Tulu Nadu

Last updated

Tulu Nadu
Region
Map of South Canara district in 1956. Self work..png
South Canara, an erstwhile district, forms the centre of the Tuluva region called 'Tulu Nadu'.
Coordinates: 13°00′N75°24′E / 13.00°N 75.40°E / 13.00; 75.40
CountryFlag of India.svg  India
State Karnataka, Kerala
Districts Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Kasaragod
Largest City Mangalore
No. of districts & Talukas3 District and 18 Taluks
Area
[1] [2]
 • Total
10,432 km2 (4,028 sq mi)
Population
 (2011) [3]
 • Total
4,574,385
 • Density356.1/km2 (922/sq mi)
Demonyms
Languages
 • Lingua Franca Tulu
 • Spoken Tulu, Malayalam, Kannada, Konkani, Beary [4]
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code0824, 0825
ISO 3166 code ISO 3166-2:IN
Vehicle registration KA19, KA20, KA21, KA62, KA70, KL14.

Tulu Nadu or Tulunad is a region and proposed state on the southwestern coast of India. [5] The Tulu people, known as 'Tuluva' (plural 'Tuluver'), speakers of Tulu, a Dravidian language, are the preponderant ethnic group of this region. [6] The proposed region, which once existed as the district South Canara, encompasses the undivided territory of the contemporary Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka and Kasargod of Kerala. [7]

Contents

Historically, Tulu Nadu lies between the Gangavalli River (Uttara Kannada district) in the north and the Chandragiri River (Kasaragod district) in the south. [8] There have been demands for the creation of a separate Indian state called Tulu Nadu. [9] [10]

The largest city of Tulu Nadu is Mangalore, the fourth-largest city of Karnataka by area and population. [11] [12] Udupi and Kasaragod are the other major cities of this region. [13]

Moreover, the term "Tulunad" is cited as "Tuḷu Nāṭṭu" in the "Akananuru", which is a classical Tamil poetic work and part of the "Eight Anthologies" (Ettuthokai), a collection of Sangam literature composed around more than 2000 years ago. [14] [15]

Etymology

According to Keralolpathi , the name Tuluva comes from that of one of the Cheraman Perumal kings of Kerala, who fixed his residence in the northern portion of his dominions just before its separation from Kerala, and who was called Tulubhan Perumal. [16]

Mythology

According to the 17th-century Malayalam work Keralolpathi , the lands of Kerala and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the Arabian Sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu (hence, Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram 'The Land of Parasurama' [17] ). Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. [18] The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar theorized that Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend. [19]

History

Royal emblem of the Alupas, the ruling dynasty of the region from the 2nd century to the 15th century CE Royal emblem of the Alupa.png
Royal emblem of the Alupas, the ruling dynasty of the region from the 2nd century to the 15th century CE
Extent of the Alupa kingdom Alvakheda map.jpg
Extent of the Alupa kingdom
A regional map of Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. Tulu Nadu also includes Kasaragod district of Kerala state. Tulunadu.png
A regional map of Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. Tulu Nadu also includes Kasaragod district of Kerala state.

Ancient period

According to the works of Sangam literature (300 BCE – 300 CE), [20] [21] [22] Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient Tamilakam. [23] Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient Kerala (Chera dynasty), where the western coastal dialect of Middle Tamil was spoken. [16] It must have separated from Tamilakam sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the Kadambas invaded the northern portions of Chera kingdom. [16] No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from Sangam literature, have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE. [16]

Alupa dynasty

Ptolemy, the 2nd-century geographer identifies the Tulu Nadu region as Olokhoira which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term Alva Kheda, 'the land of the Alvas'. [2] Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva. [24] The longest-ruling and oldest known native dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the Alupas (c. 5th – 14th century CE). [25] Their kingdom was also known as Alvakheda. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Halebidu) and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries. [26] [27]

During the rule of Vijayanagara, Tulu Nadu was administered in two parts – Mangaluru Rajya and Barkuru Rajya. Tulu Nadu was governed by the native feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 18th century. These feudatories gained power towards the end of the Alupa period. An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to 1075, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty), near Payyanur, in Kerala State. [28]

Notable among them were [25] the Chowtas of Ullal and Moodabidri (c. 1160 – c. 1801 CE), Ajilas of Venur (c. 1418–1800), the Savanta or Samantha Rajas of Mulki (c. 1411–1700), the Bhairarasa Odeyas of Karkala (c. 1240–1650), the Tolaharas of Suralu (c. 1139–1800), the Bangas of Bangadi (c. 1410–1800), the Rajas of Kumbla (c. 12th century – 1800) and the Rajas of Vitla (c. 1436–1800).

