History of India |
---|
Timeline |
This is a list of known wars, conflicts, battles/sieges, missions and operations involving former kingdoms and states in the Indian subcontinent and the modern day Republic of India and its predecessors.
Name of conflict | Belligerents | Belligerents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of the Ten Kings (c. 14th century BCE) | Bharata tribe | Ten King Alliance | Bharatas Victory
|
Kurukshetra War | Pandavas of Kuru Kingdom | Kaurava of Kuru Kingdom | Pandavas Victory
|
Kosala-Kashi war (c. 650 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Kasi kingdom | Kosala Victory
|
Kosala conquest of Gaṇasaṅgha (c. 600 to 550 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Gaṇasaṅghas Kālāma Shakya Koliya | Kosala Victory
|
Gandhāra-Avanti war (c. 575 BCE) | Gandhāra kingdom | Pradyota dynasty | Gandhāra Victory
|
Magadha-Anga war (c. 535 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty | Anga Kingdom | Magadha Victory
|
Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley (c. 535/518BCE–450 BCE) | Mahajanapadas | Achaemenid Empire | Achaemenid Victory
|
Avanti-Magadhan wars (c. 510 BCE–400 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty Shishunaga dynasty | Avanti (Ancient India) | Magadha Victory
|
Magadha-Kosala war (c. Late 5th century BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Magadha led by Haryanka dynasty | Magadha Victory
|
Magadha-Vajji war (c. 484 BCE–468 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty | Vajjika League led by the Licchavis | Magadha Victory
|
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (c. 327 BCE–325 BCE) | Macedonian Empire | Various Indian kingdoms | * Macedonia conquers up to the Beas River, yet has to stop its advance in the Indus. |
Battle of the Hydaspes (c. 326 BCE) | Porus | Macedon League of Corinth Persian allies Indian allies | Macedon Victory
|
Conquest of the Nanda Empire (c. 323 BCE–322 BCE) | Chandragupta Maurya | Nanda Empire | Maurya Victory
|
Seleucid–Mauryan war (c. 305 BCE–303 BCE) | Maurya Empire | Seleucid Empire | Maurya Victory |
Kalinga War (c. 262 BCE–261 BCE) | Maurya Empire | Kalinga | Maurya Victory
|
Shunga-Greek War (2nd Century BCE) | Shunga dynasty | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
Battle of Vijithapura (c. 162/161 BCE) | Chola dynasty | Anuradhapura Kingdom | Anuradhapura Victory |
Battle of Vidarbha (c. 145 BCE) | Shunga Empire | Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era) | Shunga Victory |
Battle on the Sindhu river (c. 135 BCE) | Shunga Empire | Indo-Greek Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
Name of conflict | Belligerents | Belligerents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Saka-Satavahana Wars (c. 1st–2nd century CE) | Satavahana Empire | Western Kshatrapas | Satvahana Victory |
Battle of Venni (c. 130 CE) | Cholas (Uraiyur) | Chera dynasty Pandya dynasty Velir | Chola Victory |
Second Parthian-Kushan War (between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE) | Kushan Empire | Parthian Empire | Kushan Victory |
Gupta conquests of Bengal (between c. 320–380 CE) | Gupta Empire | Pundravardhana Pushkarana Samatata Vanga confederacy Local Vanga states and kingdoms | Gupta Victory |
Gupta–Saka Wars (c. 335–413 CE) | Gupta Empire | Western Satraps | Gupta Victory |
Samudragupta's conquest of Western Satraps (c. 350 to c. 360 CE) | Gupta Empire | Western Satraps | Gupta Victory |
Name of conflict (Time) | Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
First Battle of Cannanore (1501) | Kingdom of Calicut | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Calicut (1503) | Kingdom of Calicut Arab privateers | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Cochin (1504) | Kingdom of Calicut Vassal Malabari states
| ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Portuguese-Mamluk naval war (1505–1517) | ![]() Supported by: | ![]() | Portuguese victory
|
Siege of Anjadiva (1506) | Bijapur Sultanate | ![]() | Bijapur victory |
Siege of Cannanore (1507) | Kingdom of Cannanore | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Dabul (1508) | Bijapur Sultanate | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts (1508–1573) | ![]() Supported by:
| ![]() | Portuguese victory
|
Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510) | Bijapur Sultanate | ![]() | Portuguese victory
|
Siege of Aden (1513) | ![]() | Yemeni Tahirids | Tahirid victory |
Siege of Goa (1517) | Bijapur Sultanate | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Zeila (1517) | ![]() | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts (1518–1658)
| ![]() Supported by:
| ![]() | Stalemate
|
Battle of Khatoli (1518) | ![]() | ![]() | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Gagron (1519) | ![]() | Malwa Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Dholpur (1519) | ![]() | ![]() | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Gujarat (1520) (1520) | ![]() | Gujarat Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Raichur (20 May 1520) | Vijaynagar Empire | Sultanate of Bijapur | Vijaynagar victory
|
First Battle of Panipat (1526) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Calicut (1526)
