List of wars involving Malaysia

This is a list of wars involving Malaysia .

  Malaysia victory

  Malaysia defeat

  Ongoing

List

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
Federation of Malaya ( 1957–1966)
Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)	British Commonwealth forces: United Kingdom Federation of Malaya   Singapore   Malacca (until 1957)   Penang (until 1957) Kenya Southern Rhodesia (until 1953) Rhodesia and Nyasaland (from 1953) Fiji Australia New Zealand Supported by: Thailand (Thai–Malaysian border)	Communist forces: Malayan Communist Party Malayan National Liberation Army	Commonwealth victory Independence of Malaya from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1957 Malaya became an independent member of the British Commonwealth [1] [2] CPM retreats to the Malayan-Thai border Insurgency continues (1968–1989) Conflict resolved through the Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)
Congo Crisis (1960–1964)	1960–1963: Republic of the Congo Supported by: Soviet Union (1960) ONUC [a] Malaysia 1963–1964: Democratic Republic of the Congo United States Belgium Supported by: ONUC (1964) Malaysia	1960–1963: Katanga South Kasai Supported by: Belgium [b] 1960–1962: Free Republic of the Congo Supported by: Soviet Union 1963–1964: Kwilu and Simba rebels Supported by: Soviet Union China Cuba	Victory The Congo established as an independent unitary state under the authoritarian presidency of Mobutu Sese Seko.
Cross border attacks in North Borneo (1962–present)	Malaysia Sabah Philippines (1986–2016) Indonesia [7] Vietnam [8] Singapore [9] Thailand [10] Supported by Australia (1963–66) (troops and material aid) New Zealand (1963–66) (troops and material aid) United Kingdom (until 1966) (troops and material aid) Brunei (material aid) [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Bangsamoro militia support: Moro Islamic Liberation Front [16] Moro National Liberation Front (Mus Sema faction) [17] [18]	Abu Sayyaf (1991–2024) Philippines (until 1986, 2016–present) Moro Pirates (1963–present) Sulu Sultanate (Jamalul Kiram III faction) (2013–present) Former Sabah invasion supporter: Moro National Liberation Front (Misuari faction) (2001–2015) [19] [20] [21] Bangsamoro Republik (2013)	Security in mainland Sabah was under control, cross border attacks ongoing; Operation Merdeka to invade Sabah under the instruction of Ferdinand Marcos failed to carry out and the starting of insurgency in the Southern Philippines after Marcos soldiers execute a number of Moro fighters in an event known as Jabidah massacre. Nur Misuari deported to the Philippines in 2001 under the ASEAN friendship after Malaysian security forces found he had stayed illegally on an island in Sabah to escape from the Philippine authorities after a failed rebellion against the Philippine Government. [22] [23] Establishment of RCI in 2012 when Sabah was infiltrated with huge numbers of illegal immigrants from the Philippines who escape from the war torn Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Deportation of thousands of Filipino illegal immigrants in Sabah after they were found collaborating with militants during a brief of standoff with a self-proclaimed Filipino Sultan Jamalul Kiram III followers in 2013. [24] [25] Establishment of ESSCOM and ESSZONE in 2013 to counter further Filipino militant infiltrations and to prevent the mass exodus of Filipino illegal immigrants into Sabah. Sabah ceases its cross-border trade and barter trade in eastern waters from 7 April 2016 – 1 February 2017 due to persistent Abu Sayyaf attacks. [26] [27] [28] The governments of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia have signed an agreement to jointly countering the persistent lawlessness in the Sulu Archipelago. [29] [30]
Sarawak Communist Insurgency (1962–1990 [31] [32] )	Anti-communist forces: United Kingdom [33]   Sarawak (until 1963) Malaysia [31] Sarawak (after 1963) Supported by: Australia Brunei New Zealand United States Indonesia (after 1965) [31] (Indo-Malay border)	Communist forces: North Kalimantan Communist Party [34] Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force (SPGF) [35] North Kalimantan People's Army (NKPA) [35] Indonesia (1962–65) (military aid) [31] Other support: Brunei People's Party North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA) Malayan Communist Party Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) Supported by: China [35] North Vietnam (until 1975) North Korea [36] [37]	Victory Peace Declaration of Sri Aman in 1973 [38] [39] Dissolution of the Sarawak Communist Organisation/North Kalimantan Communist Party (SCO/NKCP). [31]