The region became extremely prosperous during the Vijayanagara period with Barkur and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri controlled much of Tulu Nadu. [29] Over the following many centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Konkanis from Goa arrived by sea, as Mangalore was a major port that served not only the Portuguese but also the Arabs for maritime trades. Jains were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples ( bastis ) in (Moodabidri) and monolithic statues of Bahubali in Karkala, Venoor and Dharmasthala. In the 16th century, there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa.[ citation needed ]

Under Portuguese rule, the region was called the Misao do Sul (Mission of the South). In the mid to late 18th century, it was conquered by Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of Mysore. After the British defeated Haidar's successor Tipu Sultan in 1799, the region was attached to the Madras Presidency before being reverted to the state of Mysore after independence. Mangalore played a prominent role in Tipu's battles with the British. The British gained full control by 1801 (Mysore has since been renamed Karnataka). The British ruled the region with Madras (now Chennai) as its headquarters. Under the British, the region was organised into the districts of North Canara and South Canara respectively.[ citation needed ]

As per Hindu mythology, Parashurama commanded Lord Varuna to make the seas recede to make the Tulu Nadu. Parshuramsaraswats.jpg
As per Hindu mythology, Parashurama commanded Lord Varuna to make the seas recede to make the Tulu Nadu.

When the states were reorganised on linguistic basis in 1956, Tulu Nadu (South Canara) which was earlier a part of Madras Presidency and North Canara which was a part of Bombay Presidency became part of the newly formed Mysore state, which was later renamed as Karnataka. Kasargod became part of the newly formed state of Kerala. The Tuluvas began demanding official language status for Tulu and a separate state named Tulu Nadu for themselves. Organisations like the Tulu Rajya Horata Samiti have taken up the cause of the Tuluvas and meetings and demonstrations were held at towns like Mangalore and Udupi to voice their demand. [32] [33]

Demographics

South Canara in 1909 South Kanara.jpg
South Canara in 1909
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 918,362—    
1881 959,514+4.5%
1891 1,056,081+10.1%
1901 1,134,713+7.4%
1941 1,522,016+34.1%
1951 1,748,991+14.9%
Sources: Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 14, [34] and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara [35]

Religion in South Canara (1951) [35]

   Hinduism (76.58%)
   Islam (14.31%)
   Christianity (8.85%)
  Other (0.26%)

Language in South Canara (1951) [35]

   Tulu (39.94%)
   Malayalam (24.19%)
   Kannada (17.20%)
   Konkani (13.59%)
   Other (5.08%)
Temple stambha, South Canara TempleStambha1913.jpg
Temple stambha, South Canara

South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 76.58% were Hindus, 14.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian. [35] The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the mother tongue of 40 percent of the population, followed by Malayalam which formed the mother tongue of 24 percent each of the population. Around 17 percent of the total population spoke Kannada. Around 13 percent of the population speaks Konkani as their mother tongue. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre (282/sq mi).[ citation needed ]

The 1908 Imperial Gazetteer of India lists South Canara, along with the Thanjavur and Ganjam districts, as the three districts of the Madras Presidency where Brahmins are most numerous. [34]

The majority of the people were Billavas and Bunts. There were more Brahmins (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with Tanjore and Ganjam as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous. [34]

The original indigenous people of the region are Tuluvas (Bunts, Billavas, Mogaveeras, Tulu Gowdas, Kulalas, Devadigas, Bearys, Jogis) and Malayalis in the Kasaragod Taluk (Nambudiris, Nairs, Thiyyas, Mappilas etc.). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the Sthanika and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were Shivalli, Saraswat, Havyaka, Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes ( Koragas ). [36]

Language

Tulu script has been used for Tulu since at least the 10th century. Testtulu1.png
Tulu script has been used for Tulu since at least the 10th century.

The most widely spoken language is Tulu, which belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and whose native speakers are referred to as Tuluva. The number of Tulu speakers was estimated to be about 1.7 million in 2001, [38] [39] although some sources quote as many as 3 million. [40] The other languages spoken in Tulu Nadu include other Dravidian languages such as Kundagannada, Arebhashe, Malayalam, Koraga and Beary, and the Indo Aryan language Konkani. [40]

The Tulu script, originating from the Grantha script, and bears high similarity to the Malayalam script. It was used by Tuluvas for centuries before it was eventually replaced by the Kannada script. Most Sanskrit works and Tulu classics are present in this script, with a few in other scripts. This script was used by Brahmins. [41] [ unreliable source? ]

Geography and climate

A Yakshagana artist portraying a rakshasa (demon) Demon Yakshagana.jpg
A Yakshagana artist portraying a rakshasa (demon)
A typical house in Tulu Nadu, with the roof constructed using Mangalore tiles Mangalore 075.jpg
A typical house in Tulu Nadu, with the roof constructed using Mangalore tiles

