Khandesh

For the administrative division of Bombay presidency of British India, see Khandesh district.

Khandesh
Region
Panoramic view of Purna river near Muktainagar
Blue: Khandesh in Maharashtra Light Blue: Khandesh in Madhya Pradesh (Burhanpur)
Country	India
State	Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh [ citation needed ]
Districts	1] Jalgaon 2] Dhule 3] Nandurbar 4] Burhanpur
Largest City	Jalgaon
Languages	Marathi, Khandeshi
Area
• Land	28,337 km2 (10,941 sq mi)
Elevation	240 m (790 ft)
Population  (2011 census)
• Total	8,686,921 [1]
• Density	300/km2 (800/sq mi)
Demonym	Khandeshi
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)

Area comprising the Khandesh region of Maharashtra.

British era's Khandesh District's Map

Khandesh is a geographic region in Maharashtra, India. It was made up of present Jalgaon, Dhule and Nandurbar districts. ^[2] It also said that Burhanpur District of Madhya Pradesh was also its part. ^{[3] [4]}

The region have seen many geographical changes, in 1906 its eponymous district was bifurcated to form two new districts that is West Khandesh, East Khandesh district; Dhule and Jalgaon are their headquarters respectively. In 1990s West Khandesh further divided to form a new, district Nandurbar. ^[2]

The use of the Khandeshi language is prevalent in this region, and the language itself derives its name from the name of the region. This language is sometimes considered as a dialect of Marathi due to its mutual intelligibility with it, and hence has lower numbers in the census due to people opting their language as Marathi instead.^{[ original research? ]} This region is famous for banana agriculture and is a leading producer of it. ^[5]

Geography

Khandesh lies in Western India on the northwestern corner of the Maharashtra, in the valley of the Tapti River. It is bounded to the north by the Satpura Range, to the east by the Berar (Varhad) region, to the south by the Hills of Ajanta (belonging to the Marathwada region of Maharashtra), and to the west by the northernmost ranges of the Western Ghats.

The principal natural feature is the Tapti River. ^[6] Unlike the rest of the Deccan, whose rivers rise in the Western Ghats and flow eastward to the Bay of Bengal, the Tapti flows westward from headwaters in southern Madhya Pradesh to empty into the Arabian Sea. The Tapti receives thirteen principal tributaries in its course through Khandesh. None of these rivers is navigable, and the Tapti flows in a deep bed which historically made it difficult to use for irrigation. Most of Khandesh lies south of the Tapti and is drained by its tributaries: the Gomai, Girna, Bori, and Panjhra. The alluvial plain north of the Tapti contains some of the richest tracts in Khandesh, and the land rises towards the Satpuda hills. In the centre and east, the country is level, save for some low ranges of barren hills. To the north and west, the plain rises into rugged hills, thickly wooded, and inhabited by members of the Bhil tribe. ^[7]

History

Ancient history

The Markandeya Purana and Jain literature describe Khanadesh region as Abhiradesa. The rule of the Abhiras over this region is not only evident from the epigraphs but from the oral traditions also. A tradition of Nandurbar (Kandesh) presents before us an account of an Ahir Raja Nanda, who fought the Turks. ^[8]

Delhi dynasties

In 1295, Khandesh was under the Chauhan ruler of Asirgarh when Ala-ud-din Khilji of Delhi wrested control. ^{[9] : 418} Various Delhi dynasties controlled Khandesh over the next century, ^[9] until Khandesh gained independence as the Khandesh Sultanate in the late 14th century, established by Malik Raja as the Farooqui dynasty. ^[10]

