G4 nations

See also: G4 (disambiguation)

G4

Grupo dos Quatro (Portuguese) Gruppe der Vier (German) ४ राष्ट्रों का समूह (Hindi) 4か国のグループ (Japanese)
Map of G4 countries
Formation	2005
Type	Political cooperative alliance
Purpose	Reform of the UNSC
Membership	Brazil   Germany   India   Japan
Leaders	Lula da Silva Olaf Scholz Narendra Modi Fumio Kishida

The G4 nations, comprising Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan, are four countries which support each other's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Unlike the G7, where the common denominator is the economy and long-term political motives, the G4's primary aim is the permanent member seats on the Security Council. Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent members of the council since the UN's establishment. Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope comparable to the permanent members (P5). However, the G4's bids are often opposed by the Uniting for Consensus movement, and particularly their economic competitors or political rivals. ^[1]

Background

The UN currently has five permanent members with veto power in the Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States – comprising the victors of World War II. The G4 nations are regularly elected to two-year terms on the Security Council as non-permanent members by their respective regional groups: in the 24-year period from 1987 to 2010, Brazil and Japan were elected for five terms each, Germany for four terms (one term as West Germany and three terms as unified Germany) and India for eight terms. ^[2] Cumulatively, the G4 has spent 64 years on the Security Council since the UN's inception, with each country serving at least a decade. ^[3]

Comparison of G4 and P5 nations
Country data	BRA	CHN	FRA	GER	IND	JPN	RUS	U.K.	U.S.
G4 nation or P5 nation	G4	P5	P5	G4	G4	G4	P5	P5	P5
Region	Latin America and Caribbean	Asia-Pacific	Western Europe	Western Europe	Asia-Pacific	Asia-Pacific	Eastern Europe	Western Europe	North America
Population	2.7% 7th	17.9% 2nd	0.9% 20nd	1.1% 19th	17.9% 1st	1.6% 11th	1.9% 9th	0.9% 21st	4.2% 3rd
Territory	8 515 767 km2 5th	9 596 961 km2 4th	640 679 km2 42nd	357 114 km2 62nd	3 287 263 km2 7th	377 973 km2 61st	17 098 246 km2 1st	242 495 km2 78th	9 833 517 km2 3rd
GDP (nominal) (US$trillion)	$2.33 8th	$18.53 2nd	$3.13 7th	$4.59 3th	$3.93 5th	$4.11 4rd	$2.05 11th	$3.59 6th	$28.78 1st
GDP (PPP) (US$trillion)	$4.27 8th	$35.29 1st	$3.98 10th	$5.68 5th	$14.59 3rd	$6.72 4th	$5.47 6th	$4.02 9th	$28.78 2nd
UN funding 1	2.95% 8th	12.01% 2nd	4.43% 6th	6.09% 4th	0.83% 21st	8.56% 3rd	2.41% 10th	4.57% 5th	22.00% 1st
UN peacekeeping funding 2	0.59% 19th	15.22% 2nd	5.61% 6th	6.09% 4th	0.17% 38th	8.56% 3rd	3.04% 8th	5.79% 5th	27.89% 1st
UN peacekeepers	282 47th	2,531 9th	706 30th	504 37th	5,353 5th	6 105th	70 70th	279 48th	33 78th
Defence budget (US$billion)	$20.0 17th	$292.0 2nd	$53.0 8th	$55.8 7th	$81.4 4th	$46.0 10th	$86.4 3rd	$68.5 6th	$887.0 1st
Military (active)	366,500 13th	2,185,000 1st	208,750 23nd	183,500 27th	1,455,550 2nd	247,150 19th	1,320,000 4th	148,500 34th	1,328,000 3rd
Military (reserve)	1,340,000 4th	1,170,000 6th	141,050 30th	50,050 48th	1,155,000 5th	56,000 41st	2,000,000 2nd	80,000 35th	744,950 9th
Paramilitary (active)	395,000 8th	660,000 6th	30,800 43th	0 —	2,526,950 3rd	14,350 60th	554,000 60th	0 —	0 —
Military (total)	2,101,500 7th	4,015,000 5th	380,600 28th	233,550 45th	5,137,500 4th	317,500 37th	3,874,000 6th	275,053 40th	2,072,950 8th
Active space program	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Helicopter carriers projects	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	N	Y
Aircraft carriers projects	N	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Y	Y	Y
Nuclear submarines projects	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Y	Y	Y
Active nuclear arsenal	N	350 3rd	290 4th	N3	160 7th	N	5,977 1st	225 5th	5,428 2nd
1share of annual UN budget 2share of funding for UN peacekeeping 3Germany takes part in NATO nuclear weapons sharing agreement

Opinions

Support

The United Kingdom and France have backed the G4's bid for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. ^[4] Japan has received support from the United States ^[5] and the United Kingdom. ^[6]

All the permanent members of P5 have supported India's bids for permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), but China has previously implied that it is only ready to support India's bid for a permanent seat on United Nations Security Council if India does not associate its bid with Japan. ^{[7] [8] [9] [10]}

