List of wars involving Iran

This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran and its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical overview.

Conflict	Iran (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Median Empire (678–549 BC)
Assyrian invasions of Media (10th – late 7th centuries BC)	Medes	Assyrian Empire	Defeat	Kingdoms and city-states of western Iran became Assyrian vassals
Median invasion of Assyria (the late 7th century BC)	Medes Scythians Other Iranian peoples	Assyrian Empire	Victory	Invasion of the Assyrian Empire by a coalition of Iranian peoples, led by Kashtariti of Media End of Assyrian rule in Media Formation of an independent Median kingdom Median invasion of Assyria repelled
Medo-Babylonian invasion Assyria (626–609 BC)	Median Kingdom Babylonia Persians	Assyrian Empire	Victory	Alliance between various people of the region against the Assyrian Empire, led by the Median Kingdom and Babylonia End of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Founding of Neo-Babylonian Empire
Scythian invasion of Media (624–597 BC)	Median Kingdom	Scythians	Victory	War between two groups of Iranian peoples Conquest of Media by Scythians End of Scythian rule in Media in 597 BC, during reign of Cyaxares
Siege of Harran (609 BC)	Medes Babylonia	Assyria Egypt	Victory	The Assyrian insurgency
Battle of Eclipse (585 BC)	Medes	Kingdom of Lydia	Undecided	The battle ended due to an eclipse.
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Battle of Hyrba (552 BC)	Persians	Medes Empire	Victory
Persian Revolt (552–549 BC)	Persians	Median Empire	Victory	By conquering Media, Iran became an empire.
Battle of the Persian border (551 BC)	Persians	Medes Empire	Victory	Persian retreat to Pasargadae
Conquest of Lydia (547 BC) Siege of Sardis (547 BC)	Persian Empire	Lydian Empire	Victory	Lydia annexed by Iran
Cyrus' first eastern campaign (545–540 BC)	Persian Empire	Gedrosia	Victory	Persian conquest of Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, Saka, Chorasmia, Margiana and other provinces in the east after initial defeat
Conquest of Babylonia (540–539 BC)	Persian Empire	Neo-Babylonian Empire	Victory	Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran
Cyrus' second eastern Campaign (533 BC)	Persian Empire	Gedrosia	Victory	Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus vassalage cities.
Cyrus' Campaign against Massagetae (530/529 BC)	Persian Empire Amyrgians	Scythians Massagetae Derbices Dahae Saka Abiae Indian allies	Defeat	Death of Cyrus the Great
Conquest of Egypt (525 BC)	Persian Empire	Kingdom of Egypt	Victory	Egypt annexed by Iran
Conquest of India (Indus Valley) (518 BC)	Persian Empire	Mahajanapadas Gandhara kingdom Sindhu Sauvira kingdom	Victory	Achaemenid military occupation of northwestern regions of India for about two centuries
European Scythian campaign (513 BC)	Persian Empire	Scythians in European Scythia	Victory	Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions
Greek Revolt (499 BC–493 BC)	Persian Empire	Greeks	Victory	Persia re-establishes control over Greek regions in Asia Minor and Cyprus
Greco-Persian War (First) (492–490 BC)	Persian Empire	Greeks	Victory	Persia conquers Macedonia and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace, and establishes supremacy over the Aegean Sea
Greco-Persian War (Second) (480–479 BC)	Persian Empire	Greeks	Defeat	Macedonia, Thrace and Ionia regain independence from Persia
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)	Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by: Achaemenid Empire	Delian League (led by Athens)	Victory	Dissolution of the Delian League; Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies
Battle of Cunaxa (401 BC)	Persian Empire	Cyrus the Younger	Victory	Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom
Corinthian War (395–387 BC)	Athens Argos Corinth Thebes Persian Empire Other allies	Sparta Peloponnesian League	Victory (Peace of Antalcidas dictated by Iran)	Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran; Boeotian league dissolved; Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved.
Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign (385 BC)	Persian Empire	Cadusii	Victory	Negotiated peace with rival chiefs
Revolt of the Satraps (372–362 BC)	Persian Empire	Rebel satrapies	Victory	Rebellions crushed
Second conquest of Egypt (c. 340 BC)	Persian Empire	Egypt	Victory	Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran
Macedonian invasion of Iran (355–328 BC)	Persian Empire	Macedonia	Defeat	Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great
Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC)
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327–325 BC)	Macedonia Hellenic League Persian Satraps	Ancient India Pauravas Aśvaka Mallians Guraeans	Victory	Hellenic conquest of great part of the Indus Valley. Iranic confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha.
Wars of the Diadochi (322–281 BC)	First War: Antipatrid dynasty Antigonid dynasty Ptolemaic dynasty Second War: Antigonid dynasty Antipatrid dynasty Ptolemaic dynasty Thrace Third War: Antigonid dynasty Polyperchon	First War: Perdiccas's faction Second War: Polyperchon's faction Epirus Third War: Ptolemaic Egypt Antipatrid Macedonia Thrace Caria	Defeat	Death of Perdiccas. Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, then conquest Persia.
Seleucid Empire (312-129 BC)
Babylonian War (311–309 BCE)	Seleucid Empire	Antigonid dynasty	Victory	Seleucid control of Babylonia, Media, and Elam
Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BCE)	Seleucid Empire	Maurya Empire	Defeat	Treaty of the Indus Seleucid Empire's eastern Persian satrapies ceded to Mauryan Empire. Seleucus gives the hand of his daughter to Chandragupta, founding a dynastic alliance.
Syrian Wars (274–168 BC) [1]	Seleucid Empire	Ptolemaic Egypt	Victory	Seleucid annexation of Ptolemeic holdings in Asia Minor, Coele-Syria, Cyprus, and other Ptolemeic holdings outside of Egypt. Roman intervention against Seleucids and Macedonia during the Sixth Syrian War.
Antiouchus' Bactrian Campaign (209–206/5 BC) Battle of the Arius Siege of Bactra	Seleucid Empire	Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	Victory	Antiochus III recognizes Euthydemus's reign
Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC) [2]	Seleucid Empire	Roman Republic	Defeat	Peace of Apamea
Campaigns of Artaxias I (189–165 BCE)	Seleucid Empire Atropatene Kingdom of Cataonia Kingdom of Pontus Lesser Armenia Kingdom of Iberia	Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene	Defeat	The regions of Caspiana, Faunitida, Basolropeda, Tmorik, Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus are annexed to Armenia.
Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD)
Seleucid–Parthian Wars (238 BC–129 BC)	Parthian Empire	Seleucid Empire	Victory	• Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran
Parni Conquest Parthia (238 BC)	Parthian Empire	Seleucid Empire	Victory	• Rise of the Parthian Empire • The beginning of the Seleucid–Parthian Wars
Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC)	Parthian Empire	Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	Victory	Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire
Second Parthian-Kushan War (between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE)	Parthian Empire	Kushan Empire	Defeat	Kanishka I repels the invasion
Battle of Ecbatana (129 BC)	Parthian Empire	Seleucid Empire	Victory	End of Hellenistic rule in Iran
Nomad invasion of Drangiana [3] [4] (128-115 BC)	Parthian Empire	Indo-Scythians Saka Yuezhi	Victory	The House of Suren gets the Indo-Parthian territories.
