List of papal tiaras in existence

Last updated

The papal tiara is the crown worn by popes of the Catholic Church for centuries, until 1978 when Pope John Paul I declined a coronation, opting instead for an inauguration. The tiara is still used as a symbol of the papacy. It features on the coat of arms of the Holy See and of the Vatican City State, though not on the pope's personal coat of arms since Pope Benedict XVI replaced the tiara on his official coat of arms with a traditional bishop's mitre. A tiara is used to crown a statue of Saint Peter in St. Peter's Basilica every year on his feast day. [1]

Contents

Popes commissioned tiaras from jewelers or received them as gifts, with a number remaining in the possession of the Holy See. In 1798, French troops occupied Rome and stole or destroyed all but one of the papal tiaras held by the Holy See. Since then popes have used or received as gifts more than twenty tiaras. Several were never worn by a pope, notably those presented as gifts since the last papal coronation in 1963.

List of papal tiaras still in existence

List of papal tiaras
NameYearNotes
1Tiara of Pope Gregory XIII1572–1585The oldest surviving, made by Cristoforo Foppa.[ citation needed ] Decoration originally included an emerald (404.5 carats) later incorporated in the Napoleon Tiara. [2]
2 Tiara of Pope Pius VII, 1800.jpg Papier-mâché Tiara1800Made for the coronation of Pope Pius VII in exile in Venice following the seizure or destruction of papal tiaras by the French troops that invaded Rome in 1798. Decorated with jewels donated by local families. Worn as a lightweight alternative for decades. [3]
3 Tiara of Pope Pius VII, 1805.jpg Napoleon Tiara 1804 Napoleon I gifted a tiara to Pope Pius VII, who presided at his coronation as emperor in December 1804. Manufactured by Henri Auguste and Marie-Etienne Nitot of the House of Chaumet, its decoration celebrated that coronation and the Concordat of 1801. Some of its jewels and decoration came from tiaras taken by the troops of the French Directory in 1798. It was purposely made too small and too heavy to be worn. It was later modified and worn by Pius IX at his coronation in 1846 [4] and to open the First Vatican Council in 1868. It appears in Jacques-Louis David's 1807 painting The Coronation of Napoleon . [lower-alpha 1]
4Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI1834One of the most worn in the papal collection. Worn at times by Pius IX, Pius X and Pius XII. [6] Decorated with three golden circles inlaid with diamonds over the central silver core of the crown, and above each circle a series of golden cloverleaves, inlaid with jewels.
5Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI1845
6Tiara of Pope Gregory XVIdate unknownLightweight version.
7Tiara of Pope Pius IX1846Created in 1854. With 18,000 diamonds and 1,000 emeralds, sapphires and rubies. Loaned by the Vatican Museum for display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, May-October 2018. [7] [8]
8 Tiara of Pope Pius IX, 1854.jpg Spanish Tiara1855A gift from Queen Isabella II of Spain, weighing three pounds and topped with a single sapphire. [9] [10] Decoration included 18,000 diamonds, pearls, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires. Pope Pius IX sold it and donated the proceeds to charity.
9Tiara of Pope Pius IXlate 1850sA gift from the Congregation of Holy Cross. On permanent display in the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana.
10Belgian Tiara1871A gift to Pope Pius IX from the women of the Royal Court of the King of the Belgians made by Jean-Baptiste Bethune of Ghent. [11] [12] Decorated with three layers of upright golden decoration inlaid with jewels, including gold, pearls, gilt silver, emeralds, other precious stones, and enamel work.
11Tiara of Pope Pius IX1870sLightweight tiara.
12 Pio Nono Tiara.JPG Palatine Tiara1877A gift from the Palatine Guard to Pope Pius IX to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his consecration as a bishop. Relatively lightweight at two pounds, it was used at all later papal coronations until Pope Paul VI's in 1963. [13] [14] Decorated with six rows of 90 pearls as well as 16 rubies, three emeralds, a hyacinth, an aquamarine, three rubies, a sapphire, and eight gold points with five garnets and two Balas rubies (first tier); 10 emeralds, 8 Balas rubies, one chrysolite, two aquamarines, six small rubies and three sapphires (second tier); 16 small Balas rubies, three larger Balas rubies, four sapphires, three hyacinths, three aquamarines, one garnet, eight gold floral ornaments each with two emeralds, one Balas ruby, a chrysolite and eight gold points, each adorned with a garnet (third tier). The crown is covered with a thin layer of gold, with eight rubies and eight emeralds, surmounted by a gold globe enameled in blue and topped by a cross composed of 11 brilliants. [15]
13German Tiara1887A gift from Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany in commemoration of Pope Leo XIII's Golden Jubilee as a priest. [16] Decorated with 1,000 pearls.
14 LeoXIIIcrown.jpg Paris Tiara1888A gift from the Catholics of Paris to celebrate the golden jubilee of Pope Leo XIII's ordination as a priest. By Émile Froment-Meurice. [17] He had quashed a proposal by Lyon Catholics to raise funds for a tiara in 1878. [18]
15Austrian Tiara1894A gift from Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria. [19]
16Golden Tiara1903Presented by Cardinal Pietro Respighi on behalf of the world's Catholics to commemorate the Pope Leo XIII's silver jubilee as pope. [20] [21]
17Tiara of Pope Pius X1908Created by papal jewelers Tatani to commemorate the golden jubilee of the ordination of Pope Pius X as a priest. Made because the pope found other tiaras too heavy.
18 Pope Pius XI tiara.jpg Tiara of Pope Pius XI1922A gift from the Archdiocese of Milan. [22] Inlaid with 2,000 precious stones.
19 788BergamoTiaraGiovanniXXIII.jpg Tiara of Pope John XXIII1959A gift to Pope John XXIII from the people of Bergamo, his home region, in honour of his election. Worn on occasion. [23]
20 Basilica National Shrine Immaculate Conception DC 25.JPG Tiara of Pope Paul VI1963The last tiara worn at a papal coronation. Made by laboratories of Scuola Beato Angelico of Milan in a modern style with minimal ornament. Half the weight of the Palatine tiara of Pius IX used at coronations from 1877 to 1958. Now on permanent display in the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. [24]
21 Tiara of Pope John Paul II, 1981.jpg Tiara of Pope John Paul II1981Presented to Pope John Paul II by Catholics in Hungary. [25] Location unknown. Appears in a photograph of a medal said to be held in the Bayerisches Münzkontor. [26] Never worn.
22 Tiara Benedict XVI.JPG Tiara of Pope Benedict XVI2011Presented to Benedict XVI on 25 May 2011 by a group of German Roman Catholics; created by Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Christians. [27] Never worn.
23Tiara of Pope Francis2016Presented to Pope Francis on 16 May 2016 by the President of the Assembly of North Macedonia, Trajko Veljanovski. Made by the nuns of the monastery of Rajcica, with Ohrid pearl. [28] Never worn.