| Zamorin of Calicut | ![]() | Zamorin victory |
Battle of Bayana (21 February 1527) | ![]() | ![]()
| Rajput victory
|
Battle of Khanwa (16 March 1527) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Ghaghra (1529) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Kannauj (1540) | ![]() | Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
Battle of Sammel (1544) | ![]() | Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549) [5] | ![]() Supported by: | ![]() | Siam Victory |
Battle of Sirhind (1555) | Sur Empire | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Second Battle of Panipat (1556) | Hemchandra Vikramaditya | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Tughlaqabad (7 October 1556) | Hem Chandra Vikramaditya | ![]() | Hem Chandra victory
|
Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) | Vijaynagar Empire | Deccan Sultanates | Deccan Sultanates victory
|
Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568) (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Ranthambore (1568) (8 February 1568 – 21 March 1568) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
War of the League of the Indies (1570 – 1574) | Sultanate of Bijapur Co-belligerents: Princely states of the Kanara coast | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Mughal invasion of Bengal (1572–1576) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Haldighati (18 June 1576) | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive
|
Siege of Daman (1581)
| ![]() | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Dewair (1582) (1582) | ![]() | ![]() | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Leitao Coast (1586) | ![]() | Arab Niquilus | Arab victory |
Spanish-Portuguese conflict on China (1598–1600) | ![]() | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Siege of Kottakkal (1599–1600) | ![]() | Kunjali Marakkar forces | Portuguese and Calicut victory |
Dutch–Portuguese War (1601–1661)
| ![]()
Supported by:
| ![]() Supported by:
| Indecisive
|
Battle of Dewair (1606) (1606) | ![]() | ![]() | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Swally (1612) | ![]() | ![]() | British victory |
Mughal expedition of Mewar (1615) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Ahom–Mughal conflicts (1615–1682) | ![]() | ![]() | Ahom victory
|
Battle of Toppur (1616–17) | Imperial forces of Vijaynagar Empire Nayaks of Tanjore | Second faction of Vijayanagara Empire Nayaks of Gingee Nayaks of Madurai Pandyas of Tirunelveli Kingdom of Travancore Portuguese | Imperial Vijayanagara forces victory
|
Battle of Rohila (1621) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory
|
Mughal–Safavid war (1622–23) (1622–1623) | ![]() | ![]() | Safavid victory
|
Spanish-Siam War | ![]() | ![]() | Siam victory
|
Mombasa war (1631–32) | ![]() | Mombasa Sultanate | Portuguese Victory
|
Siege of Hooghly (1632)
| ![]() | ![]() | Mughal Victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1634) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Lahira (1634) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Kartarpur (1635) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory
|
Siege of Orchha (1635) (1635) | Bundela Rajputs | ![]() | Mughal Victory
|
Battle of Phagwara (1635) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Kiratpur (1638) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory |
Siege of Daman (1638–1639) | ![]() | ![]() | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Pipli [9] (1640) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory |
Danish-Mughal War (1642–1698) [9] | ![]() | ![]() | Stalemate
|
Mughal–Safavid war (1649–53) (1649–1653) | ![]() | ![]() | Persian victory
|
Battle of Sutlej (1653) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory
|
Invasions of Kiratpur (1658) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory
|
Mughal conquest of Chittagong (1665–1666) | ![]() | Kingdom of Mrauk U | Mughal victory
|
Dutch-Zamorin Conflicts (1666–1758) | Zamorin | ![]() | Dutch victory |
Rajput War (1679–1707) (1679–1707) | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Rajput victory
|
Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684 (1679–1684) | Ladakh ![]() | Tibet Zungar Empire | Mughal military victory
|
Deccan Wars (1681–1707) | ![]() | ![]() | Inconclusive |
Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684) | ![]() | Stalemate | |
Siege of Bijapur (1685–1686) | Bijapur Sultanate ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690) | ![]() | ![]() | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Golconda (1687) | ![]() | Golconda Sultanate | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Bhangani (1688) | ![]() | Alliance of 16 Hill States, including: | Sikh victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1691) | ![]() | ![]() Bijarwal State | Sikh victory |
Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)
| ![]() | Portuguese Victory | |
Omani–Portuguese conflict (1696–1714) | ![]() | Indecisive
| |
Battle of Guler (1696) | ![]() | ![]() | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1699) | ![]() | Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1700) | ![]() | ![]() Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Sikh victory |