Parthian invasion of Armenia (120–100 BCE?)	Parthian Empire Atropatene	Kingdom of Armenia	Victory	Parthians add territories
Armenian–Parthian War (87–85 BC)	Parthian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great
Battle of Carrahe (53 BC)	Parthian Empire	Roman Republic	Victory	• Repelling the danger of the Romans • Crassus killed • Roman desire to retaliate for Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) Battle of Philippi	Liberatores Supported by: Parthian Empire [5]	Second Triumvirate Supported by: Ptolemaic Egypt	Defeat	The Second Triumvirate wins the Roman Civil War, then reinstates control over the eastern provinces.
Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (40–38 BC)	Parthian Empire	Roman Republic	Defeat	Status quo ante bellum
Antony's Parthian War (36–20 BC)	Parthian Empire Atropatene Hasmonean Kingdom	Roman Republic Kingdom of Armenia Galatia Cappadocia Pontus Herodian Kingdom of Judea	Victory	• Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran • Ended by formal peace in 20 BC
Gondophares conquest on the East (20–10 BC)	Indo-Parthian Kingdom	Indo-Scythians Indo-Greek Kingdom	Victory	Gondophares conquers Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley.
Pharasmanes I of Iberia invasion of Armenia (35 AD)	Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Kingdom of Iberia	Defeat	Orodes of Armenia is deposed
Kushan invasion of Indo-Parthia (50s AD)	Indo-Parthian Kingdom	Kushan Empire	Defeat	Kushans conquer Indo-Parthian territories in northern India.
Iberian–Armenian War (50–51 AD/51–53 AD)	Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire (until 51) Kingdom of Armenia Parthian Empire	Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Iberia Roman Empire	Victory	The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 start
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 (58–63 AD)	Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Roman Empire Roman clients • Sophene • Lesser Armenia • Iberia • Commagene • Pontus	Stalemate	Treaty of Rhandeia Minor territorial gains for Roman clients Parthians stablish the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
Roman–Parthian Wars (66 AD–216)	Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Roman Empire Pontus	Status quo ante bellum	Borders changed several times.
Trajan's Parthian campaign (115–117)	Parthian Empire co-belligerant Jewish/Judean zealots [ citation needed ] Babylonians rebels Armenian rebels	Roman Empire Client Parthian state	Stalemate	Rome gains Parthian territories on the East, but evacuates the Mesopotamia province and Roman Armenia due to revolts. Osroes I defeat roman client Parthamaspates
Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (161–166)	Parthian Empire Pro-Parthian Edessans	Roman Empire Pro-Roman Edessans	Defeat	Minor Roman territorial gains and Armenia consolidated as a Roman client
Battle of Ctesiphon (198)	Parthian Empire	Roman Empire	Defeat	Roman sacks Persian capital
Parthian War of Caracalla (216–217)	Parthian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Rome is forced to pay tribute to Parthia
Sassanid Empire (224–651)
Battle of Hormozdgan (224)	Sassanids	Parthian Empire	Victory	• Fall of the Parthian Empire • Rise of the Sasanian Empire
Sasanid conquest of Sakastan (225–226) [6]	Sassanids	Indo-Parthian Kingdom	Victory	Consolidation of the Sasanian Empire on eastern Persia
Ardashir I invasion of Armenia (226–238)	Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Sassanid withdrawal
Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I (229-241) Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander Siege of Nisibis (235) Fall of Hatra	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Kingdom of Hatra	Victory	Both sides get territorial gains.
Shapur I campaign on the East (241–242)	Sasanian Empire Indo-Sasanians	Western Kushan Empire Saka Gilaks	Victory	Persia annex territories as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar) and the Hindu-Kush or even south of it. Those includying Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara. Kushans are deposed and replaced by the Kushanshah
Battle of Resaena (243)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Defeat	Roman recovers Nisibis and Singara
Battle of Misiche (244)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Goths Germans	Victory	Roman cedes Armenia and Mesopotamia
Roman-Sassanid Wars (232–440) Perso-Roman wars of 337–361	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Status quo ante bellum	Borders changed several times.
Siege of Nisibis (252)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Persian capture of Nisibis
Battle Of Barbalissos (253)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Shapur's army won against Valerian's army
Siege of Antioch (253)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory
Siege of Dura-Europos (256)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory
Battle of Edessa (260)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Valerian was captured
Sasanian revolts against Barham II (274-293)	Sasanian Empire	Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Sakastan Khuzistan	Victory	Revolts suppressed
Shapur ll's Arab Campaign (325)	Sasanian Empire	Arabs Iyad Taghlib Banu Bakr Banu Abdul Qays Banu Tamim Banu Hanzalah	Victory	The Sasanian Empire establishes suzerainty over all of the Persian Gulf and numerous factions in Arabia Wall of the Arabs was constructed to prevent raids by the Arabs
Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (337–361)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Indecisive	Status quo ante bellum
Wars of Shapur II with the Chionites and Kushans [7] (350–358)	Sasanian Empire Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom	Xionites Kushan Empire	Victory	Expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus River
Shapur II's 1st Armenian campaign (359-361)	Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire	Victory	Death of Arshak II
Kidarites invasions of Bactria (360s)	Sasanian Empire Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom	Kidarites	Defeat	Kidara I conquers Bactria and get the title of Kushanshah
Julian's Persian expedition (363)	Sasanian Empire Arab allies	Roman Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Victory	Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia
Shapur II's 2nd Armenian campaign (367-371) Battle of Bagavan	Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania	Roman Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Persians depose Arshak II of Armenia. Then Armenia is under Roman suzerainty through Pap of Armenia entronization.
Shapur III's Armenian Campaign (378-386)	Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia Eastern Roman Empire	Victory	Peace of Acilisene Roman and Persian partition of Armenia Eastern Persarmenia of Khosrov IV of Armenia is gived to Sassanids Western Armenia of Arshak III is gived to Romans. Both empires agreed to protect Caucasus from nomad invasions.
Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire (395)	Sasanian Empire co-belligerant Roman Empire	Hunnic Empire	Victory	Huns quit
Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422 (421–422)	Sasanian Empire Lakhmid Arabs	Eastern Roman Empire	Stalemate	Status quo ante bellum Zoroastrianism is tolerated by Romans and Christianism by Persians. Both empires agreed to fight against south nomads (Arabs).
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440 (440)	Sasanian Empire	Eastern Roman Empire	Indecisive	Status quo ante bellum Both empires agreed to battle northern nomads (Scythians).
Battle of Avarayr (451)	Sasanian Empire	Christian Armenians	Victory	Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia.
Kidarite-Sassanid War (464-466) [8] [9]	Sasanian Empire Alchon Huns	Kidarites	Victory	End of Kidarite menace to Persia in Bactria
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars (484-565) Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484 Sukhra's Hephthalite campaign Battle of Gol-Zarriun	Sasanian Empire Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom First Turkic Khaganate	Hephthalite Empire	Victory	The Hephthalite Empire breaks into minor kingdoms. Sasanians and Turks established a frontier for their zones of influence along the Oxus river
Byzantine–Sassanid Wars (502–628)	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Status quo ante bellum	Borders changed several times.
