This is a list of Belgian monarchs from 1831 when the first Belgian king, Leopold I, ascended the throne, after Belgium seceded from the Kingdom of the Netherlands during the Belgian Revolution of 1830.
Under the Belgian Constitution, the Belgian monarch is styled "King of the Belgians" (French : Roi des Belges, Dutch : Koning der Belgen, German : König der Belgier) rather than "King of Belgium" in order to reflect the monarchy's constitutional and popular function.
Since 1831, there have been seven Kings of the Belgians and two regents.
Name | Portrait | Birth and death | Reign started | Reign ended | Marriages | Succession right |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Erasme Louis, Baron Surlet de Chokier Regent | 27 November 1769 Liège (Prince-Bishopric of Liège) – 7 August 1839 Gingelom (aged 69) | 25 February 1831 | 21 July 1831 (146 days) | Chosen by the National Congress | ||
Leopold I | 16 December 1790 Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Holy Roman Empire) – 10 December 1865 Laeken (aged 74) | 21 July 1831 | 10 December 1865 (34 years, 142 days) | (1) Charlotte of Wales ∞ 2 May 1816 [1 child (stillborn)] (2) Louise of Orléans ∞ 9 August 1832 [4 children] | Elected by the National Congress | |
Leopold II | 9 April 1835 Brussels – 17 December 1909 Laeken (aged 74) | 17 December 1865 [1] | 17 December 1909 (44 years, 0 days) | Marie-Henriette of Austria ∞ 22 August 1853 [4 children] | Son of Leopold I | |
Albert I | 8 April 1875 Brussels – 17 February 1934 Marche-les-Dames (aged 58) | 23 December 1909 [1] | 17 February 1934 (24 years, 56 days) | Elisabeth of Bavaria ∞ 2 October 1900 [3 children] | Nephew of Leopold II / Grandson of Leopold I | |
Leopold III | 3 November 1901 Brussels – 25 September 1983 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (aged 81) | 23 February 1934 [1] | 16 July 1951 [2] (abdicated) (17 years, 143 days) | (1) Astrid of Sweden ∞ 4 November 1926 [3 children] (2) Lilian Baels ∞ 6 December 1941 [3 children] | Son of Albert I | |
Charles / Karel prince regent for Leopold III | 10 October 1903 Brussels – 1 June 1983 Raversijde (aged 79) | 21 September 1944 | 20 July 1950 (5 years, 302 days) | Unmarried [childless] | Son of Albert I / Brother of Leopold III | |
Baudouin / Boudewijn | 7 September 1930 Laeken – 31 July 1993 Motril (Spain) (aged 62) | 17 July 1951 | 31 July 1993 [3] (42 years, 13 days) | Fabiola of Mora and Aragón ∞ 15 December 1960 [childless] | Son of Leopold III | |
Albert II | 6 June 1934 Laeken | 9 August 1993 [1] | 21 July 2013 (abdicated) (19 years, 346 days) | Paola of Calabria ∞ 2 July 1959 [4 children] | Son of Leopold III / Brother of Baudouin | |
Philippe / Filip | 15 April 1960 Laeken | 21 July 2013 | Incumbent (9 years, 241 days) | Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz ∞ 4 December 1999 [4 children] | Son of Albert II |
A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework.
A head of state is the public persona who officially embodies a state in its unity and legitimacy. Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government and more.
A monarch is a head of state for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Usually a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may proclaim themself monarch, which may be backed and legitimated through acclamation, right of conquest or a combination of means.
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic, to fully autocratic, and can expand across the domains of the executive, legislative, and judicial.
A prince regent or princess regent is a prince or princess who, due to their position in the line of succession, rules a monarchy as regent in the stead of a monarch regnant, e.g., as a result of the sovereign's incapacity or absence.
Lord Protector was a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It was sometimes used to refer to holders of other temporary posts; for example, a regent acting for the absent monarch.
Leopold I was the first king of the Belgians, reigning from 21 July 1831 until his death in 1865.
Belgium is a constitutional, hereditary, and popular monarchy. The monarch is titled King of the Belgians and serves as the country's head of state. There have been seven Belgian monarchs since independence in 1830.
An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by an elected monarch, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. The manner of election, the nature of candidate qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case. Historically, it was common for elective monarchies to transform into hereditary ones over time or for hereditary ones to acquire at least occasional elective aspects.
There are sixteen people in the line of succession to the Belgian throne.
King of The Netherlands is the title of the Dutch head of state. The king serves as the head of state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which includes the constituent nations of the Netherlands, Curaçao, Aruba, and Sint Maarten. The king is also the president of the Council of State.
The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a European royal house. It takes its name from its oldest domain, the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, its members later sat on the thrones of Belgium, Bulgaria, Portugal, India, and the United Kingdom and its dominions.
The Second National Assembly of the Hellenes took place in Athens (1863–1864) and dealt both with the election of a new sovereign as well as with the drafting of a new Constitution, thereby implementing the transition from constitutional monarchy to a crowned republic.
The Constitution of Belgium dates back to 1831. Since then Belgium has been a parliamentary monarchy that applies the principles of ministerial responsibility for the government policy and the Trias Politica.
The monarchy of Grenada is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of Grenada. The present monarch is King Charles III, who is also Sovereign of a number of the other Commonwealth realms. The King's constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Grenada. Royal succession is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, which is part of constitutional law.
The 1866 Constitution of Romania was the fundamental law that capped a period of nation-building in the Danubian Principalities, which had united in 1859. Drafted in a short time and closely modeled on the 1831 Constitution of Belgium, then considered Europe's most liberal, it was substantially modified by Prince Carol and adopted by the Constituent Assembly. The newly installed Prince then promulgated it on 13 July [O.S. 1 July] 1866. This was done without input from the major powers, including the Ottoman Empire, which still had formal sovereignty over Romania.
The monarchy of Denmark is a constitutional institution and a historic office of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom includes Denmark proper and the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The Kingdom of Denmark was already consolidated in the 8th century, whose rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as "kings". Under the rule of King Gudfred in 804 the Kingdom may have included all the major provinces of medieval Denmark.
The monarchy of the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy. As such, the role and position of the monarch are governed by the Constitution of the Netherlands. Consequently, a large portion of it is devoted to the monarch. Roughly a third of the document explains the succession, mechanisms of accession & abdication to the throne, and the roles & duties of the monarch. This includes the formalities of communication between the States-General and the monarch's role in creating laws.
A regent is a person appointed to govern a state pro tempore because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy, or the throne is vacant and the new monarch has not yet been determined. One variation is in the Monarchy of Liechtenstein, where a competent monarch may choose to assign regency to their of-age heir, handing over the majority of their responsibilities to prepare the heir for future succession. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency. A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or personal assistant. If the regent is holding their position due to their position in the line of succession, the compound term prince regent is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, she would be referred to as queen regent.