First siege of Anandpur (1700) | ![]() | Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas), Ranghars, and Gujars | Sikh victory
|
Second siege of Anandpur (1704) | ![]() | ![]() Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Peace Treaty
|
Battle of Chamkaur (1704) | ![]() | ![]() Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Mughal and Hill Raja Victory
|
Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 (1708–1710) | ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Rajput victory
|
Maratha–Portuguese War (1725–1726) [12] | ![]() | Inconclusive
| |
Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732) | ![]() | Supported by: | Portuguese Victory
|
Novas Conquistas (1729–1789) | ![]() ![]() | ![]() Supported by: Rajahnate of Soonda Kingdom of Sawantwadi | Portuguese Victory |
Nadir Shah's invasion of India (1738–1739) | ![]() | ![]() | Persian victory
|
Travancore–Dutch War (incl. Battle of Colachel (Kulachal) 10 August 1741 (1739–1753) | ![]() | ![]() | Travancore victory
|
Battle of Vasai (1739) | ![]() | ![]() | Maratha victory |
Battle of Karnal (1739–February 13, 1739) | ![]() | ![]() | Persian victory |
Siege of Trichinopoly (1741) (1741) | ![]() | ![]() | Maratha victory
|
Expeditions in Bengal (1741–1748) | ![]() | ![]() | Peace treaty
|
First Carnatic War (1744–1748)
| ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Status quo ante bellum |
Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) | ![]()
| ![]()
| Stalemate |
Naval Battle of Calicut (1752) | ![]() | ![]() | Maratha victory |
Seven Years' War (1754–1763) | ![]() | ![]()
| Status quo ante in Europe, but transfer of colonial possessions between Britain, France and Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1763).
|
Maratha conquest of North-west India (1757–1758) | ![]() | ![]() | Peace treaty |
Battle of Plassey (1757) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Company victory
|
Afghan-Maratha War (1758–1761) | ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Durrani victory |
Third Battle of Panipat (1761) | ![]() | ![]() | Durrani victory
|
Battle of Buxar (1764) | ![]() | ![]() | Company victory |
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Mysore victory |
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) | ![]() | ![]() | Maratha victory |
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Status quo ante bellum |
Maratha-Mysore War (1785–1787) | ![]() | ![]() | Maratha victory
|
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799) | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) | ![]() | ![]() | British victory |
Battle of Vizagapatam (1804) | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | French victory |
Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Company victory
|
Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus (1815) | ![]() | ![]() | American victory
|
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) | ![]() | ![]() | British victory
|
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) | ![]() | ![]() | Company victory
|
Siege of Herat (1837–1838)
| ![]() Supported by: | ![]() Supported by: | Company victory
|
First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) | ![]() | ![]() | Afghan victory
|
First Opium War (1839–1842) | ![]() | ![]() | Company victory |
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Company victory |
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) | ![]() | ![]() | Company victory
|
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) | ![]() | ![]() | Company victory
|
Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) | ![]() | ![]() | Company victory
|
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858) | ![]() ![]() Forces of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa II Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains | ![]() ![]() ![]() Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains | Company victory
|
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India company came to end and the British crown began to rule over India directly as per the Government of India Act 1858. India was now a single empire comprising British India and the princely states.
In 1947, the British Indian Empire split into the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India. The Indian Army, the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Indian Navy too, were divided between the two countries. In 1950, the Union of India became the Republic of India after abolishing monarchy.
Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompasses a larger area that includes the India-administered territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
The history of Pakistan preceding the country's creation in 1947. Although, Pakistan was created in 1947 as a whole new country by the British through partition of India, but the history of the land extends much further back and is intertwined with that of Afghanistan, India, and Iran. Spanning the northwestern expanse of the Indian subcontinent and the eastern borderlands of the Iranian plateau, the region of present-day Pakistan served both as the fertile ground of a major civilization and as the gateway of South Asia to Central Asia and the Near East.