Anastasian War (502–506)	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Draw	Status quo ante bellum [10] •Byzantium pays a small amount of money [11]
Aksumite invasion of Himyar (518–525)	Himyarite Kingdom Jewish Himyarites Supported by: Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Aksum South Arabian Christians Supported by: • Byzantine Empire	Defeat	Aksumite victory and conquest of Yemen End of persecution of Christians by Jewish Himyarites Byzantines succes in establishing an anti-Sasanid bloc in Arabia Felix
Iberian War (526–532)	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Victory	*Sasanians retained Iberia Byzantines retained Lazica Treaty of Eternal Peace Byzantines paid tribute of 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg) gold
Lazic War (541–562)	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Victory	Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
Ethiopian–Persian Wars (570–578) Sasanian reconquest of Yemen	Sasanian Empire Himyarite Kingdom Supported by: Jewish Himyarites	Kingdom of Aksum Aksum Yemen Supported by: Byzantine Empire South Arabian Christians	Victory	Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire)
War for the Caucasus (572–591)	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Defeat	• Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne. • Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia and western half of Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591 • Byzantium stops paying tribute to Sasanian empire [12]
First Perso-Turkic War (588–589)	Sasanian Empire	Hephthalite Empire Göktürks	Victory	The Sassanids captured Balkh.
Sasanian civil war of 589–591	Sasanian Empire	Supporters of Bahram Chobin Dissatisfied Sasanian nobles supported by: Byzantine Empire	Defeat	Khosrow II faction's victory
Vistahm Rebellion (590–596)	Sasanian Empire	Parthians led by Vistahm	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Byzantine–Sassanid War (602–628)	Sasanian Empire Lakhmids Sasanian Iberia Sasanian Egypt Avars (and Slavic allies)	Byzantine Empire Ghassanids Roman Egypt Western Turkic Khaganate	Status quo ante bellum	The Sasanians agree to withdraw from all occupied territories and return the "True Cross". Iranian invasion of the Byzantine Empire repelled after initial successes in conquering the Levant, Egypt, and much of Anatolia. Beginning of the Sasanian civil war of 628–632 Exhaustion of both empires, leaving them vulnerable to the early Muslim conquests of the Rashidun Caliphate.
Second Perso-Turkic War (606–608)	Sasanian Empire	Western Turkic Khaganate Hephthalite Empire	Victory	Turkic invasion of Iran repelled
Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625)	Jewish rebels Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Status quo ante bellum	Jewish surrender and expulsion after a brief rule by Persians and Jews over parts of the Byzantine Diocese of the East.
Third Perso-Turkic War (627–629)	Sasanian Empire Principality of Iberia Supported by: Eastern Turkic Khaganate	Western Turkic Khaganate Supported by: • Byzantine Empire • Tang China	Defeat	Byzantine control of Georgia
Sasanian civil war of 628–632	The Parsig faction The Nimruzi faction	The Pahlav (Parthian) faction Shahrbaraz's army	Stalemate	Yazdegerd III is recognized as king of Iran. Weakening of the Sasanian Empire The governors of the provinces of Mazun and Yemen gain independence (disintegration of Sasanian rule in the Arabian peninsula).
Muslim conquest of Persia (633–654) Arab conquest of Mesopotamia Muslim conquest of Khuzestan Arab conquest of Fars Muslim conquest of Khorasan Muslim conquest of Sistan Muslim conquest of northern Persia Muslim conquest of Kerman Part of Early Muslim conquests	Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania Sasanian Armenia Arab Christians Supported by: Byzantine Empire [ citation needed ] Principality of Iberia Hephthalites	Rashidun Caliphate Kanarang	Defeat	Fall of the Sassanid Empire Iran is added to the Caliphate Then Muslim conquests of Afghanistan, Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan, Muslim conquest of Armenia and Arab–Khazar wars
Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679)	Tang China Protectorate General to Pacify the West Sassanids in exile	Rashidun Caliphate (until 661) Umayyad Caliphate (from 661) • Western Turkic Khaganate	Stalemate	The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674. After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years.
Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090)
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (673–751) Battle of Talas	Abbasid Caliphate Tibetan Empire Karluk mercenaries	Principalities of Tokharistan Sogdian principalities Khwarazm Fergana Türgesh Kaghanate Second Turkic Khaganate Tang China	Victory	Islamization of Transoxiana End of Chinese dominance and influence in Transoxiana
Second Fitna (Muslim civil war of 680–692)	Zubayrid Caliphate Alids Kharijites	Umayyad Caliphate	Defeat	Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca.
Umayyad campaigns in India (712–740) part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent	Umayyad Caliphate	Gurjara-Pratihara Guhila dynasty Maitraka dynasty Chalukya dynasty Karkota Empire	Defeat	Arab, and later Turco-Persian Muslim invasions to India, stop for the next 250 years. Islamization of modern Pakistan.
Third Fitna (744–750) Abbasid Revolution	Abbasid Caliphate Supported by: Some Arabs Alids/Shia Muslims (mostly Persians) Mawali Kharijites	Umayyad Caliphate Supported by: Qays	Victory	Abbasid appropriation of most former Umayyad territory Eventual establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba End of privileged status for Arabs End of official discrimination against non-Arabs
Tabaristan uprising (784–804)	Karenids Bavandids Baduspanids Zarmihrids	Abbasid Caliphate Supported: Barmakids	Stalemate	Arabs finally conquer Tabaristan, but the locals obtain more authonomy after revolt.
Abbasid expeditions to East Africa (804, 827/837)	1st phase Abbasid Caliphate 2nd phase Persians wālīs of Zanj	1st phase Africans from Zanj Mogadishu Kilwa 2nd phase Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	The Kharaj is imposed on the Africans. Persian rebels against Mihna get a compromise.
Fourth Fitna (Abbasid civil war of 811–813/819)	Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by Persian forces) Tahir ibn Husayn	Al-Amin (supported mostly by Arab forces) Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan	Victory	Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids.
Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites rebellion in Sistan (823–828)	Tahirid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Kharijites	Inconclusive	Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts.
Mazyar uprising (839)	Tahirid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Spahbed Mazyar and Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces	Victory	Mutasim Maziar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured.
Zaydid revolt of 864	Tahirid dynasty	Hasan ibn Zayd's forces	Defeat	Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan.
Caspian expeditions of the Rus' (864–1041)	Abbasid Caliphate Alid dynasties of northern Iran Samanid Empire Shirvanshah Buyid dynasty Sallarid dynasty • Khazars (from 965) Burtas Alans • Byzantine Empire (941) Sarir Volga Bulgaria	Kievan Rus' Oghuz Turks Pechenegs • Khazars (until 943)	Stalemate	Occupation of several areas on the outskirts of the Volga and the Dnieper by the Russians. Start of Russian expansionism on the Caucasus. The disintegration of the Khazar Empire Sack of different areas by the Russians in Iranian territories near Caspian Sea The local Muslims defeated the Russians in their attempts to conquest Persian territories.
Samanid conquest of northern Iran (900–901) Battle of Gorgan (900)	Samanid Empire Abbasid Caliphate	Zaydids	Victory	Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.
Sajid invasion of Georgia (914)	Sajid dynasty	Tao-Klarjeti Kingdom of Kakheti Kingdom of Abkhazia	Stalemate	Despite military victories, sajid withdraw from Georgia
Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928)	Abbasid Caliphate Sajid dynasty	Qarmatians of Bahrayn Baqliyya rebels	Stalemate	End of Qarmatian expansionism Collapse of the Abbasid Empire
Battle of Iskhabad (940) Part of the Samanid–Ziyarid Wars	Ziyarid dynasty Firuzanids	Samanid Empire	Defeat	Samanid conquest of the territory
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870) part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent	Saffarid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Zunbils Kharijites Medieval India Hindu Shahis Buddhist tribal chiefs	Victory	Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them in the name of Islam.
Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876) Battle of Dayr al-Aqul Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)	Saffarid dynasty Ayyars	Abbasid Caliphate Tahirid dynasty Zaydid	Stalemate	In 873, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar ousted the Tahirids from their own capital of Nishapur, and captured its ruler Muhammad ibn Tahir, which led to conflicts with the Abbasid caliphate. Saffarid conquest of Khorasan to their own empire in eastern Persia. Saffarid invasion to Iraq, then withdrew of Bagdad in 876.
Battle of Mecca (883) Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)	Saffarid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Tulunids	Victory
Battle of Balkh (900)	Saffarid Amirate	Samanid Empire	Defeat	The Saffarids lose much territory to the Samanids in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war.
Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province (900–904)	Saffarid Amirate	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards.
Military expedition against Makran (907 or 908)	Saffarid Amirate	Ma'danids	Victory	Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute.
Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909–912)	Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr	Al-Layth	Stalemate	Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives.
Buyid-Saffarid War (967–968)	Saffarid dynasty	Buyid dynasty	Defeat	Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.
Ghaznavid dynasty (962–1186)
March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001–1027) Battle of Chach part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent	Ghaznavid Empire	Medieval India Hindu Shahis	Victory	The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
Ghaznavid campaigns in India (10th and 11th centuries) March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India Sack of Somnath Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent	Ghaznavid Empire	Medieval India Hindu Shahis Rajput confederacy Jatts Chandelas Kachchhapaghata dynasty Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty Lodi dynasty of Multan Tomara dynasty	Victory	The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted. Later Islamic empires would appear on the subcontinent.
Seljuq Empire (1037–1194)
Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars Battle of Nisa (1035) Battle of Nishapur (1038) Battle of Sarakhs (1038) Battle of Dandanqan (1040) Battle of Dandanaqan (1040)	Seljuk Empire	Ghaznavid Empire	Victory	• Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire • Rise of the Seljuk Empire
Siege of Hamadan (1047)	Seljuk Empire	Kakuyids Annazids Buyids	Victory	Hamedan and Isfahan are conquered by Seljuk empire.
Georgian–Seljuk wars (1048–1213)	Seljuk Empire	Kingdom of Georgia Zakarid Armenia	Defeat	Initial victory on the Great Turkish Invasion. Then Georgia liberates from being tributary of Seljuk and even invades Iran.
Byzantine–Seljuq wars (1048–1308)	Seljuk Empire	Byzantine Empire Empire of Trebizond Crusader states	Victory	Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks
Overthrow of the Qarmatians (1058–1077)	Seljuk Empire Uyunid Emirate Abbasid Caliphate	Qarmatians	Victory	End of Qarmatian rule in eastern Arabia
Seljuk war of succession (1063) Battle of Damghan (1063)	Alp Arslan forces	Qutalmish forces	Victory	Alp Arslan obtains the throne.
Battle of Manzikert (1071)	Seljuk Empire	Byzantine Empire	Victory	Seljuks enter Anatolia.
Seljuk Civil War Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf (1073)	Seljuk Empire Malik-Shah I forces	Kerman Seljuk Sultanate Qavurt and his son forces	Victory	Malik Shah maintains the throne
Battle of Ain Salm (1086)	Seljuk Empire	Sultanate of Rûm	Victory	death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
Nizari–Seljuk conflicts (1090–1194)	Seljuk Empire Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate (succeeded by the Ayyubid Sultanate) Crusader states	(Nizari) Ismailis of Persia and Syria	Stalemate	Nizaris consolidate a state in Daylam, Quhistan, and Jabal Bahra', then controls other scattered areas in Alborz mountains, Zagros mountains, and Khurasan.
First Crusade (1095–1099)	Muslims  : Seljuk Empire Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate	Crusaders Kingdom of France Byzantine Empire Armenian Cilicia County of Flanders Papal States Republic of Genoa Holy Roman Empire County of Sicily Duchy of Apulia and Calabria	Defeat	The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states
Siege of Mosul (1096)	Seljuk Empire	Uqaylid dynasty	Victory	Seljuks conquers the territory of the Uqaylid State
Battle of Ghazni (1117)	Seljuk Empire	Ghaznavid Empire	Victory	Bahram of Ghazna succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal
First Siege of Baghdad (1136)	Seljuk Empire	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.
Battle of Qatwan (1141)	Seljuk Empire Kara-Khanids Kakuyids	Qara Khitai (Western Liao) Karluks	Defeat	Khwarazm became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitan.
Second Crusade (1147–1150)	Muslim : Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum Emirate of Zengids Emirate of Damascus Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate Nizari Ismaili state in Syria (the Assassins)	Crusaders Jerusalem Tripoli Antioch Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Byzantine Empire Kingdom of England Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Western front (Reconquista) Kingdom of Portugal County of Barcelona León-Castile Kingdom of France Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa Wendish Crusade Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Jutland-Kingdom of Denmark Zealand/Scania-Kingdom of Denmark Kingdom of Poland	Victory	Lisbon captured by the Portuguese, Tarragona and Tortosa captured by the Catalans Wagria and Polabia captured by the Saxon Crusaders
Second Siege of Baghdad (1157)	Seljuk Empire	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat	Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.
Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)
Battle of Ghazni (1148)	Ghurid dynasty	Ghaznavids	Victory	The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India.
Battle of Ghazni (1151)	Ghurid dynasty	Ghaznavids	Victory	The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149.
Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor (1175–1206) First Battle of Tarain Second Battle of Tarain Battle of Chandawar Siege of Bayana Siege of Gwalior (1196) Battle of Kasahrada (1197) Ghurid invasion of Bengal Battle of Jhelum (1206) Siege of Kalinjar	Ghurid dynasty	Rajput confederacy Chahamanas of Shakambhari Gahadavala dynasty Sena dynasty Soomra dynasty Ghaznavids Qarmatians Tibetan tribes	Victory	Muhammad of Ghor seizes much of northern India. Fundation of Delhi Sultanate Islamization of Bangladesh
Battle of Andkhud (1204)	Ghurid dynasty	Khwarazmian Empire Qara Khitai Kara-Khanid Khanate	Defeat	Ghurids lost suzerainty of Khurasan to the Khwarezmian Empire
Ghurid invasion of Tibet (1206)	Ghurid dynasty	Tibetan people (Era of Fragmentation)	Defeat	Tibetan indepencen seizured Death of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji
Khwarazmian dynasty (1077–1231)
Mongol invasion of Persia (1218–1256) Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris part of Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the Mongol invasions of India	Khwarazmian dynasty Nizari Ismaili state Abbasid Caliphate	Mongol Empire	Defeat	Khwarezmia domains added to the Mongol Empire Jalal al-Din Mangburni resists in exile until 1231 in India and the Caucasus. Mongol invasions of Georgia and Mongol invasions of Anatolia begin.
