.uk - 991449.jpg
Lord President's Mace

The Lord President's Mace (sometimes known as the Old Exchequer Mace) dates from 1667. It is made of gilt solid silver, measures 4 ft 8 inches and weighs 17 lb 5oz. In 1856, on the merging of the courts, it was transferred from the Court of Exchequer to the First Division of the Court of Session to be used by the Lord President. The mace remains in daily use in the court. The mace, and lesser ones used in the other courts, are borne by Macers, officers of the court who act as assistants to the judges. The Lord President's Mace is borne by the Falkland Macer. A new mace was presented to the Court in 2006. [44]

The silver mace with crystal globe of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, at Holyrood Palace, was made about 1690 by Francis Garthorne.

Academic maces

The University of St Andrews in Scotland has three maces dating from the 15th century. [45] The university also has four other maces of a more recent origin. These are on permanent display at the Museum of the University of St Andrews. The University of Glasgow has one from the same period, which may be seen in its arms.

The mace of the general council of the University of Edinburgh has a three-sided head: one with the seal of the University, one with the university's coat of arms, and the third with the coat of arms of the City of Edinburgh. The wood for the shaft of the mace is from Malabar and was presented by the Secretary of State for India (R. A. Cross) at the First International Forestry Exhibition (1884). [46]

Wales

Senedd

Senedd Cymru or the Welsh Parliament, simply the Senedd (known as the National Assembly for Wales prior to May 2020), has had two ceremonial maces since its inception in 1999. A glass sculpture known as the "Tlws" was used between 1999 and 2006, when the current mace came into use.

Current mace (2006 – present)

Ceremonial mace at the Senedd
Mace at the Senedd.jpg
Ceremonial mace of the Senedd horizontal.png

Currently the Senedd has a mace that bears the institution's official symbol at its head. It was presented to the assembly by the Parliament of New South Wales at a ceremony to mark the official opening of the Senedd building in Cardiff on St David's Day in 2006. [47]

Melbourne goldsmith Fortunato Rocca was commissioned in 2002 to design the mace, which took 300 hours to craft and is made of gold, silver and brass. In 2006, it was worth around £10,500 (A$25,000) and was handed over to the National Assembly during the opening ceremony. [48]

Tlws (1999 – 2006)

The "Tlws" (in 2012) Tlws mace.jpg
The "Tlws" (in 2012)

Between 1999 and 2006, the National Assembly for Wales used a sculpture known as the "Tlws". Created by the Cold Glass Workshop in Frome, England, [49] and designed by the Cardiff based glass sculptor Jane Beebe, the Tlws was made using lead crystal, steel, and a lump of coal, sat on a slate plinth in front of the presiding officer's desk, and was illuminated when the Assembly was sitting. [50]

Presented to the assembly by Elizabeth II at the official opening of the First Assembly in 1999, [51] the Tlws now resides in the Siambr Hywel debating chamber in the Tŷ Hywel building adjoining the Senedd building.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland Assembly and predecessor bodies

Maces of the former House of Commons of Northern Ireland and Senate of Northern Ireland on display at Parliament Buildings, Stormont Maces of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.png
Maces of the former House of Commons of Northern Ireland and Senate of Northern Ireland on display at Parliament Buildings, Stormont

The current Northern Ireland Assembly does not use a ceremonial mace.

The former House of Commons of Northern Ireland and Senate of Northern Ireland each had a silver mace bearing the Red Hand of Ulster motif. [52] [53] Following the abolition of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1972, these maces were held storage. [54] [55]

Maces were also used by the former assemblies established in 1973 [56] and 1982. [57]

In March 2022, the maces of the former Parliament of Northern Ireland were put on public display at Parliament Buildings, Stormont as part of a permeant exhibition known as "Parliament Buildings – a Journey of People, Politics and Peacebuilding". [58] [59] [60]

Civic maces

Some district councils in Northern Ireland meet with maces present. These include Belfast City Council, [61] Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council [62] and Mid and East Antrim Borough Council. [63]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</span> Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as members of Parliament (MPs). MPs are elected to represent constituencies by the first-past-the-post system and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parliament of the United Kingdom</span> Legislative body in the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster in London. Parliament possesses legislative supremacy and thereby holds ultimate power over all other political bodies in the United Kingdom and the Overseas Territories. While Parliament is bicameral, it has three parts: the sovereign (King-in-Parliament), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. In theory, power is officially vested in the King-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the prime minister, and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to only delaying legislation; thus power is de facto vested in the House of Commons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palace of Westminster</span> Meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is located in London, England. It is commonly called the Houses of Parliament after the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two legislative chambers which occupy the building. The palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom; "Westminster" has become a metonym for the UK Parliament and the British Government, and the Westminster system of government commemorates the name of the palace. The Elizabeth Tower of the palace, nicknamed Big Ben, is a landmark of London and the United Kingdom in general. The Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of the United Kingdom</span> Political system of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The politics of the United Kingdom functions within a constitutional monarchy where executive power is delegated by legislation and social conventions to a unitary parliamentary democracy. From this a hereditary monarch, currently Charles III, serves as head of state while the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, currently Rishi Sunak since 2022, serves as the elected head of government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legislatures of the United Kingdom</span> Parliamentary bodies of the United Kingdom and its component jurisdictions