The history of Kashmir is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent in South Asia with influences from the surrounding regions of Central, and East Asia. Historically, Kashmir referred to only the Kashmir Valley of the western Himalayas. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Sialkot is a city located in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the capital of the Sialkot District and the 13th most populous city in Pakistan. The boundaries of Sialkot are joined by Jammu in the north east, the districts of Narowal in the southeast, Gujranwala in the southwest and Gujrat in the northwest.
Leh is a city in Ladakh in the Himalayan region. It is the largest city and the joint capital of Ladakh. Leh, located in the Leh district, was also the historical capital of the Kingdom of Ladakh. The seat of the kingdom, Leh Palace, the former residence of the royal family of Ladakh, was built in the same style and about the same time as the Potala Palace in Tibet. Since they were both constructed in a similar style and at roughly the same time, the Potala Palace in Tibet and Leh Palace, the royal residence, are frequently contrasted. Leh is at an altitude of 3,524 m (11,562 ft), and is connected via National Highway 1 to Srinagar in the southwest and to Manali in the south via the Leh-Manali Highway.
The Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948, also known as the first Kashmir war, was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistani wars between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal lashkar (militias) from Waziristan, in an effort to capture Kashmir and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India.
The Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, also known as the second India–Pakistan war, was an armed conflict between Pakistan and India that took place from August 1965 to September 1965. The conflict began following Pakistan's unsuccessful Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. The seventeen-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following a diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armored units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations.
The Afrīdī are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Bhimber District is a district of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the southernmost of the 10 districts of Pakistan's territory of Azad Kashmir. It has an area of 1,516 km², and the district headquarter is the town of Bhimber.
The predecessors to the contemporary Army of India were many: the sepoy regiments, native cavalry, irregular horse and Indian sapper and miner companies raised by the three British presidencies. The Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century by taking the erstwhile presidency armies, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The British Indian Army fought in both World Wars.
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east as far as Oudh. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore, which became the Sikh capital; Multan; Peshawar; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831, it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy of the British Crown, from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947, when it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley, from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for rupees 75 lakhs.
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms. As commonly conceptualized, the modern states of South Asia include Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and with Afghanistan often included, which may otherwise be classified as part of Central Asia. South Asia borders East Asia to the northeast, Central Asia to the northwest, West Asia to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. Apart from Southeast Asia, Maritime South Asia is the only subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. The British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia lie entirely within the Southern Hemisphere. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian subcontinent and is bounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, and the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Pamir Mountains in the north.
The Khan Mughal are a clan of the Chaghatai Mughal tribe found in and around Kashmir and Punjab, particularly near the mountains of the Pir Panjal Range and the city of Nabeel. They traditionally assert descent from the Barlas tribe of the Mughals who ruled over the Indian subcontinent. Their ancestors initially spoke Urdu, Persian and Chagatai language. The renowned Dhaka Nawab dynasty averred descent from the Khan Mughal clans of Iranian Azerbaijan.
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.
Secession in India typically refers to state secession, which is the withdrawal of one or more states from the Republic of India. Whereas, some have wanted a separate state, union territory or an autonomous administrative division within India. Many separatist movements exist with thousands of members, however, some have low local support and high voter participation in democratic elections. However, at the same time, demanding separate statehood within under the administration of Indian union from an existing state can lead to criminal charges under secession law in India. India is described as an ‘Union of States’ in Article 1 of the Indian constitution I.e "Indestructible nation of destructible states" by its father of constitution Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar where a state or Union territory of India cannot secede from India by any means and the Central Government has more powers than the respective state governments and can forcefully change the names and boundaries of the states without their permission at any time when needed for self interest and for the maintenance of integrity.
Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir range from mass killings, enforced disappearances, torture, rape and sexual abuse to political repression and suppression of freedom of speech. The Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and Border Security Personnel (BSF) have been accused of committing severe human rights abuses against Kashmiri civilians. According to Seema Kazi, militant groups have also been held responsible for similar crimes, but the vast majority of abuses have been perpetrated by the armed forces of the Indian government.
The Kashmir conflict has been beset by large scale usage of sexual violence by multiple belligerents since its inception.
Appalled, Pessart sent a formal declaration of war in 1642 and sent two of Tranquebar's best ships north to attack Bengal, where they captured a ship they renamed Den Bengalske Prise.