Georgian-Khwarazmid war (1225–1228) Battle of Garni Siege of Tbilisi (1226) Battle of Bolnisi	Khwarazmian dynasty Principality of Maragheh	Kingdom of Georgia Kipchaks Alans Vainakhs Leks	Victory	Khwarezmian last domains added the Georgian domains
Seljuk-Khwarazmid war (1230) Battle of Yassıçemen	Khwarezm Shahs Seljuk rebels Empire of Trebizond	Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm Ayyubid Sultanate	Defeat	Khwarezmian last domains partitioned between Seljuks and Mongols
Siege of Jerusalem (1244)	Ayyubid Sultanate Khwarazmians	Kingdom of Jerusalem	Victory	Muslim capture of Jerusalen
Ilkhanid dinasty (1256–1335)
Mongol invasions of Anatolia (1241–1335) Part of Mongol invasion of West Asia	Mongol Empire Ilkhanate Principality of Khachen	Sultanate of Rum Anatolian Beyliks	Victory	Mongols adds the Anatolian domains to Persian-centered Ilkhanate.
Siege of Baghdad (1258)	Mongol Empire Ilkhanate Georgia [13] Armenian Cilicia [13] Principality of Antioch	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	Abbasid territories added to Persian centered Ilkhanate and starts the Mongol invasions of the Levant End of the Islamic Golden Age
Toluid Civil War (1260–1264)	Kublai Khan and his allies	Ariq Böke and his allies	Victory	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Berke–Hulagu war (1262)	Ilkhanate Supported by:   Byzantine Empire	Golden Horde Supported by: Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate	Inconclusive	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301)	Yuan dynasty Ilkhanate (ally of Kublai)	Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde (ally of Kaidu until 1284)	Inconclusive	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323) Mongol raids into Palestine Part of the Crusades (Lord Edward's crusade and Crusade of the Infants of Aragon)	Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Georgia Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Antioch-Tripoli Yuan Empire Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264)   Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller	Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid remnants Nizari Ismailis of Syria Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264) Karamanid rebels Abbasids	Defeat	Mongols fail to conquer Egypt or get a formal Franco-Mongol alliance.
Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318)	Yuan dynasty Ilkhanate	Chagatai Khanate	Victory	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Timurid dynasty (1370–1507)
Campaigns of Timur (1380–1402)	Timurid dynasty	Muzaffarids Jalayirid Sultanate Tughlaq dynasty Golden Horde   Kingdom of Georgia Delhi Sultanate Ottoman Empire   Knights Hospitaller	Victory	Rise of the Timurid Empire in Iran The Delhi Sultanate became a Timurid vassal. Outbreak of the Ottoman Civil War
Battle of Algami Canal (1402) Part of Timurid Invasion of Iraq	Timurid dynasty	Qara Qoyunlu	Victory	Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Qara Yusuf both escaped Iraq again and fled towards Egypt
Timurid Civil Wars (1405–~1501)	Various factions	Various factions	Collapse of the dynasty	Rise of the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty
Battle of Nakhchivan (1406) Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan	Timurid dynasty	Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat	Invasion repelled
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Persian-Uzbek Wars (1502–1510) Safavid conquest of Shirvan Battle of Marv	Safavid Empire	Uzbeks	Victory	Fall of the Shaybanid Empire
Turkoman invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia Shirvanshah Safavid Empire (1502)	Kara Koyunlu (1407–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1502)	Victory	End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia
Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids (1506–1510)	Safavid Empire	Yazidis	Victory	Uprising suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shir Sarim, was defeated in the battle
Portuguese–Safavid wars (1507–1625)	Safavid Empire Imamate of Oman Supported by: British East India Company	Portuguese Empire Kingdom of Ormus Supported by: Spanish Empire (since 1580)	Victory	The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya. Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf.
Battle of Chaldiran (1514)	Safavid Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat	End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire
Ismail I invasion of Georgia (1516–1522) Battle of Teleti	Safavid Empire Samtskhe-Saatabago rebels	Kingdom of Georgia Samtskhe-Saatabago	Stalemate	Initial Persian victories, putting vassal governors in Georgia. Then withdrawal after Ottoman intervention
Battle of Jam (1528)	Safavid Empire	Uzbeks	Victory	Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquered Herat.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523 (1532–1555), Part of French–Habsburg rivalry	Safavid Empire Supported by: Habsburg monarchy [ citation needed ]	Ottoman Empire Supported by: France	Defeat	Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands
Georgian-Safavid wars (1556–1659) Battle of Garisi Battle of Digomi Battle of Tsitsamuri Battle of Aghaiani Battle of Martqopi Battle of Marabda Bakhtrioni uprising	Safavid Empire	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Stalemate	Persians subdue Georgian kingdoms as vassals of Safavids, but Georgians got restoration of its autonomy
Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578)	Safavid Empire	Shaybanids	Victory	Uzbeks withdrew from northeastern Iran and Persians refused to pay them tribute.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578 (1578–1590)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Defeat	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Battle of Herat (1598)	Safavid Empire	Shaybanids	Victory	Khorasan returned to Persians
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (First Stage) (1603–1612)	Safavid Empire	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)
Siege of Dimdim (1609–1610)	Safavid Empire	Emirate of Bradost	Victory	Uprising suppressed
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (Second Stage) (1612–1618)	Safavid Empire	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Serav (1618)
Capture of Ormuz (1622)	Safavid Empire British East India Company	Iberian Union Portuguese Empire Kingdom of Hormuz	Victory	Ormuz annexed to Persia
Mughal–Safavid War of 1622 (1622–1623)	Safavid Empire	Mughal Empire	Victory	Kandahar falls to Persia
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623 (1623–1639)	Safavid Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat	Permanent partition of the Caucasus; western Georgia and Western Armenia go to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern and southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control of Mesopotamia.
Battle off Hormuz (1625) part of Dutch–Portuguese War	English East India Company   Dutch East India Company Supported by: Safavid Persia	Portuguese Empire Estado da Índia	Draw	End of Portuguese influence on the Persian Gulf
Capture of Julfar (1633) part of the Omani–Portuguese conflicts	Safavid Empire Portuguese Empire	Omani Empire	Defeat	Omanis captured the two forts on Ras Al Khaimah.
Mughal–Safavid war of 1649 (1649–1653)	Safavid Empire • Khanate of Bukhara	Mughal Empire Jaipur State	Victory	Persia recaptured Kandahar
Russo-Persian War of 1651 (1651–1653)	Safavid Empire	Russia	Victory	Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled
Bakhtrioni uprising (1659)	Safavid Empire Turcoman tribes	Kingdom of Kakheti aided by Tushetians, Pshavs, Khevsurs	Inconclusive	Kakheti remained under Persian rule
1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain (1717)	Safavid Empire	Omani Empire Al Bin Ali mercenaries	Defeat	Persian loss of Bahrain
Sack of Shamakhi (1721)	Safavid Empire	Rebellious Sunni Lezgins	Defeat	The Shia population is massacred and the city, ransacked
Russo-Persian War of 1722 (1722–1723)	Safavid Empire	Russian Empire Cossack Hetmanate Kingdom of Kartli Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels	Defeat	Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade. Partition of Iran with the Ottomans in Treaty of Constantinople (1724).