The legislatures of the United Kingdom are derived from a number of different sources. The parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body for the United Kingdom and the British overseas territories with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each having their own devolved legislatures. Each of the three major jurisdictions of the United Kingdom has its own laws and legal system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Law of the United Kingdom</span>

The United Kingdom has three distinctly different legal systems, each of which derives from a particular geographical area for a variety of historical reasons: English and Welsh law, Scots law, Northern Ireland law, and, since 2007, calls for a fourth type that of purely Welsh law as a result of Welsh devolution, with further calls for a Welsh justice system.

An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in many countries, especially the Commonwealth realms. In the United Kingdom this legislation is formally made in the name of the monarch by and with the advice and consent of the Privy Council (King-in-Council), but in other countries the terminology may vary. The term should not be confused with Orders of Council, which are made in the name of the Council without sovereign approval.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceremonial mace</span> Ornamental staff to show authority rather than as an actual weapon

A ceremonial mace is a highly ornamented staff of metal or wood, carried before a sovereign or other high officials in civic ceremonies by a mace-bearer, intended to represent the official's authority. The mace, as used today, derives from the original mace used as a weapon. Processions often feature maces, as on parliamentary or formal academic occasions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Administrative geography of the United Kingdom</span> Geographical subdivisions of local government in Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The administrative geography of the United Kingdom is complex, multi-layered and non-uniform. The United Kingdom, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe, consists of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. For local government in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each have their own system of administrative and geographic demarcation. Consequently, there is "no common stratum of administrative unit encompassing the United Kingdom".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">State Opening of Parliament</span> Ceremonial event marking the beginning of a session of the UK Parliament

The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremonial event which formally marks the beginning of each session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. At its core is His Majesty's "gracious speech from the throne", which is read by the monarch but written by HM Government. In the speech the monarch gives notice of forthcoming state visits, before setting out the government's legislative programme for the new parliamentary session. No business of either House of Parliament can proceed until the Sovereign’s speech has been delivered.

A serjeant-at-arms, or sergeant-at-arms, is an officer appointed by a deliberative body, usually a legislature, to keep order during its meetings. The word "serjeant" is derived from the Latin serviens, which means "servant". Historically, serjeants-at-arms were armed men retained by English lords and monarchs, and the ceremonial maces which they are associated with were originally a type of weapon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speaker (politics)</span> Presiding officer of a legislative body

The speaker of a deliberative assembly, especially a legislative body, is its presiding officer, or the chair. The title was first used in 1377 in England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom</span> British royal regalia

The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are a collection of royal ceremonial objects kept in the Jewel House at the Tower of London, which include the coronation regalia and vestments worn by British monarchs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of England</span> Overview of the political system in England

Politics of England forms the major part of the wider politics of the United Kingdom, with England being more populous than all the other countries of the United Kingdom put together. As England is also by far the largest in terms of area and GDP, its relationship to the UK is somewhat different from that of Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. The English capital London is also the capital of the UK, and English is the dominant language of the UK. Dicey and Morris (p26) list the separate states in the British Islands. "England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark.... is a separate country in the sense of the conflict of laws, though not one of them is a State known to public international law." But this may be varied by statute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Kingdom constituencies</span> Various types of electoral area in the UK

In the United Kingdom (UK), each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elects one member to the House of Commons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)</span> Representative in the House of Commons

In the United Kingdom, a member of Parliament (MP) is an individual elected to serve in the House of Commons, the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TheyWorkForYou</span> Website by mySociety that monitors the four parliaments in the United Kingdom

TheyWorkForYou is a parliamentary monitoring website operated by mySociety which aims to make it easier for UK citizens to understand what is going on in Westminster, as well as the Scottish Parliament, the Senedd and the Northern Ireland Assembly. It also helps create accountability for UK politicians by publishing a complete archive of every word spoken in Parliament, along with a voting record and other details for each MP, past and present.

In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Members of Parliament (MPs) can be suspended from sitting in the House of Commons by the Speaker for "disorderly conduct". The Speaker can order an MP removed from the house until the end of the day, but more often "names" an MP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federalism in the United Kingdom</span> Proposed constitutional reform of a division of powers

Federalism in the United Kingdom aims at constitutional reform to achieve a federal UK or a British federation, where there is a division of legislative powers between two or more levels of government, so that sovereignty is decentralised between a federal government and autonomous governments in a federal system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Officers of State (United Kingdom)</span> Ceremonial ministers of the Crown

In the United Kingdom, the Great Officers of State are traditional ministers of the Crown who either inherit their positions or are appointed to exercise certain largely ceremonial functions or to operate as members of the government. Separate Great Officers exist for England and Wales, Scotland, and formerly for Ireland, though some exist for Great Britain and the United Kingdom as a whole.