The United States has sent strong indications to Brazil that it is willing to support its membership, albeit without a veto. ^[11] The Council on Foreign Relations recommended that the U.S. government fully endorse the inclusion of Brazil as a permanent member of the Security Council. ^[12] Brazil has received backing from three of the current permanent members, namely France, ^{[13] [14]} Russia, ^{[15] [16]} and the United Kingdom. ^{[17] [14]}

In the final document of the 2019 BRICS summit, China and Russia say they "reiterate the importance of a comprehensive Security Council reform" and "support Brazil and India's aspiration for more relevant UN roles". ^[18]

As stated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov at the Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi in January 2020: "I would say the Security Council's main shortcoming is the under-representation of developing countries. We reiterate our position that India and Brazil absolutely deserve to be on the council together with an African candidate, our position is that the purpose of the reform is to make sure that the developing countries enjoy a better treatment in the central organ of the United Nations". ^[19]

Opposition

There has been discontent among the present permanent members regarding the inclusion of controversial nations or countries not supported by them. For instance, Japan's bid is heavily opposed by China, ^[20] North Korea, Russia and South Korea who think that Japan needs to make sincere atonements for war crimes committed during World War II.

Under the leadership of Italy, ^[21] countries that strongly oppose the G4 countries' bids have formed the Uniting for Consensus movement, or the Club, composed mainly of regional powers that oppose the rise of some nearby country to permanent member status. Uniting for Consensus supports expanding the number of non-permanent security council members and restricting the usage of the veto. The bloc argues that adding more permanent seats to the security council only benefits the nations that gain those seats, and believes that an expansion of the non-permanent membership will make the UNSC both more flexible and more democratic. ^[22]

In Latin America, Argentina, ^[23] oppose a seat for Brazil. In Asia, Pakistan opposes India's bid. ^[24]

Another counter-proposal, the Ezulwini Consensus, was presented by the African Union, calling for the addition of five new non-permanent seats and two new permanent seats to be allocated to African nations, in response to a lack of African representation on the Security Council. ^[25]

Activity

The G4 and P5 members as a future reformed UNSC

The G4 suggested that two African nations, in addition to themselves, be included in the enlarged UNSC. In several conferences during the summer of 2005, African Union was unable to agree on two nominees: Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa all lay claim to a permanent African UNSC seat. ^{[26] [27]}

A UN General Assembly in September 2005 marked the 60th anniversary of the UN and the members were to decide on a number of necessary reforms—including the enlarged Security Council. However the unwillingness to find a negotiable position stopped even the most urgent reforms; the September 2005 General Assembly was a setback for the UN.^{[ citation needed ]}

The G4 retain their goal of permanent UNSC membership for all four nations (plus two African nations). In January 2006, Japan announced it would not support putting the G4 resolution back on the table, not to interfere with any effort by the African Union to unite behind a single plan. And meanwhile, Japan's continuing relations with the G4 were not mutually exclusive. ^{[28] [29]} G4 issued a joint statement on 12 February 2011, in which their foreign ministers agreed to seek concrete outcome in the current session of the UN General Assembly.^{[ citation needed ]}

In September 2015, Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, invited the leaders of the G4 for a summit following the adoption of UN General Assembly Decision 69/560 by consensus, which moved forward for the first time. ^[30] In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted a permanent UNSC seat. ^[31]

In September 2019, in a joint press statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the G4 ministers reiterated their strong commitment to an early and comprehensive reform of the UNSC. Bearing in mind that in 2020 the United Nations would celebrate its 75th anniversary, the G4 ministers also expressed their firm hope that the current session of the General Assembly would pave the way for finally moving on the call for an ‘early reform’ of the Security Council and underscored their steadfast support for Africa's representation in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of a future reform. ^[32]

In September 2023, in a joint press statement during the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the foreign ministers of G4, joined to discuss the state of play of the negotiations for the reform of the UNSC, and reiterated that the expansion of the Security Council is essential to make the body more representative, legitimate, effective and efficient, adding that Africa needs to be represented in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of a reformed and expanded Council. ^[33]

Current leaders of the G4 Nations

The following are the head of state and heads of government that represent the members of the G4 nations as of 2024:

• 
  Lula da Silva
  President of the
  Federative Republic of Brazil
  since 1 January 2023
• 
  Olaf Scholz
  Chancellor of the
  Federal Republic of Germany
  since 8 December 2021
• 
  Narendra Modi
  Prime Minister of the
  Republic of India
  since 26 May 2014
• 
  Fumio Kishida
  Prime Minister of the
  State of Japan
  since 4 October 2021

Current ministerial leaders

Member	Foreign minister	Name	Defense minister	Name
Brazil	Minister of Foreign Affairs	Mauro Vieira	Minister of Defence	José Múcio
Germany	Minister for Foreign Affairs	Annalena Baerbock	Minister of Defence	Boris Pistorius
India	Minister of External Affairs	Subrahmanyam Jaishankar	Minister of Defence	Rajnath Singh
Japan	Minister for Foreign Affairs	Yōko Kamikawa	Minister of Defense	Minoru Kihara

See also

• Group of Five
• List of country groupings
• List of multilateral free-trade agreements

References

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