Siege of Isfahan (1722)	Safavid Empire	Hotaki dynasty	Defeat (Regime change)	Afghan control of most of Iran
Hotaki dynasty (1722–1729)
Ottoman–Hotaki War 1724–1727	Hotaki dynasty	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Hamedan Ottoman recognition of Ashraf Hotak as Shah of Persia Ottoman sovereignty over all the western and northwestern parts of Iran (including most of Tabriz, Hamadan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and most of the southern Caucasus)
Return of Safavids (Nader) (1726–1729) Khorasan campaign of Nader Shah Herat campaign of 1729 Liberation of Isfahan	Hotaki dynasty Sadozai Sultanate of Herat Supported by: Ottoman Empire	Safavid Dinasty	Defeat (Regime change)	End of the Hotaki dynasty
Battle of Zarghan (1730)	Safavid Empire	Hotaki dynasty	Victory	Afghans expelled from Iran (Persia)
Herat campaign of 1731 (1731)	Safavid Empire Afghan loyalists	Sadozai Sultanate of Herat Hotaki dynasty	Victory	Fall of Sadozai Sultanate of Herat
Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735) Western Persia campaign of 1730 Tahmasp's campaign of 1731 Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign Caucasus Campaign (1735)	Safavid Empire • Erivan Khanate	Ottoman Empire • Crimean Khanate Lezgins	Victory	Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus •Treaty of Constantinople
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Nader Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738)	Afsharid dynasty	Hotaki dynasty	Victory	End of the Hotaki dynasty
Nader conquest of the Persian Gulf (1738–1747)	Afsharid dynasty	Omani Empire Sultanate of Muscat Imamate of Oman Pirates	Victory	The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian Gulf until the collapse of the empire.
Nader invasion of India (1738–1739)	Afsharid dynasty	Mughal Empire	Victory	Persian plundering of India
Nader Conquest of Central Asia (1738–1740)	Afsharid dynasty	Khanate of Bukhara Khanate of Khiva	Victory	Conquest of the Central Asian khanates
Nader invasion of Daghestan (1741–1745)	Afsharid dynasty	Lezgins Avar Khanate Mekhtuly Khanate Gazikumukh Khanate Elisu Sultanate Shaki Khanate	Victory	The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743 (1743–1746)	Afsharid dynasty	Ottoman Empire	Stalemate	Treaty of Kerden, Status quo ante bellum
Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar (1747–1796)	Afsharid dynasty	Qajar dynasty	Regime change	Mohammad Khan Qajar became the Shah of Iran.
Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)	Afsharids Qara Bayat Amirdom Qajar dynasty Khozeimeh Amirdom	Durrani Empire Khanate of Kalat	Defeat	Afghan dominance in the region
Zand dynasty (1751–1779)
Campaign against Azad Khan (1754–1762)	Zand dynasty	Azad Khan Afghan	Victory	Azad Khan's surrender
Bajalan uprising (1755)	Zand dynasty	Bajalan Tribe (Kurds [14] Bajalan Tribe [15] )	Victory	Uprising uppressed
Ottoman-Persian War of 1775 (1755–1776)	Zand dynasty	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Persia captures Basra.
Persian-Dutch War (1765)	Zand dynasty	Dutch colonial empire Dutch East India Company	Victory	Kharg Island reconquered by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein
Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain (1782–1783)	Persia Bushehr	Sheikhdom of Kuwait Zubarah	Defeat	Al Khalifa annexes Bahrain into its sheikhdom.
Siege of Kerman (1794)	Zand dynasty	Qajar Dynasty	Defeat	Qajars conquer and sack Kerman.
Qajar dynasty (1785–1925)
Battle of Krtsanisi (1795)	Qajar Iran	Kartli-Kakheti Imereti	Victory	Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranians. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia.
Persian Expedition (1796)	Qajar Iran	Russian Empire	Victory	Tactical Russian victory Strategic Persian victory Russian withdrawal after the death of Catherine II
Russo-Persian War of 1804 (1804–1813), Part of Napoleonic Wars and Russian conquest of the Caucasus	Qajar Iran Supported by: French Empire [ citation needed ] Ottoman Empire	Russian Empire Supported by:   British Empire	Defeat	Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia.
Battle of Kafir Qala (1818) Part of Herati-Qajar Wars	Qajar Iran	Durrani Empire	Inconclusive	Both armies retreated
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821 (1821–1823)	Qajar Iran	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum
Russo-Persian War of 1826 (1826–1828)	Qajar Iran	Russian Empire	Defeat	Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes its last Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary nation of Azerbaijan that were not ceded in 1813, as well as all of what is the current Republic of Armenia.
Siege of Herat (1837–1838) Part of Great Game	Qajar Iran Supported by:   Russian Empire Principality of Qandahar	Emirate of Herat East India Company Supported by:   British Empire Aimaq tribesmen Maimana Khanate Andkhui Khanate Sheberghan Khanate Sar-i Pul Khanate Bukhara Emirate Khiva Khanate [16]	Defeat	Successful Persian siege at Herat; breach eventually repelled; temporary British occupation of Kharg Island; Persian withdrawal from Herat
Battle of Fort Tabarsi (1848–1849)	Qajar Iran	Bábís	Victory	Successful repression
Siege of Herat (1856)	Qajar Iran	Emirate of Herat Supported by: United Kingdom Afghanistan	Victory	Successful siege of Herat; continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris; installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat
Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857)	Qajar Iran	United Kingdom East India Company Afghanistan	Defeat	Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat.
Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah (1879–1880)	Ottoman Empire Qajar Iran Supported by:   Austria-Hungary Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia	Kurdish tribes	Victory	Successful repression
Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)	Qajar Iran Shahrbani Shahsevan Supported by:   Russian Empire Persian Cossack Brigade	Iranian constitutionalists Supported by:   Ottoman Empire Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran	Stalemate	Constitutional monarchy and Parliament Persian Constitution of 1906 Triumph of Tehran Russian occupation of northern Iran until 1917
Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah (1911–1913)	Qajar Iran	Forces of Salar-al-Daulah	Victory	Rebellion suppressed
Swedish intervention in Persia (1911–1916) Shiraz expedition	Qajar Iran Sweden [17]	Anti-Qajar insurgents	Victory	Anti-Qajar rebellions are suppressed. The Swedish government quits on 1916 due to its neutrality on World War I. However, Swedes volunteers continued to serve in the Persian Gendarmerie until 1921.
Persian Campaign (1914–1918) Part of World War I	Qajar Iran Qashqai tribesmen Tangistani tribesmen Laristani tribesmen Jungle Movement	Russian Empire Armenian volunteer units   British Empire   British Raj Assyrian volunteers   Ottoman Empire Shekak tribesmen   German Empire	Stalemate	Occupation of Iran by Anglo-Russian and Ottoman troops Ottoman withdrawal after signing of Armistice of Mudros Persian famine of 1917–1919
Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921) Part of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War	Qajar Iran Persian Cossack Brigade   Russian Empire (1915–1917) White movement (since 1920)   British Empire	Jungle revolutionaries Persian Socialist Soviet Republic Supported by: Soviet Russia (since 1920) Soviet Caspian Flotilla	Victory	Revolt suppressed Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement forces the retreat of Bolsheviks from northern Iran.
Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)	Qajar and Pahlavi Iran	Irregular Kurdish militias	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920)	Qajar Iran Persian Cossack Brigade	Mohammad Khiabani's forces Azerbaijan rebels	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Pessian's revolt (1921)	Qajar Iran Irregular Kurdish militias Persian Cossack Brigade	Autonomous Government of Khorasan Khans of Khorasan	Victory	Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian
1921 Persian coup d'état (1921)	Qajar Iran	Persian Cossack Brigade Supported by: United Kingdom	Defeat	Power takeover by Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee Suppression of Colonel Pessian's revolt and dissolution of the Autonomous Government of Khorasan Dissolution of the Republic of Gilan Continuing conflict with Simko Shikak until 1922 Deterioration of Persian control over Sheikh Khazal's Emirate of Muhammara until 1925
Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1924)	Qajar and Pahlavi Iran	Sheikhdom of Mohammerah Bakhtiari tribesmen Arab separatists Supported by: United Kingdom	Victory	Rebellious Arab forces disbanded Bakhtiaris defeated Khazal arrested Sheikhdom of Mohammerah abolished Reza Khan re-established full control over the Emirate of Muhammara.