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966)	The Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom Malaysia [c] Singapore [d] Brunei Australia New Zealand	Indonesia Aligned parties: PKI [40] [41] NKCP PGRS PRB [42]	Commonwealth victory [43] Indonesia accepts formation of Malaysia [44] Sukarno was replaced by Suharto following G30S coup attempt [45] Communist insurgency in Sarawak continues until 1989
Malaysia (16 September 1963 – present)
Second Malayan Emergency (1968–1989)	Anti-communist forces: Malaysia [46] Singapore [47] Thailand [48] [49] Supported by: United Kingdom [50] New Zealand [50] Indonesia (from 1965) [31]	Communist forces: Malayan Communist Party [51] Malayan National Liberation Army [51] Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction (1970–1983) Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist (1974–1983) Malaysian Communist Party (1983–1987) North Kalimantan Communist Party Communist Party of Thailand (until 1983) [52] Supported by: China (until 1976) [53] [54] Soviet Union [53] Indonesia (1962–1965) [31]	Malaysian government victory Peace agreement reached Communists agree to a ceasefire Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed between the communists and the governments of Malaysia and Thailand Dissolution of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) [55] [56] Insurgency continues in Sarawak until 1990 [32] [31]
Operation Gothic Serpent (1993)	United States Malaysia Pakistan	Somali National Alliance	Somali National Alliance victory [57] TF Ranger withdrawal on 20 October 1993 [58] [59] Captured SNA personnel released by January 1994 US forces withdrawal on 3 March 1994 UNOSOM II withdrawal on 28 March 1995 [60]
UNPROFOR (1992–1995)	Argentina   Australia   Bangladesh   Belgium   Brazil   Canada   Colombia   Czech Republic   Denmark   Egypt   Estonia   Finland   France   Germany   Ghana   India   Indonesia   Ireland   Italy   Jordan   Kenya   Lithuania   Luxembourg   Malaysia     Nepal   Netherlands   New Zealand   Nigeria   Norway   Pakistan   Poland   Portugal   Russia   Slovakia   Spain   Sweden    Switzerland   Tunisia   Turkey   Ukraine   United Kingdom   United States United Nations NATO	Yugoslavia Bosnia:   Republika Srpska Croatia: Republic of Serbian Krajina	Victory Peace Agreement. Croatia declares independence. Bosnia and Herzegovina declares independence. Dissolution of Yugoslavia, Republika Srpska and Republic of Serbian Krajina.
International Force for East Timor (1999–2000)	International Force: Australia  – 5,500 New Zealand  – 1,200 Thailand  – 1,600 Bangladesh   Brazil   Canada   Denmark   Egypt   Fiji   France   Germany   Ireland   Italy   Jordan   Kenya   Malaysia   Norway   Philippines   Portugal   Singapore   South Korea   United Kingdom   United States	Militia: Pro-Indonesian Militias Aitarak Besi Merah Putih Laksaur Mahidi	Victory Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia Stabilisation of East Timor Succeeded by United Nations peacekeeping mission UNTAET
Operation Astute (2006–2013)	Australia New Zealand Malaysia Portugal East Timor (government troops) United Nations soldiers	Renegade elements of the FDTL	Victory Stabilisation of East Timor
Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016)	NATO Denmark United Kingdom United States France Netherlands Spain Greece Romania Germany Belgium Canada Italy Portugal Turkey Norway Non-NATO: Australia China Colombia [61] India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand [62] Oman Pakistan Peru Philippines Russia Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore South Africa South Korea Taiwan Thailand Ukraine [63] Yemen	Somali pirates	Allied victory
Lahad Datu standoff (2013)	Malaysia Sabahan local villagers [64] [65] [66] Supported by: Philippines [note 1] [67]	{ Sultanate of Sulu (Jamalul Kiram III's faction) Filipino illegal immigrants (non-combative) [68] Supported by: Moro National Liberation Front (Misuari faction) [69]	Decisive Malaysian victory [70] [71] Military operations replaced by ESSCOM and ESSZONE. [72] [73] Those detained were charged under the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012. Thousands of illegal immigrants in Sabah repatriated. [68] [74] [24]

