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The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions which have been given autonomy within their respective states. [1] Most of these autonomous district councils are located in North East India with the exception of two in Ladakh and one in West Bengal. Presently, 10 Autonomous Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura are formed by virtue of the Sixth Schedule [2] with the rest being formed as a result of other legislation.
Under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, autonomous district councils can make laws, rules and regulations in the following areas: [1]
Autonomous district councils have powers to form courts to hear cases where both parties are members of Scheduled Tribes and the maximum sentence is less than 5 years in prison. [1]
Autonomous district councils have powers to levy taxes, fees and tolls on: building and land, animals, vehicles, boats, entry of goods into the area, roads, ferries, bridges, employment and income and general taxes for the maintenance of schools and roads. [1]
Autonomous district councils operating under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India are shown in bold.
Sl. No. | State/UT | Autonomous Council | Headquarters | Formation | Last Election | Chief Executive Member | Party of Chief Executive Member | Current Party Position |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Assam | Bodoland Territorial Council | Kokrajhar | 2003 | 2020 | Pramod Boro | UPPL (NEDA) | Total-40 Opp:- BPF-12 |
2 | North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council | Haflong | 1951 | 2019 | Debolal Gorlosa | BJP (NEDA) | Total-28 Govt:- BJP-25 | |
3 | Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council | Diphu | 1952 | 2022 | Tuliram Ronghang | BJP (NEDA) | Total-26 Govt:- BJP-26 Opp:- 0 | |
4 | Tiwa Autonomous Council | Morigaon | 1995 | 2020 | Jiban Chandra Konwar | BJP (NEDA) | Total-36 Govt:- BJP-33 AGP-2 Opp:- INC-1 | |
5 | Mising Autonomous Council | Dhemaji | 1995 | 2019 | Ranoj Pegu | SGS | Total-35 Govt:- SGS-29 BJP-5 Opp:- IND-1 | |
6 | Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council | Dudhnoi | 1995 | 2019 | Tankeswar Rabha | BJP (NEDA) | Total-36 Govt:- BJP+RHJMC-34 Opp:- INC-1 AGP-1 | |
7 | Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council | Dibrugarh | 2005 | 2019 | Dipu ranjan Markari | BJP (NEDA) | Total-26 Govt:- BJP-20 Opp:- INC-5 IND-1 | |
8 | Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council | Titabar | 2005 | 2022 | Kumud Ch Kachari | BJP (NEDA) | Total-22 Govt:- BJP-14 AGP-3 Opp:- INC-4 IND-1 | |
9 | Deori Autonomous Council | Narayanpur | 2005 | 2022 | Madhav Deori | BJP (NEDA) | Total-22 Govt:- BJP-11 AGP-1 Opp:- IND-8 INC-2 | |
10 | Moran Autonomous Council | Tinsukia | 2020 | – | Dipon Moran | |||
11 | Matak Autonomous Council | Chring Gaon | 2020 | – | ||||
12 | Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council | Simen Chapori | 2020 | – | Mihiniswar Basumatary | |||
13 | Kamatapur Autonomous Council | Abhayapuri | 2020 | – | Gokul Barman | |||
14 | Ladakh | Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil | Kargil | 2003 | 2023 | Mohammad Jaffer Akhone | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | Total-30 Govt:- Jammu & Kashmir National Conference-10 Indian Natonal Congress-8 Opp:- IND-5 BJP-3 |
15 | Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh | Leh | 1995 | 2020 | Tashi Gyalson | Bhartiya Janata Party | Total-30 Govt:- Bhartiya Janata Party-16 Opp:- INC-9 IND-1 | |
16 | Manipur | Chandel Autonomous District Council | Chandel | 1971 [4] | 2015 | Ksh. Siddharth, MCS | ||
17 | Churachandpur Autonomous District Council | Churachandpur | 1971 [4] | 2015 | Lalthazam, MCS | |||
18 | Sadar Hills | Kangpokpi | 1971 [4] | 2015 | James Doujapao Haokip, MCS | |||
19 | Manipur North Autonomous District Council | Senapati | 1971 [4] | 2015 | H L Jain, MCS | |||
20 | Tamenglong Autonomous District Council | Tamenglong | 1971 [4] | 2015 | Ningreingam Leisan [5] | |||
21 | Ukhrul Autonomous District Council | Ukhrul | 1971 [4] | 2015 | David Kashungnao, MCS | |||
22 | Meghalaya | Garo Hills Autonomous District Council | Tura | 1973 | 2021 | Benedick R Marak | NPP (NEDA) | Total-29 Govt:- National People's Party (India)-11 BJP-2 Garo National Council-1 IND-3 Opp:- AITC-12 |
23 | Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council | Jowai | 1973 | 2019 | T Shiwat | National People's Party (India) (NEDA) | Total-29 Govt:- NPP-12 UDP-10 Opp:- INC-4 AITC-3 | |
24 | Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council | Shillong | 1973 | 2019 | Titosstarwell Chyne | National People's Party (India) (NEDA) | Total-29 Govt:- NPP-7 UDP-6 HSPDP-2 PDF-1 Opp:- INC-10 Oth:- AITC-3 | |