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
Simko Shikak revolt (1926)	Iran Assyrian volunteers Assyrian levies	Irregular Kurdish militias	Victory	Revolt suppressed; Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq
Jafar Sultan revolt (1931)	Iran	Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (1941) Part of World War II	Iran	Soviet Union United Kingdom   India	Defeat	Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran
Hama Rashid revolt (1941–1944)	Iran	Kurdish tribesmen	Victory	Hama Rashid driven into Iraq
Iran Crisis of 1946 (1945–1946)	Iran	Mahabad Azerbaijan Supported by:   Soviet Union	Victory	Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan
First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970)	KDP Supported by: Iran   Israel [18]   United States (alleged) [19]	Before 1968: Republic of Iraq Syria (1963) [20] After 1968: Ba'athist Iraq	Stalemate	Several Iraqi offensives intended to suppress the Kurdish rebellion fail. Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970 Arabization program continued
Dhofar Rebellion (1963–1976) [21]	Iran   Oman	PFLOAG PFLO	Victory	Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman
1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967)	Iran	Revolutionary Committee leadership: KDP-I	Victory	Kurdish revolt suppressed:
Insurgency in Balochistan (1973–present) 1970s operation in Balochistan Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency	Iran [21]   Pakistan	Baloch separatist groups Taliban-aligned groups Supported by:   India   Afghanistan	Ongoing	Insurgency mostly repressed
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)	KDP Iran   Soviet Union [22] Supported by:   Israel [23]   United States [24]	Iraq	Defeat	Peshmerga fighting ability destroyed Iran withdrew its support for KDP
Arvand Conflict (1974–1975)	Iran	Iraq	Victory	1975 Algiers Agreement Iran consolidates control over the Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud waterway Tensions between Iran and Iraq over the disputed waterway and border escalate into a full-scale war in 1980
Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
Iranian Revolution and Consolidation (1979–1983)	Iran	Imperial State	Islamic Republic victory	Rival political factions and separatist movements crushed Tens of thousands of political executions in the aftermath (7,900 from 1981 to 1985, 3,800 to 33,000 in 1988, unknown in 1986–1987 or 1979–1980)
1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran (1979)	Iran	KDP-I Komala IPFG OIPFG (Minority) Supported by: Iraq	Victory	Iranian victory, but pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996.
1979 Khuzestan insurgency (1979)	Iran	DRFLA APCO PFLA AFLA Supported by: Iraq	Victory	Uprising quelled Iranian Embassy siege in 1980
Qatif conflict (1979–present) part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran Shia militants Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula Hezbollah Al-Hejaz	Saudi Arabia	Ongoing	Mostly repressed from 1983 to 2011 by Saudi government. Sunni government executes many Shia rebels.
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)	Iran KDP PUK Badr Brigades	Iraq MEK PDKI	Stalemate	Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598. Return to status quo, observed by UNIIMOG
Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984) Part of Lebanese Civil War	Islamic Jihad Organization Iran   Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement	United Kingdom   France   United States   Italy	Stalemate	Syrian Allied victory [25] Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias [26] Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization Humanitarian crisis in southern Lebanon Civil war continues until 1990 President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country
Tanker War (1984−1988) Action of June 5, 1984 Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Praying Mantis part of Iran–Iraq War and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran Supported by:   Pakistan [27] [28]	Iraq Supported by:   United States   Saudi Arabia   Kuwait	Ceasefire	UNSC Resolution 598
KDPI–Komala conflict (1984−1991)	Iran	KDP-I Komala	Victory	Both armed forces debilitate and Iran maintain control of Iranian Kurdistan.
Iran–Israel proxy conflict (1985−present) Hezbollah–Israel conflict Karine A affair Francop Affair 2009 Sudan airstrikes Victoria Affair 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war Operation Full Disclosure Operation Northern Shield 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 2022 Erbil missile attacks 2023 Iran drone attacks	Iran Supported by:   Hamas Hezbollah   Houthi movement   Lebanon Syria   Iraq (from 2006)   Sudan (until 2015)	Israel Supported by:   United States Persian opposition	Ongoing	Iran-Israel conflicts continues Tactical victories from Israel Strategic stalemate
KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)	Iran	KDP-I	Victory	KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996.
Arab civil unrest and insurgency on Khuzestan (1999−2020) Part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran	ASMLA [29] NLMA Ansar Al-Furqan [30] Supported by:   Iraq (until 2003)   Saudi Arabia	Victory	Revolts suppressed
2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict (2000–2006) Part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict	Hezbollah Supported by:   Iran Syria	Israel	Defeat	Israel maintains the territories
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) United States invasion of Afghanistan 2001 uprising in Herat part of War on terror	United States   United Kingdom Northern Alliance   Canada   Italy   Germany   Australia   New Zealand   Iran (until 2002)	Taliban Al-Qaeda 055 Brigade Foreign fighters	Victory	Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan Then Iran quits the coallition and form the Axis of Resistance after Axis of evil speachment, ending his collaboration with the US coallition.
Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)	New Iraqi government Supported by: Iran [31] [32]   NATO NATO Training Mission – Iraq   Israel [33] [34]   United Nations United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq   United States   United Kingdom MNF–I (2003–09) Shia insurgents Mahdi Army Special Groups Kata'ib Hezbollah Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Badr Brigades Others	Ba'ath loyalists Fedayeen Saddam (2003 Only) SCJL JRTN Sunni insurgents Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–06) Islamic State of Iraq [35] (from 2006) Islamic Army of Iraq Ansar al-Sunnah (2003–07) Others Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army (not to be confused with Iraqi Hamas)	Inconclusive	End of American military presence in Iraq with 2007–2011 withdrawal Continued Iraqi conflict in the War in Iraq (2013–2017) Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq [36] [ dubious ] [37] [38] [39]
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)	Iran	Jundallah (Iran)	Ongoing	Capture of Abdolmalek Rigi Dissolution of Jundallah
Iran–PJAK Conflict (2004–present)	Iran   Turkey	PJAK	Ongoing	PJAK withdraws from Iranian territory
2006 Lebanon War (2006) part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict	Iran Hezbollah   Lebanon	Israel	Stalemate	U.N brokered ceasefire through UNSCR 1701 Israeli strategic and military failure [40] [41] [42] [43]
Afghanistan–Iran border skirmishes (2007-2023) 2009 Afghanistan–Iran clash 2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes 2023 Afghanistan–Iran clash part of Afghan conflict	Iran	Afghanistan	Stalemate	Status quo ante bellum
Gaza War (2008–2009) 2009 Sudan airstrikes part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict	Gaza Strip Supported by:   Iran	Israel	Defeat	Israel tactical victory
Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Iranian intervention in Syria Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict and War against the Islamic State	Syria Hezbollah   Iran   Russia	Free Syrian Army   United States   Turkey   Saudi Arabia   Israel Islamic Front al-Nusra Front Islamic State   Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria	Ongoing	Rebel and Islamist uprisings quelled in much of Syria Most of Syria now controlled by Syrian Government, which is supported by Iran Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017
Insurgency in Bahrain (2011–present) part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Al-Ashtar Brigades Waad Allah Brigades al-Mukhtar Brigades God's Revenge Companies Popular Resistance Brigades February 14 Youth Coalition Saraya al Karar Asa’ib al-Muqawama al-Bahrainia Imam al-Mahdi Brigades al-Haydariyah Brigades Supported by:   Iran Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps	Bahrain Supported by:   Saudi Arabia	Ongoing	Ongoing insurgency by militant groups, supported by Iran, to topple government of Bahrain
War in Iraq (2014–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present) part of War against the Islamic State	Iraq Peshmerga   Iran Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Badr Organization Hezbollah Kata'ib Hezbollah Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam   United States	Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant Naqshbandi Army [ citation needed ]	Victory	Iraqi government and allied victory against ISIL US played a significant role in this victory. End of ISIL territorial control in Iraq; ongoing ISIL insurgency