Notes

  1. ↑ The tiara is held by someone standing just behind the pope. A sketch for the painting shows Count Rogari holding tiara. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope</span> Head of the Catholic Church

The pope, also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome, head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has also served as the head of state or sovereign of the Papal States and later the Vatican City State since the eighth century. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope John XXIII</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963

Pope John XXIII, was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963. He was among 13 children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of sharecroppers who lived in Sotto il Monte, a village in the province of Bergamo, Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice. Roncalli was unexpectedly elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after eleven ballots. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11 October 1962.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Vatican City</span> National flag

The flag of Vatican City was adopted in 1929. 1929 is the year Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, creating a new independent state governed by the Holy See. The flag of Vatican City is modeled on the 1808 yellow-and-white flag of the earlier Papal States, to which a papal tiara and the crossed keys of Saint Peter were added.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papal tiara</span> Crown worn by popes of the Roman Catholic Church

The papal tiara is a crown that was worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid–20th century. It was last used by Pope Paul VI in 1963, and only at the beginning of his reign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papal coronation</span> Roman Catholic Church ceremony of placing the papal tiara on a newly-elected Pope

A papal coronation is the formal ceremony of the placing of the papal tiara on a newly elected pope. The first recorded papal coronation was of Pope Nicholas I in 858. The most recent was the 1963 coronation of Paul VI, who soon afterwards abandoned the practice of wearing the tiara. To date, none of his successors have used the tiara, and their papal inauguration celebrations have included no coronation ceremony, although any future pope may elect to restore the use of the tiara at any point during his pontificate.