Notes and references

Explanatory footnotes

1. ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others. ^[3]
2. The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France, Portuguese Angola and the neighbouring Central African Federation. ^{[4] [5]} However, neither was ever officially recognised by any state. ^[6]
3. Before Federation, the three separate entities Malaya, Sarawak, and North Borneo participated independently
4. Until 1965

Citations

1. Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
2. Malaysia Act 1963
3. Haskin 2005, pp. 24–25. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaskin2005 (help)
4. Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, p. 101. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2007 (help)
5. Dorn 2016, p. 32. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDorn2016 (help)
6. Nugent 2004, p. 97. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNugent2004 (help)
7. Febrianto (29 March 2016). "Indonesia Tak Boleh Tunduk Terhadap Terorisme Abus Sayyaf!" [Indonesia Cannot Bow to Terrorism of Abu Sayyaf!] (in Indonesian). Rima News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
8. "Vietnamese ships to get piracy warnings". Vietnam News Agency. Vietnam Net. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
9. Lim Yan Liang (6 June 2016). "Eng Hen: Joint Sulu Sea patrols a welcome initiative to tackle terror". The Straits Times. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
10. Ruksith Sitthitool (20 April 2016). "Thailand to be invited by Malaysia as observers for Sulu Sea Patrol". Thai Tribune. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
11. Ranjit Singh (1984). Brunei, 1839–1983: the problems of political survival. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-582571-8.
12. Alito Malinao (27 August 1989). "No links with Kiram, says Brunei embassy". Manila Standard . Retrieved 19 June 2015.
13. Steven Runciman (3 February 2011). The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–. ISBN   978-0-521-12899-5.
14. Nicholas Tarling (17 June 2013). Southeast Asia and the Great Powers. Routledge. pp. 58–. ISBN   978-1-135-22941-2.
15. Marcel Burger (23 January 2015). "Brunei gives four Black Hawks as present to Malaysia". AIRheads. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
16. "Iqbal: Sabah better off under Malaysia". The Manila Times . 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
17. "MNLF strongly condemns terrorist acts in eastern Sabah". The Brunei Times. Bernama. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
18. Dharel Placido (31 August 2016). "Misuari wants meeting with Duterte in Malaysia". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
19. Teoh El Sen (14 March 2013). "MNLF supports Sulu claim, says Nur Misuari faction". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
20. "Nur Misuari involved, says Zahid". Bernama. MySinChew English. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
21. Karlos Manlupig (17 May 2015). "MNLF denies talks with Malaysia over Sabah". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015. Misuari, who is hiding after the hostilities in Zamboanga in 2013, maintains his position that only the Sultanate of Sulu can pursue the negotiations for the Sabah claim. Respecting the fervent wish of the late Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Kiram III to let alone the Islamic Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo (SSNB) to negotiate peacefully with the Muslim leaders of Malaysia to settle the controversial issue in order not to repeat the March 2013 Lahad Datu, Sabah incident, Chairman Misuari has dismissed the media reports as unfounded and without any ounce of truth involving the MNLF in any level talks. The MNLF, however, asserted that the Sabah case is a non-issue because it is the "home-base for different tribal groupings of Muslims from different regions of Southeast Asia that have enjoyed peaceful and harmonious co-existence with the Chinese and Christian populace in the area.
22. "Philippines rebel leader arrested". BBC News . 25 November 2001. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015. Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for autonomy, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no long feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.
23. "Nur Misuari to be repatriated to stand trial". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
24. Jaymalin, Mayen (25 March 2014). "Over 26,000 Filipino illegal migrants return from Sabah". The Philippine Star. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
25. Gindol, Kanul (31 May 2014). "'Localised' illegal immigrants helping 'foreign' relatives in Sabah". The Ant Daily. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
26. Ruben Sario (7 April 2016). "Sabah ceases cross-border trade". The Star. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
27. Ruben Sario (17 January 2017). "Sabah to lift barter trade ban in east coast from Feb 1". The Star. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
28. Antonio L. Colina IV (25 January 2017). "Cross border trade between Malaysia and ARMM's island provinces to reopen on Feb. 1". Minda News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
29. "Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines agree to intensify maritime security". Antara. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
30. "Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines: Maritime Cooperation Agreement Finalized". Stratfor. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
31. Francis Chan; Phyllis Wong (16 September 2011). "Saga of communist insurgency in Sarawak". The Borneo Post . Retrieved 10 January 2013.
32. Cheah Boon Kheng pp. 132–52
33. Fowler, Will (2006). Britain's Secret War: The Indonesian Confrontation 1962–66 . London: Osprey Publishing. pp.  11, 41. ISBN   978-1-84603-048-2.
34. Cheah Boon Kheng, p.149