References

  1. ↑ Dixon-Smith, et al., p. 12.
  2. ↑ Mears, et al., p. 8.
  3. ↑ Thorne, p. 33.
  4. ↑ "Mace (No 1)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31784.
  5. ↑ "Mace (No 2)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31781.
  6. ↑ "Mace (No 3)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31785.
  7. ↑ "Mace (No 4)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31786.
  8. ↑ "Mace (No 5)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31791.
  9. ↑ "Mace (No 6)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31792.
  10. ↑ "Mace (No 7)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31788.
  11. ↑ "Mace (No 8)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31787.
  12. ↑ "Mace (No 9)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31790.
  13. ↑ "Mace (No 10)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31789.
  14. ↑ "What Parliament does". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  15. 1 2 "Mace (The)". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  16. ↑ "Queen addresses Parliament to mark Diamond Jubilee". BBC News. 20 March 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  17. ↑ Thorne, p. 47.
  18. ↑ House of Lords, p. 38.
  19. ↑ House of Lords, p. 62.
  20. ↑ "Mace - Lords". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  21. ↑ "The House of Lords Mace (A)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31782.
  22. ↑ "The House of Lords Mace (B)". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31783.
  23. ↑ "Serjeant at Arms". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  24. ↑ "The House of Commons Mace". Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no. 31780.
  25. ↑ Thorne, p. 34.
  26. ↑ "Excitement in Commons: Members Seizes the Mace". The West Australian. 18 July 1930. p. 17.
  27. ↑ "Mace – Commons". BBC News. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  28. ↑ "Mace protest MP suspended". Yahoo News. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009.
  29. ↑ "MP suspended after mace protest". BBC News. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  30. ↑ Buchan, Lizzy (10 December 2018). "Labour MP suspended from Commons for stealing ceremonial mace in protest at Brexit vote delay". The Independent .
  31. ↑ "Lloyd Russell-Moyle kicked out of House of Commons". The Argus. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  32. ↑ Elgot, Jessica (10 December 2018). "MP causes uproar in parliament by grabbing mace in Brexit protest". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  33. ↑ "SNP MP ordered from Commons for trying to move mace". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  34. ↑ "Drew Hendry suspended from Commons after refusing to sit down and stop shouting during Brexit debate". www.scotsman.com. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  35. ↑ "Co-operation Ireland facilitates Lord Mayor of London's visit to Dublin and Belfast". Co-operation Ireland. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  36. ↑ Oxford History: Mayors, etc.,: "The Mace Bearer" states "over five feet"; (www.oxfordhistory.org.uk).[ not specific enough to verify ]
  37. ↑ Winchester Civic Silver, etc.,: "The Great Mace" states "1.6 metres" (or 5 ft 3 inches) (www.winchester.gov.uk)[ not specific enough to verify ]
  38. ↑ Newcastle Civic Insignia: "The Great Mace" states "4 ft 11 inches" (www.newcastle.gov.uk) [ not specific enough to verify ]
  39. ↑ Stafford Civic Regalia (www.staffordbc.gov.uk/in-touch-with-the-past)
  40. ↑ "Ceremonial mace". University of Bristol. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  41. ↑ "The Open University Mace". The Art of Reflection and Refraction. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  42. ↑ "The Royal Society mace". The Royal Society. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  43. ↑ "Mace to go on display at Museum of Scotland". Scottish.parliament.uk. 15 July 1999. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011.
  44. ↑ "Queen presents new mace to judge". BBC News. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  45. ↑ "St. Salvator's Mace". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  46. ↑ "The General Council of the University of Edinburgh". Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  47. ↑ "Opening the Senedd: On the Plinth". National Assembly for Wales. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.
  48. ↑ "New mace is gift from down under". BBC News. 1 March 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  49. ↑ "Bespoke Creations". Steve Frey. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  50. ↑ "The Tlws". Artworks Wales. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  51. ↑ Gibbs, Geoffrey (27 May 1999). "Welsh crown day with a song". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  52. ↑ http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/corporate/equality-scheme/equality-scheme-2016-21-published-may-16.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  53. ↑ "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 26 Apr 2007 (Pt 0006)".
  54. ↑ "'Disgrace' of Assembly's hidden £600k treasure trove of art". Belfasttelegraph.
  55. ↑ "Historic treasure trove of Assembly artefacts languishing in storage". Belfasttelegraph.
  56. ↑ "1974: Riotous scenes in Stormont assembly chamber". BBC News. 31 December 2016.
  57. ↑ "Parliament Buildings - A Journey of People, Politics and Peacebuilding".
  58. ↑ "Ceremonial maces and political portraits out of storage for Stormont display". Belfasttelegraph.
  59. ↑ "Assembly Commission Agrees New Artefacts Display in Parliament Buildings".
  60. ↑ "Assembly Commission Launches New Display in Parliament Buildings | Northern Ireland Assembly".
  61. ↑ "Belfast". 26 October 2012.
  62. ↑ https://www.lisburncastlereagh.gov.uk/uploads/minutes/Council_Meeting_26_06_2018_Agenda_and_Reports_for_Website.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  63. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2020-05-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.