2014 Gaza War (2014)	Gaza Strip Supported by:   Iran	Israel	Victory	Israel quits from Gaza.
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Supreme Political Council   Houthi movement   Iran   Iraq North Korea Syrian mercenaries	Cabinet of Yemen Saudi-led coalition   Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Jordan Egypt Sudan (2015–19) Morocco (2015–19) Qatar (2015–17) Al-Qaeda	Ongoing	Houthis seize Yemen's capital city, Sanaa Saudi-led coalition forces intervene in Yemen to restore the Hadi/Alimi-led government Former President Ali Abdullah Saleh is killed Continued clashes between Southern Transitional Council and Hadi/Alimi-led government
Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present) part of War against the Islamic State	Afghanistan Taliban Haqqani network [44] Al-Qaeda [45] Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (pro-Taliban & anti-IS factions) [46] Supported by:   United States (limited) [47] [48] [49] [50]   Iran (alleged) [51] [52]   Russia (alleged) [53]   Pakistan (alleged)[ citation needed ]	Islamic State Khorasan Province IS central command[ citation needed ] Mullah Dadullah Front [ citation needed ] (until 2016) Fidai Mahaz [54] Supported by: High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (HCIEA) [55] (until 2021) [56] [57]	Ongoing	Continued IS-KP guerilla warfare and insurgent attacks
Western Iran clashes (2016–present) part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran	PDKI PJAK Komala PAK Khebat Supported by:   Saudi Arabia [ citation needed ]	Ongoing	Restart of armed resistance against the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, eastern Kurdistan has not yet become a Kurdish state.
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (2017)	Iraq Supported by:   Iran [58]	Kurdistan Regional Government PKK [59] PDKI [60] White Flags (alleged) [61]	Victory	Iraqi Government captures 20% of the territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region including the city of Kirkuk, along with the surrounding oil fields and border crossings
Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) part of Iraqi conflict	Iraq Pro-Government Tribes (ar) [62] Rojava (cross-border cooperation since May 2018) [63] Supported by: CJTF-OIR (until 2021)   United States   United Kingdom   France   Iran [64]   Russia [ citation needed ]   Kurdistan Region Peshmerga Supported by:   Netherlands [65]	Islamic State White Flags	Ongoing	Continue of the conflict against Islamic State 2019–2021 Iraqi protests against Iranian influence Clashes between US and Iran and allies due to
2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings (2023)	Hamas PIJ Supported by: Hezbollah   Iran	Israel	Ceasefire	Inconclusive
Israel–Hamas war (2023–present) 2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict	Hamas Supported by:   Iran Syria Hezbollah   Houthi movement Islamic Resistance in Iraq	Israel Supported by:   United States   Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Free Syrian Army	Ongoing	Iranian proxy groups initiate offensives against US military bases.

See also

• History of Iran
• Swedish intervention in Persia
• Military history of Iran
• Iranian expansionism
• Cyrus in Babylon and the Jewish connection
• List of massacres in Iran
• Greco-Persian Wars
• Roman–Persian Wars
• Parthian army
• Military of the Sasanian Empire
• List of Sasanian revolts and civil wars
• Göktürk–Persian wars
• Hephthalite–Persian Wars
• Aksumite–Persian wars
• Military of Safavid Iran
• Persian–Uzbek wars
• Ottoman–Persian Wars
• Military of Afsharid Iran
• Mughal–Persian Wars
• Russo-Persian Wars
• Persian Corridor (a.k.a. Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran)
• Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (1979–1982/83)
• The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution
• Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
• Kurdish separatism in Iran
• Iran–Israel proxy conflict
• Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
• Hybrid warfare against Iran
• Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
• Cyberwarfare and Iran
• List of Iranian assassinations
• Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
• Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war
• Iran-United States conflict

Notes

1. Potts, D. T. (2014-04-01). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330799.003.0003. ISBN   978-0-19-933079-9.
2. Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "SELEUCID EMPIRE". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
3. Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). The history of ancient Iran. Internet Archive. München : C.H. Beck. ISBN   978-3-406-09397-5.
4. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1997). "Sīstān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume IX: San–Sze (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 681–685. ISBN   978-90-04-10422-8
5. Dahlheim, Werner (2010). Augustus: Aufrührer, Herrscher, Heiland. Eine Biographie (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 111. ISBN   9783406605932.
6. Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion. Oxbow Books. ISBN   978-1-78570-208-2
7. Ghosh, Amalananda (1965). Taxila . CUP Archive. pp. 790–791.
8. Di Cosmo, Nicola; Maas, Michael, eds. (2018). Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316146040. ISBN   978-1-107-09434-5.
9. Payne, Richard (2015). "The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–299. ISBN   978-1-107-63388-9
10. Heather, Peter J. (2018). Rome resurgent: war and empire in the age of Justinian. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199362745. OCLC   1007044617.^{[ page needed ]}
11. Procopius. History of the Wars, I.9.24; Greatrex & Lieu 2002 , p. 77 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002 (help).
12. Howard-Johnston 2010. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHoward-Johnston2010 (help)
13. Demurger, 80–81; Demurger 284
14. "Encyclopedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 2019-02-06.
15. Ali Mohammad, Saki. "Encyclopedia of the World of Islam".
16. L.Lee, Johnathan (1996). The 'Ancient Supremacy': Bukhara, Afghanistan & the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901. Brill Publishers. p. 150. ISBN   978-90-04-10399-3. ISSN   0929-2403.
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19. Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq. Stanford University Press. p. 102. ISBN   978-1-5036-1382-9. Available documentation does not prove conclusively that the United States provided covert assistance to the Kurds in the fall of 1962, but the documents that have been declassified are certainly suggestive—especially in light of the general US policy orientation toward Iraq during this period.
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21. The rebellion started already in 1962, but Iran did not intervene before 1973.^{[ full citation needed ]}
22. "18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)".
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31. Elaheh Rostami-Povey, Iran's Influence: A Religious-Political State and Society in Its Region, pp. 130–154, Zed Books Ltd, 2010.
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40. Israel's Second Lebanon War Remains a Resounding Failure; Haaretz, 12 July 2016
41. Winograd report: Lebanon war "serious" failure; France 24, 30 January 2008
42. Winograd: Political, military leadership failed during war; Ynet, 30 January 2008
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