35. Hara, Fujiol (December 2005). "The North Kalimantan Communist Party and the People's Republic of China". The Developing Economies. XLIII (1): 489–513. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x. hdl: 10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x . S2CID   153955103.
36. Geoffrey Jukes (1 January 1973). The Soviet Union in Asia . University of California Press. pp.  173–. ISBN   978-0-520-02393-2.
37. Kurt London (1974). The Soviet Impact on World Politics. Ardent Media. pp. 153–. ISBN   978-0-8015-6978-4.
38. Wilfred Pilo (3 November 2013). "The day the insurgency ended". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
39. Wilfred Pilo (5 August 2014). "Former enemies meet as friends 40 years later". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
40. Conboy 2003, pp. 93–95. sfn error: no target: CITEREFConboy2003 (help)
41. Conboy 2003, p. 156. sfn error: no target: CITEREFConboy2003 (help)
42. Sejarah Indonesia : "The Sukarno Years". Retrieved 30 May 2006.
43. van der Bijl 2007, p. 246, It was an outstanding victory, and it was a victory. sfn error: no target: CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007 (help)
44. Andretta Schellinger (12 February 2016). Aircraft Nose Art: American, French and British Imagery and Its Influences from World War I through the Vietnam War. McFarland. pp. 152–. ISBN   978-0-7864-9771-3. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
45. Dennis & Grey 1996, p. 318. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDennisGrey1996 (help)
46. Talib 2005, pp. 16–22. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTalib2005 (help)
47. Yusof Ishak, pp.7–23
48. Peng 2003, pp. 479–480. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeng2003 (help)
49. NIE report
50. Navaratnam 2001, p. 10. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNavaratnam2001 (help)
51. Navaratnam 2001 , pp. 3–5 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNavaratnam2001 (help)
52. Sison, Jose Maria. "Notes on People's War in Southeast Asia" Archived 18 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
53. Leszek Buszynski (13 September 2013). Soviet Foreign Policy and Southeast Asia (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. pp. 78–. ISBN   978-1-134-48085-2.
54. John W. Garver (1 December 2015). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN   978-0-19-026106-1. (until 1976)
55. Navaratnam 2001, pp. 189–190. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNavaratnam2001 (help)
56. Peng 2003, pp. 189–199. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeng2003 (help)
57. Ecklund, Marshall (2004). "Task Force Ranger vs. Urban Somali Guerrillas in Mogadishu: An Analysis of Guerrilla and Counterguerrilla Tactics and Techniques used during Operation GOTHIC SERPENT" . Small Wars & Insurgencies. 15 (3): 47–69. doi:10.1080/0959231042000275560. ISSN   0959-2318. S2CID   144853322.
58. Walker, Martin (20 October 1993). "Crack US troops to leave Somalia". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
59. Marcus, Ruth; Lancaster, John (20 October 1993). "U.S. PULLS RANGERS OUT OF SOMALIA". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
60. US forces, Somalia AAR 2003, p. 13. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUS_forces,_Somalia_AAR2003 (help)
61. ""Fuerzas Militares pueden enfrentar cualquier amenaza interna o externa": Mindefensa". 28 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
62. "New Zealand joins NATO's counter-piracy mission Ocean Shield". NATO. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
63. Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny frigate to join NATO’s anti-piracy operation, Interfax-Ukraine (17 September 2013)
64. "Villagers beat gunman to death". Bernama . Free Malaysia Today. 3 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
65. "Semporna villagers beat to death ex-Moro commander". The Star. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
66. "Sabahans will not forget Lahad Datu incident — Musa". Bernama. The Borneo Post. 30 June 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
67. Michael Lim Ubac (7 March 2013). "Aquino: I won't allow Sulu sultan to drag PH into war with Malaysia". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2013. President Aquino said in a statement, 'I appeal to you (Jamalul Kiram III) — we should be really clear on this — this incident is wrong. If this is wrong, why should we (the government) lend support to this? We should support what is right... which will lead us to brighter prospects; the wrong option will only bring us ruin. That's it, that's my simple message.' He also added 'Let's not forget: What they (the Jamalul Kiram III faction) are pushing for is their right as so-called heirs of the sultan of Sulu. It's not yet clear if their rights have been transferred to the Philippines. But we (the Philippines citizens and our nation) will all be affected by their conflict (with Malaysia).'
68. Kanul Gindol (31 May 2014). "'Localised' illegal immigrants helping 'foreign' relatives in Sabah". The Ant Daily. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
69. Teoh El Sen (14 March 2013). "MNLF supports Sulu claim, says Nur Misuari faction". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
70. "Lahad Datu: Sulu gunmen in Kg Tanduo have been totally defeated, say police sources". The Star . 5 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
71. "Security forces in full control of Sabah's east coast: Police". The Brunei Times . The Star/ANN. 8 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
72. Muguntan Vanar (29 June 2013). "Lahad Datu: Ops Daulat officially ends today". The Star. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
73. "ESSCOM will continue to hold programmes on security within ESSZONE". New Sabah Times. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
74. "11,992 illegals repatriated from Sabah between January and November, says task force director". The Malay Mail. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.

1. Supported Malaysian action during the standoff, but was not involved in the operation.