Ardalan was a hereditary Kurdish vassaldom in western Iran from around the 14th century until 1865 or 1868 with Sanandaj as capital. The territory corresponded roughly to present-day Kurdistan Province of Iran and the rulers were loyal to the Qajar Empire. Baban was its main rival. Gorani was the literary language and lingua franca. When the vassaldom fell, literary work in Gorani ceased.
The Shamlu tribe, also known as the Shamli tribe, was one of the seven original and the most powerful Qizilbash tribes of Turcoman origin in Iran.
Khan Ahmad Khan, was the last king of the Karkiya dynasty in Gilan, ruling from 1538 to 1592. In 1591, the Safavid shah Shah Abbas asked Khan Ahmad Khan's daughter Yakhan Begum to marry his son Mohammad Baqer Mirza, since Khan Ahmad Khan had no male successor. Khan Ahmad Khan disagreed due to the age of his daughter. This and some other economic factors caused a Safavid raid in 1591 and Khan Ahmad Khan escaped to Ottoman territories, and spent the rest of his life in Constantinople and Baghdad, spending fruitless attempts to return to power. He died in 1596 and was buried in Najaf, one of the holiest cities of Shia Islam.
Mirza Mohammad Taqi, better known as Saru Taqi was a eunuch in Safavid Iran, who served as the Grand Vizier of the Safavid king (shah) Safi and the latter's son Abbas II until he was assassinated on 11 October 1645.
Sayyed Ala al-Din Hoseyn, better known as Khalifeh Soltan, and also known as Soltan al-Ulama, was an Iranian statesman and cleric, who served as the grand vizier of the Safavid king (shah) Abbas I, the latter's grandson Safi, and Abbas II.
Mohammad Beg, was a Muslim of Armenian origin, who served as the Grand Vizier of the Safavid king (shah) Abbas II from 1654 to 1661.
Isa Khan Safavi, also known as Isa Khan Shaykhavand was a Safavid prince, who occupied high offices under king (shah) Abbas I.
Mirza Mohammad Taher Vahid Qazvini, was an Iranian bureaucrat, poet, and historian, who served as the grand vizier of two Safavid monarchs, Shah Suleiman and the latter's son Soltan Hoseyn from 1691 to 1699.
Mehdi Qoli Khan Shamlu was a Turkoman military officer from the Shamlu tribe, who briefly served as the Safavid governor of Bia-pish from 1592 to 1593.
Yakhan Begum was a Karkiya princess, who was the daughter of the last Karkiya ruler Khan Ahmad Khan, and the Safavid princess Maryam Begum.
The sack of Shamakhi took place on 18 August 1721, when rebellious Sunni Lezgins, within the declining Safavid Empire, attacked the capital of Shirvan province, Shamakhi. The initially successful counter-campaign was abandoned by the central government at a critical moment and with the threat then left unchecked, Shamakhi was taken by 15,000 Lezgin tribesmen, its Shia population massacred, and the city ransacked.
The Khalifeh family, also known as the Khalifeh sayyids, were a branch of the Marashi dynasty of Mazandaran, whose ancestor, Amir Nezam al-Din, had settled in the Golbar quarter of Isfahan in the 15th century.
Mirza Mohammad Mahdi Karaki was an Iranian cleric and statesman, who served as the grand Vizier of the Safavid king (shah) Abbas II, and the latter's son and successor Suleiman I. He was the son of Mirza Habibollah Karaki, who served as the sadr-i mamalik from 1632/3 till his death 1650.
Hedayat-Allah Khan was a Gilaki prince, who was the semi-independent ruler of Gilan from 1753 to 1786.
Agha Jamal Fumani, also known as Hajji Jamal Fumani, was a Gilaki tribal chieftain from Fuman, who controlled Gilan from 1749 to 1752.
Bahram Mirza Safavi was a Safavid prince, governor and military commander in 16th-century Iran. He was the youngest son of Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
Nezam al-Din Ahmad Gilani, also known by his honorific title of Hakim al-Molk, was an Iranian philosopher and physician from Gilan, who served the Qutb Shahi rulers in the Indian region of Deccan.
The province of Khuzestan was a southwestern province of Safavid Iran, corresponding to the present-day province of Khuzestan.
Soltan-Ali Mirza was the ruler of the Kar-Kiya dynasty from 1478 to 1504/05. Under him, the dynasty reached its apex of power, to such a degree that he fought against the Aq Qoyunlu over the rulership of Qazvin.
The Eshaqvand Dynasty, also known as the Eshaqiyyeh, was a local dynasty ruling in Western Gilan (Bīa-pas), which is west of the Sefid-Rud River. The dynasty survived well into the Safavid period, when both it and its eastern counterpart, the Kar-Kiya, were removed. The Eshaqvand were Shafi'i Sunnis, who claimed descent from the Ashkanids or from Isaac.
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