Papabile is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally in many languages to describe a Catholic man, in practice always a cardinal, who is thought a likely or possible candidate to be elected pope. In some cases the cardinals will choose a papabile candidate. Among the papabili cardinals who have been elected pope are Eugenio Pacelli, Giovanni Battista Montini, and Joseph Ratzinger. However, at times the College of Cardinals elects a man who was not considered papabile by most Vatican watchers. In recent years those who were elected pope though not considered papabile include John XXIII, John Paul I, John Paul II. There is a saying among Vaticanologists: "He who enters the conclave as pope, leaves it as a cardinal." This is a popular proverb in Italy as well, indicating one should never be too sure of oneself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitre</span> Liturgical headdresses worn by Christian bishops and abbots

The mitre or miter is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in traditional Christianity. Mitres are worn in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, some Lutheran churches, for important ceremonies, by the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, and also, in the Catholic Church, all cardinals, whether or not bishops, and some Eastern Orthodox archpriests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariano Rampolla</span> Italian cardinal

Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro was an Italian Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, and the last man to have his candidacy for papal election vetoed through jus exclusivae by a Catholic monarch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papal regalia and insignia</span> Official items of attire and decoration proper to the Pope

Papal regalia and insignia are the official items of attire and decoration proper to the Pope in his capacity as the visible head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

Papal coats of arms are the personal coat of arms of popes of the Catholic Church. These have been a tradition since the Late Middle Ages, and has displayed his own, initially that of his family, and thus not unique to himself alone, but in some cases composed by him with symbols referring to his past or his aspirations. This personal coat of arms coexists with that of the Holy See.

Pacem in terris is a papal encyclical issued by Pope John XXIII on 11 April 1963, on the rights and obligations of people and their states, as well as proper interstate relations. It emphasizes human dignity and human equality in endorsing women's rights, nuclear nonproliferation and the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI</span> Personal papal coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI

The personal papal coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI was designed by Archbishop Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo soon after the papal election in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the papacy</span> History of the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church

The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church, spans from the time of Peter, to the present day. Moreover, many of the bishops of Rome in the first three centuries of the Christian era are obscure figures. Most of Peter's successors in the first three centuries following his life suffered martyrdom along with members of their flock in periods of persecution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Napoleon Tiara</span> Headwear

The Napoleon Tiara was a papal tiara given to Pope Pius VII in June 1805 a few months after he presided at the coronation of Napoleon I and Joséphine de Beauharnais. While lavishly decorated with jewels, it was deliberately too small and heavy to be worn and meant as an insult to the Pope. In the painting of The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David, the tiara is held behind the Pope by one of his aides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Keys of Heaven</span> Metaphorical keys of Saint Peter

The Keys of Heaven, also called Saint Peter's keys, refers to the metaphorical keys of the office of Saint Peter, the keys of Heaven, or the keys of the kingdom of Heaven. It is explicitly referenced in the Bible in Matthew 16:19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecclesiastical heraldry</span> Use of heraldry in the Christian church

Ecclesiastical heraldry refers to the use of heraldry within Christianity for dioceses, organisations and Christian clergy. Initially used to mark documents, ecclesiastical heraldry evolved as a system for identifying people and dioceses. It is most formalized within the Catholic Church, where most bishops, including the Pope, have a personal coat of arms. Clergy in Anglican, Lutheran, Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches follow similar customs, as do institutions such as schools and dioceses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City</span> National coat of arms

The coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City in the form that combines two crossed keys and a tiara used as a coat of arms of the Holy See have origins attested from the 14th century. The combination of one gold and one silver key is a somewhat later development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Pope Francis</span> Papal coat of arms

On 18 March 2013, Pope Francis adopted in his papal coat of arms the coat of arms and the motto that he used since his episcopal consecration in 1991, differenced following his election as Supreme Pontiff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grotta di Lourdes</span> Building in Vatican City