25 | Mizoram | Chakma Autonomous District Council | Kamalanagar | 1972 | 2023 | Rasik Mohan Chakma | MNF | Total-20 Govt:- MNF-12 Opp:- INC-6 BJP-1 |
26 | Lai Autonomous District Council | Lawngtlai | 1972 | 2020 | V. Zirsanga | MNF | Total-25 Govt:- MNF-20 Opp:- IND-3 BJP-1 INC-1 | |
27 | Mara Autonomous District Council | Siaha | 1972 | 2022 | M Laikaw | BJP | Total-25 Govt: BJP -16 Opp:- INC - 4 MNF - 5 | |
28 | Tripura | Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council | Khumulwng | 1982 | 2021 | Purna Chandra Jamatia | TIPRA | Total-30 Govt:- TIPRA-18 IND-1 Opp:- BJP-9 |
29 | West Bengal | Gorkhaland Territorial Administration | Darjeeling | 2012 | 2022 | Anit Thapa | BGPM | Govt:- BGPM-27 AITC-5 IND-3 Opp:- HP-8 IND-2 |
Legends | ||
---|---|---|
Party | ECI Recognition [6] | |
AKRSU(K) | All Koch-Rajbanshi Students’ Union | N/A |
AITC | All India Trinamool Congress | State Party |
AGP | Asom Gana Parishad | State Party |
BJP | Bharatiya Janata Party | National Party |
BPF | Bodoland People's Front | State Party |
GNC | Garo National Council | Registered Unrecognized Party |
GSP | Gana Suraksha Party | Registered Unrecognized Party |
HSPDP | Hill State People's Democratic Party | State Party |
INC | Indian National Congress | National Party |
JKNC | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | State Party |
KADF | Karbi Anglong Democratic Forum | N/A |
MNF | Mizo National Front | State Party |
NPP | National People's Party | National Party |
People's Democratic Front | State Party | |
RHJMC | Rabha Hasong Joint Movement Committee | N/A |
SGS | Sanmilita Gana Shakti | Registered Unrecognized Party |
TIPRI | The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance | State Party |
UDP | United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) | State Party |
UPPL | United People's Party Liberal | State Party |
North Sentinel Island is situated in the island chain of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands which is a union territory of India. It is home to the Sentinelese people, who are among some of the world's last uncontacted peoples. They reject any contact with other people and are among the last people to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. There has never been any treaty with the people of the island nor any record of a physical occupation.
The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated [7] that they have no intention of interfering with the Sentinelese's lifestyle or habitat. Although the island is likely to have suffered seriously from the effects of the December 2004 tsunami, the survival of the Sentinelese was confirmed when, some days after the event, an Indian government helicopter observed several of them, who shot arrows at the hovering aircraft to repel it.
Although this has not been done with any formal treaty, the official policy of minimal interference has ensured that they have de facto autonomy and sovereignty over their island under the framework of the central and local governments. [8]
The Andaman Islands are an archipelago, made up of 200 islands, in the northeastern Indian Ocean about 130 km (81 mi) southwest off the coasts of Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region. Together with the Nicobar Islands to their south, the Andamans serve as a maritime boundary between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east. Most of the islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India, while the Coco Islands and Preparis Island are part of the Yangon Region of Myanmar.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India consisting of 571 islands, of which 37 are inhabited, at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The territory is about 150 km (93 mi) north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated from Thailand and Myanmar by the Andaman Sea. It comprises two island groups, the Andaman Islands (partly) and the Nicobar Islands, separated by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel, with the Andaman islands to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobar islands to the south. The Andaman Sea lies to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the west. The island chains are thought to be a submerged extension of the Arakan Mountains.
Languages spoken in the Republic of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians; both families together are sometimes known as Indic languages. Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31% of the population belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino–Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, and a few other minor language families and isolates. According to the People's Linguistic Survey of India, India has the second highest number of languages (780), after Papua New Guinea (840). Ethnologue lists a lower number of 456.