Mughal rule

The Mughals arrived in 1599, when Akbar's army overran Khandesh and captured Asirgarh. ^{[9] : 418} For a period of time, Khandesh was renamed as Dandesh in recognition of Akbar's son Daniyal. ^{[11] : 248} c. 1640, Todar Mal's revenue settlement system was introduced in Khandesh by Shah Jahan (this system was used until British rule in 1818). ^{[11] : 250} The mid-17th century has been described as the time of Khandesh's "highest prosperity" owing to trade in cotton, rice, indigo, sugarcane, and cloth. ^{[11] : 250} Mughal rule lasted until the Marathas captured Asirgarh in 1760. ^{[9] : 418}

During Mughal rule, Burhanpur was the capital of the Khandesh Subah, an administrative provincial division of the Mughal Empire. Early in December 1670, Maratha forces under Prataprao made a raid into Khandesh. They advanced in rapid marches and plundered Bahadarpur, a village near Burhanpur 2 miles away from the city. But they didn't attack Burhanpur. ^[12]

Maratha rule

Maratha raids into Khandesh began in 1670 and the following century was a period of unrest as Mughals and Marathas competed for control. ^{[9] : 418} In 1760, the Peshwa ousted the Mughal ruler and gained control of Khandesh, following which portions were granted to Holkar and Scindia rulers. ^{[9] : 418} Baji Rao II surrendered to the British in June 1818, but sporadic war continued in Khandesh which was among the last of the Peshwa's former territories to come under complete British control. ^{[13] : 9}

British rule

Khandesh District (1878)

Khandesh was a district in the Bombay Presidency. ^[14] In 1906, the district was divided into two districts: East Khandesh, headquartered at Jalgaon, had an area of 11,770 km² (4,544 sq mi), while West Khandesh, headquartered at Dhule, had an area of 14,240 km² (5,497 sq mi); their respective populations were 957,728 and 469,654 in 1901. ^[15]

Independent India

After India's independence in 1947, Bombay province became Bombay State, and in 1960 was divided into the linguistic states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. East Khandesh became Jalgaon district, and West Khandesh became Dhule district, both in Maharashtra state. ^[16] The latter was further divided into Dhule and Nandurbar districts. ^[6] This region has a population of 8,686,921 people (including Burhanpur district of MP) as of 2011 Census.

See also

• Khandesh Agency
• Abhiras of Bhambhagiri

References

1. Including Burhanpur
2. District census handbook Jalgaon (PDF). Mumbai: Directorate of census operations Maharashtra. 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
3. Shyam, Radhey (1981). The Kingdom of Khandesh. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli. p. 21.
4. "Welcome to Khandesh!". Khandesh.com. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
5. कंत्राटी ग्रामसेवक परीक्षा मार्गदर्शक (in Marathi). Latur. 2021.
6. Patil, M.V. (2015). An Inventory on Agrobiodiversity and Homestead Gardens in Tribal Tehsils of Khandesh Maharashtra. North Maharashtra University. pp. Chapter 6–1. hdl:10603/136532.
7.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Khandesh, East and West". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 771.
8. Journal of the Oriental Institute, M.S. University of Barida, Baroda. Oriental Institute. 1985.
9. Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. Provincial Series: Bombay Presidency Vol. 1. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. 1909.
10. Majumdar, R. C.; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1980) [First published 1960]. The Delhi Sultanate. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI (3rd ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 169–170. OCLC   664485.
11. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. XII: Khandesh. Bombay: Government Central Press. 1880.
12. Sarkar, Jadunath (1919). Shivaji And His Times (First ed.). London: Longmans, Green and co. pp. 206, 207.
13. Deshpande, Arvind M. (1987). John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early British Rule. Delhi: Mittal Publications.
14. Census of India, 1911 (PDF). Vol. VII, Bombay: Part 1, Report. Bombay: Government Central Press. 1912. p. 1.
15. "Khandesh". Khandesh. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
16. Jamkar, A.G. (1988). "Origin and Evolution of Periodic Market Places in Dhule District (Maharashtra)". In Shrivastava, V.K. (ed.). Commercial Activities and Rural Development in South Asia: A Geographical Study. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 134. ISBN   81-7022-194-3.

External links

• Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 225-240

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