Grotta di Lourdes is an artificial cave in the Vatican gardens. It was built in 1902–05 and is a replica of the Lourdes Grotto in France. The context of building this grotto is the vision of the Madonna that a young girl, Bernadette Soubirous, experienced 18 times. Prior to that the Pope had promulgated the dogma of the Immaculate Conception in 1854.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronation of Pope Paul VI</span> 1963 and final papal coronation

Paul VI was crowned as Pope on 30 June 1963 at Vatican City's St. Peter's Square, nine days after he was elected. The representatives of over 90 countries and international organizations were present at the coronation. The Pope was crowned with a jewelled, but lightweight custom-made tiara. The centuries-old practice of inaugurating a papacy with a papal coronation lapsed thereafter as his successors, beginning with John Paul I, adopted simpler ceremonies that did not include the imposition of a tiara.

References

  1. ↑ "Tiara" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 3 April 2001. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  2. ↑ de la Garde Grissell, Hartwell (January–June 1896). "Replies: Vatican Eemerald". A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, General Readers, Etc. Eighth Series. London. 9: 9–10. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  3. ↑ Marsden, Rhodri (21 March 2015). "Rhodri Marsden's Interesting Objects: Pope Pius VII's paper crown". The Independent . London . Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  4. ↑ "Intelligence". The United States Catholic Magazine and Monthly Review. 5 (8): 454. August 1846. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  5. ↑ "Count Rogari Holding the Papal Tiara". Harvard Art Museums. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  6. ↑ Saint-Pol, Michael (7 November 1958). "Triple Tiara Used In Ceremony Since 1878". The Catholic Northwest Progress. Vol. 61, no. 45. Seattle. p. 8. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  7. ↑ "Select Images: Objects from The Vatican Collection". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 10 May 2018. (archive link)
  8. ↑ "Tiara on loan from The Vatican". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  9. ↑ "Ecclesiastical Immunities" (PDF). The New York Times . 9 February 1855. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  10. ↑ "The Pope's Tiara". The Ladies' Repository. 24: 568. September 1864. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  11. ↑ William, Arthur (1873). The modern Jove; a review of the collected speeches of Pio Nono. Hamilton, Adams & Co. p.  22.
  12. ↑ "Image of Tiara of Pius IX". Royal Magazine. Retrieved 23 May 2022.[ full citation needed ]
  13. ↑ Chico, Beverly (2013). Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia: A Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 446. ISBN   978-1-6106-9063-8 . Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  14. ↑ Keller, Joseph Edward (1882). The Life and Acts of Pope Leo XIII. Benziger Brothers. p.  274 . Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  15. ↑ "Papst Tiara". Royal Magazin (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  16. ↑ "Golden Tiara". The Catholic Telegraph . Cincinnati. 26 February 1903. p. 1. Retrieved 23 May 2022– via The Catholic News Archive.
  17. ↑ "The Jubilee of Pope Leo XIII". The Tablet . 69 (2455): 859. 28 May 1887. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  18. ↑ "Leo XIII and Peter's Pence" (PDF). The New York Times. 1 December 1878. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  19. ↑ "The Pope Says Mass; Over 100,000 Persons Present in St. Peter's -- Many Pilgrims and Tourists" . The New York Times . 19 February 1894. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  20. ↑ "Pope Leo XIII's Jubilee" (PDF). The New York Times. 21 February 1903. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  21. ↑ "Image of the Golden Tiara". University of Dayton. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011.[ full citation needed ]
  22. ↑ Collins, Michael (15 August 2011). The Vatican: Secrets and Treasures of the Holy City. Penguin. p. 267. ISBN   978-0-7566-9182-0 . Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  23. ↑ "La Tiara di Papa Giovanni XXIII" [The Tiara of Pope John XXIII]. Cattedrale di Bergamo (in Italian). Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  24. ↑ Dugan, George (1 December 1964). "Spellman's Surprise: Pope's Tiara Is Here" . The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  25. ↑ "New Tiara for the Pope" (PDF). Liturgix.org. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  26. ↑ Gedenkprägung Tiara Johannes Paul II
  27. ↑ Kerr, David (May 25, 2011). "Germans present Pope Benedict with his own papal crown". Catholic News Agency.
  28. ↑ Tornielli, Andrea (17 May 2016). "A Tiara for Every Pope". La Stampa . Turin . Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Additional sources
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.