Events in the year 1950 in the Republic of India.
According to official estimates in India, 10,749 people were killed, 5,640 people were missing and thousands of people became homeless when a tsunami triggered by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near the Indonesian island of Sumatra struck the southern coast on 26 December 2004. The earthquake registered 9.1–9.3 Mw and was the largest in five decades. It was followed by strong aftershocks on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The death toll of the earthquake was 1,500 people.
North Sentinel Island is one of the Andaman Islands, an Indian archipelago in the Bay of Bengal which also includes South Sentinel Island. It is home to the Sentinelese, an indigenous people in voluntary isolation who have defended, often by force, their protected isolation from the outside world. The island is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) wide, and its area is approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi).
The Sentinelese, also known as the Sentineli and the North Sentinel Islanders, are an indigenous people who inhabit North Sentinel Island in the Bay of Bengal in the northeastern Indian Ocean. Designated a particularly vulnerable tribal group and a Scheduled Tribe, they belong to the broader class of Andamanese peoples.
The Andamanese are the various indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands, part of India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the union territory in the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal. The Andamanese are a designated Scheduled Tribe in India's constitution.
Port Blair is the capital city of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman and is the territory's only notified town.
Nicobar district is one of three districts in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The district's administrative territory encompasses all of the Nicobar Islands, which are located in the Indian Ocean, between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The headquarters of the district is the village of Malacca, located on the island of Car Nicobar.
The administrative divisions of India are subnational administrative units of India; they are composed of a nested hierarchy of administrative divisions.
Sentinelese is the undescribed language of the Sentinelese people of North Sentinel Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Given the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language or its vitality. The Sentinelese people do not allow outsiders onto the island and are generally hostile towards visitors. Friendly interactions have been rare.
South Andaman district is one of the 3 districts of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands located in the Bay of Bengal. Port Blair, the capital of the Union Territory is the district headquarters. The area covered by this district is 2,640 km².
Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC) is an autonomous district council in the state of Meghalaya in India. It covers West Khasi Hills district, Eastern West Khasi Hills district, East Khasi Hills district and Ri Bhoi district. It is one of the three autonomous district councils within Meghalaya, and one of twenty-five autonomous regions of India. Between its foundation on 27 June 1952 and 14 June 1973 it was known as the United Khasi-Jaintia Hills District Council. The total area of the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council is 11,718 km2 having a population of 1,578,375 as of 2011.
A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India. There are currently eight union territories in India, namely, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry.
The Andaman and Nicobar Police is the law enforcement agency for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. A&N Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. The A&N Police has a sanctioned strength of 4130 posts of various ranks in Civil Police, Criminal Investigation Department, Immigration Branch, Foreigners Branch, Motor Vehicle Section, Traffic branch, Security Unit, Forensic Science Laboratory, Finger Print Unit, Dog Squad, Special Armed Police, Armed Police, Island Communication, Fire Service Units and India Reserve Battalion.
Madhumala Chattopadhyay is an Indian anthropologist who specializes in the Indigenous peoples of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In 1991, Chattopadhyay and her colleagues were the first outsiders to make peaceful contact with the Sentinelese people.
Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council (KAAC) is an autonomous district council in the state of Assam, India for development and protection of tribals living in area namely Karbi Anglong and West Karbi Anglong district. The council is constituted under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India and administratively functions under the Government of Assam. It was formed with the name Karbi Anglong District Council on 17 November 1951. Later changed to Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council on 23 June 1952, which is now celebrated as its foundation day. After Signing of M.O.U. between Government of India, Government of Assam and United People's Democratic Solidarity, it was renamed to Karbi Anglong Autonomous Territorial Council. It has administrative functions over two district, Karbi Anglong district and West Karbi Anglong district. Its headquarters is in Diphu, Karbi Anglong district. The total area of the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council is 10,434 sq. km having a population of 961,275 as of 2011.
The Dima Hasao Autonomous Council earlier known as North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council (NCHAC), is an autonomous district council in the state of Assam in India. It was constituted under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India to administer the Dima Hasao district and to develop the hill people in the area. Its headquarters is in Haflong, Dima Hasao district.
John Allen Chau was an American evangelical Christian missionary who was killed by the Sentinelese, an uncontacted tribe, after illegally traveling to North Sentinel Island and experiencing numerous hostile encounters over several days in an attempt to introduce the tribe to Christianity.