Afrasiyab dynasty

Last updated
Afrasiyab dynasty
چلاویان
1349–1504
Chalav Government.png
Capital Amol
(1349–1359 & 1393-1403)
Firuzkuh (?)
(1403–1504)
Common languages Mazandarani
Religion
Shia Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
• 1349–1359
Kiya Afrasiyab (first)
• ?–1504
Kiya Husayn II (last)
Historical era Middle Ages
• Established
1349
•  Safavid conquest
1504
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Blank.png Bavand dynasty
Marashis Blank.png
Safavid Iran Blank.png

The Afrasiyab or Chalavi dynasty was a relatively minor Iranian Shia dynasty of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province, Iran) and flourished in the late medieval, pre-Safavid period; it is also called the Kia dynasty. It was founded by Kiya Afrasiyab, who conquered the Bavand kingdom in 1349 and made himself king of the region. In 1504, Ismail I invaded Mazandaran and ended Afrasiyab rule of the region.

Contents

History

Kiya Afrasiyab was the son of certain Hasan Chulabi, who belonged to the Chulabids, a prominent family of Mazandaran which served the Bavandids. Afrasiyab was the sipahsalar and the brother-in-law of the Bavandid ruler Hasan II (r. 1334–1349).

In 1349, the Bavandid ruler Hasan ordered the execution of one of his most powerful officials, Jalal ibn Ahmad Jal, who was from the powerful Jalali which governed Sari. The execution resulted in a revolt by the nobles of Mazandaran. Hasan then tried to get support from the Chulabids. However, the two sons of Afrasiyab, murdered Hasan while the latter was in a bath.

Afrasiyab then gained control of the Bavandid territories, thus marking the end of the Bavand dynasty and the start of the Afrasiyab dynasty. A son of Hasan managed to flee to the court of the Paduspanid ruler Eskandar II, who later tried to restore Bavand rule in Mazandaran, but failed to do so. Afrasiyab also faced another problem; the nobles of Mazandaran did not acknowledge his rule and viewed it as usurpation. [1]

Afrasiyab shortly tried to achieve stability by asking aid from Mir-i Buzurg, a Sayyid dervish from Dabudasht. However, some of Mir-i Buzurg's dervishes acted hostile to Afrasiyab, which made him imprison Mir-i Buzurg and many of his dervishes. However, the supporters of Mir-i Buzurg shortly revolted, and freed him from prison. In 1359, a battle between Afrasiyab and Mir-i Buzurg took place near Amol, where Afrasiyab was defeated and was killed together with his three sons.

Mir-i Buzurg shortly conquered the territories of the Afrasiyab dynasty, and laid foundations to the Marashi dynasty. Afrasiyab had several other sons who tried to restore Afrasiyabid authority in Mazandaran. His son Fakhr al-Din Chulabi murdered one of the sons of Mir-i Buzurg, which resulted in a massacre of most of the Afrasiyabid family. Afrasiyab's other son Iskandar-i Shaykhi, managed with the aid of Timur, to restore Afrasiyabid authority in 1393. [1] Iskandar later aided Timur in his campaign to Iraq, Shirvan and Anatolia. After having achieved great success during the campaign, Iskandar was allowed to return to Mazandaran, but shortly rebelled against Timur. In 1403, Timur invaded Mazandaran to repress the rebellion. Iskandar, together with his wife and two children, then fled from Amol. Iskandar, fearing that they might betray him, killed them. [1]

Iskandar was shortly killed by the army of Timur, who under the orders of Timur, had Iskandar's head sent to his son Kiya Husayn I, who had fortified himself in Firuzkuh. Kiya Husayn I, after having seen the head of his father, agreed to surrender to Timur, and was pardoned by the latter, who acknowledged him as the ruler of the Afrasiyab dynasty. Kiya Husayn was later succeeded by his son Luhrasp, who ruled sometime around 1475. His grandson, Kiya Husayn II, ruled over a large part of western Mazandaran, and districts of Firuzkuh, Damavand, and Hari-rud. During the dissolution of the Aq Qoyunlu confederation, Kiya Husayn II expanded his rule from western into central Iran, where he captured Ray and Semman. He also defeated Mohammad Hosayn Mirza, who was the Timurid governor of Astarabad. [1]

He later became the enemy of the Safavid Shah Ismail I (r. 1501–1524), whom he may have seen as a rival for the command over the Shi'ites in Iran. In 1504, Kiya Husayn II's territories was invaded by Ismail I, who seized the strongholds of Gol-e Khan and Firuzkuh, and surrounded Kiya Husayn II in Osta, who was shortly captured. However, the latter committed suicide—his body was burned at Isfahan in front its inhabitants, whilst his followers in Mazandaran were slaughtered. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarbadars</span>

The Sarbadars were a mixture of religious dervishes and secular rulers that came to rule over part of western Khurasan in the midst of the disintegration of the Mongol Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century. Centered in their capital of Sabzavar, they continued their reign until Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad submitted to Timur in 1381, and were one of the few groups that managed to mostly avoid Timur's famous brutality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bavand dynasty</span> State in present-day northern Iran from 651 to 1349

The Bavand dynasty, or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright independence and submission as vassals to more powerful regional rulers. They ruled for 698 years, which is the second longest dynasty of Iran after the Baduspanids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baduspanids</span> Iranian dynasty (665–1598)

The Paduspanids or Badusbanids, were a local Iranian dynasty of Tabaristan which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar. The dynasty was established in 665, and with 933 years of rule as the longest dynasty in Iran, it ended in 1598 when the Safavids invaded and conquered their domains.

Hasan II, also known as Fakhr al-Dawla Hasan, was the last ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 1334 until his murder in 1349. He was the brother and successor of Sharaf al-Muluk.

Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar was the ruler (ustandar) of the Baduspanids from 1333 to 1360. Under his rule, the kingdom reached its zenith. Taking advantage of the collapse of the Mongol Ilkhanate in 1335, he expanded his rule into the southern Alborz, ruling an area stretching from Qazvin to Simnan. In 1346, he founded the town of Kojur and conquered the region of Daylam. In 1360, he was mortally wounded by his bodyguard during a ruckus at a drinking party. He died three days later, and was succeeded by his brother Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi.

Ardashir II was the ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 1238 to 1249. His grandmother was a sister of Rustam V, and he was also related to the Nizari Ismaili Jalaluddin Hasan through his mother.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shahriyar IV</span> Husam al-Dawla

Shahriyar IV, also known by his honorific title Husam al-Dawla, was the king of the Bavand dynasty of Mazandaran, ruling from 1074 to 1114.

Ali I, was the ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 1118 to 1142. He was the uncle and successor of Rustam III.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiya Afrasiyab</span> First king of the Afrasiyab dynasty (died 1359)

Kiya Afrasiyab, was the founder of the Afrasiyab dynasty, ruling from 1349 to 1359.

Iskandar-i Shaykhi, was an Iranian ispahbad from the Afrasiyab dynasty, who ruled Amul as a Timurid vassal from 1393 to 1403. He was the youngest son of Kiya Afrasiyab, who had initially established his rule in eastern Mazandaran from 1349 to 1359, but was defeated and killed by the local shaykh Mir-i Buzurg, who established his own dynasty—the Mar'ashis—in the region. Together with some supporters and two nephews of his father, Iskandar initially took refuge in Larijan, but later left for Herat, where entered into the service of the Kartid ruler Ghiyath al-Din II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mir-i Buzurg</span> Mir of the Marashis

Qavam al-Din ibn Abdallah al-Marashi, better known as Mir Buzurg or Mir Bozorg, was the founder of the Marashi dynasty, ruling from 1359 to 1362.

Al-Marzuban or Marzuban bin Rustam of Parim, was the thirteenth ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 979 to 986. He was the son and successor of Rustam II. In some sources, his name was changed to Rustam ibn al-Marzuban, which caused confusion among the historians, and made them think that they were two people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abu Ja'far Muhammad</span> Ruler of the Bavand dynasty

Abu Ja'far Muhammad, was the ruler of the Bavand dynasty from an unknown date until his capture and defeat by the Kakuyids in 1027.

Ardashir I, was the ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 1173 to 1205. He was the son and successor of Hasan I.

Rustam V, was the ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 1205 to 1210. He was the son and successor of Ardashir I.

Vishtasp Jalali was a local Iranian ruler of Sari during the struggle that ensured after the death of the Bavandid ruler Hasan II between the local rulers of Mazandaran. He was from the Jalali family, a family native to Mazandaran which ruled Sari as governors of the Bavandids.

Kiya Husayn II, was the last ruler of the Afrasiyab dynasty, ruling from the late 15th-century till his death in 1504. He was the grandson and successor of Luhrasp.

Kiya Husayn I, was the third ruler of the Afrasiyab dynasty, ruling from 1403 till an unknown date. He was the son and successor of Iskandar-i Shaykhi. Kiya Husayn was later succeeded by his son, Luhrasp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kayumarth I</span> Malik

Kayumarth I was the ruler (ustandar) of the Baduspanids from 1394 to 1453, with a three-year interruption. An active expansionist ruler, his kingdom experienced a resurgence during his long reign, which included the reconquest of Rustamdar. He was often at odds with his suzerain, the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh. After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively.

Sayyid Fakhr al-Din was a Mar'ashi prince, who ruled the region of Rustamdar from 1381 to 1390. He shared power with his three other brothers; Kamal al-Din I in Sari; Rida al-Din in Amul; and Sharaf al-Din in Karatughan. Together, they ruled a realm encompassing all of Mazandaran, reaching as far west to the city of Qazvin. They had inherited this realm from their father Mir-i Buzurg, the founder of the Mar'ashis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bosworth 1984, pp. 742–743.

Sources

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.