Tulu Nadu lies along the Konkan Coast. [42] Tulu Nadu is bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by the Western Ghats. With Chandragiri river forming a historical southern border. Tulu Nadu spans an area of 8,441 km2 (3,259 sq mi), roughly 4.4 per cent of the total geographical area of present-day Karnataka and Kasaragod district is the northernmost district of Kerala.[ citation needed ]

Tulu Nadu also experiences heavy rainfalls during Monsoon season. The coastal area of Tulu Nadu is very rich concerning rainforests and backwaters. The region has a tropical climate; with hot and humid summers, hot winter days, and heavy monsoon. Summer and winter months experience similar temperate conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 24–33 °C (75–91 °F).[ citation needed ] with monsoon having cooler weather.[ citation needed ]

Monsoon starts in the beginning of June, heaviest rainfall during Aati month, which spans from mid-July to mid-august. Occasional rain persists till deepawali and marnemi festivals in October–November. Winter lasts from December to early February. Summer from mid-February till May. With occasional tropical rain during April and may.[ citation needed ]

Culture

Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala Chaturmukha Basadi.jpg
Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala
Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodabidri 1000-Pillar-Temple- Moodbidri-Right-Side-View.JPG
Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodabidri

The Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance practised in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare. [43] [44] Pilivesha is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during Marnemi (as Dussehra is called in Tulu) and Krishna Janmashtami. [45] Karadi Vesha (Bear Dance) is one more popular dance performed during Dasara in Tulu Nadu. [46] Daivaradhane (Spirit worship), which is usually done at night is practised here. Kambala (Buffalo race) is conducted in water filled paddy fields. The Bhuta Kola is similar to Theyyam in North Malabar. [47] [48] Korikatta (cockfight) is another favourite sport for the people. Nagaradhane (Snake worship) is practised in the Tulu Nadu according to the popular belief of the Naga Devatha to go underground and guard the species on the top.[ citation needed ]

Udupi cuisine is popular across South India, mostly due to Udupi restaurants, which are primarily vegetarian. Apart from Southern India, there are famous Udupi Hotels in Mumbai and New Delhi too.[ citation needed ]

Economy

Historically, Tulu Nadu was primarily dependent on agriculture and fishing. The main crops grown were rice, Bengal gram, horse gram, vegetables and fruits. Plantation crops like coconut, areca nut, cocoa, cashew nut, and pepper are also grown. In the early 20th century, the Mangalore tile industry, cashew nut processing, and the banking industry grew substantially. Tulu Nadu is called "the cradle of Indian banking". [49] Five major banks of India (Syndicate Bank, Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank and Karnataka Bank) have their origins here.

BankFoundedPlaceFounded byRef.
Canara Bank 1906;118 years ago Mangalore Ammembal Subba Rao Pai [50] [51] [52]
Karnataka Bank 1924;100 years ago Mangalore - [53] [54]
Vijaya Bank 1931;93 years ago Mangalore A. B. Shetty [55] [54]
Syndicate Bank 1925;99 years ago Manipal T. M. A. Pai, Upendra Pai and Vaman Kudva [56] [54]
Corporation Bank 1906;118 years ago Udupi Khan Bahadur Haji Abdulla Haji Kasim Saheb Bahadur [57] [52]

In the early part of the 21st century the area has been transforming itself into a hub of the information technology and medical services industries. There has been large-scale decline in agriculture and related industries due to the non-availability of labour and preference for white-collar jobs. Agricultural land is being converted to commercial and real estate properties, and environmental pollution is increasing drastically due to large-scale deforestation and increase in automobile use. A public sector petroleum refinery (MRPL) was established in the 1990s. Some chemical plants (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) have been established. This region contributes the second highest revenue to Karnataka state after the city of Bangalore. This region has an international airport at Mangalore which is well connected to the rest of India and middle eastern countries. New Mangalore Port (NMPT) is one of the major port of India located at Panambur, Mangalore. [58]

Education

Tulu Nadu is one of the most prominent educational hub on the western coast of India.[ citation needed ] There are hundreds of professional colleges in Tulu Nadu.[ citation needed ] Thousands of students from all over India and countries abroad study in these institutions.[ citation needed ] Mangalore and Udupi are the major cities that accommodate these students. National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK, Surathkal, owned by Central Government) is ranked as one of the best engineering college in Karnataka and is one among the top ten engineering colleges of India. Kasturba Medical College in Manipal Udupi was ranked 9th [59] and 21st among the medical colleges of India in the NIRF 2020 Rankings. [60]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulu language</span> Dravidian language of Tulu Nadu region

The Tulu language is a Dravidian language whose speakers are concentrated in Dakshina Kannada and in the southern part of Udupi of Karnataka in south-western India and also in the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as Tuluva or Tulu people and the geographical area is unofficially called Tulu Nadu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mangalore</span> City in Karnataka, India

Mangalore, officially known as Mangaluru, is a major industrial port city in the Indian state of Karnataka and on the west coast of India. It is located between the Laccadive Sea and the Western Ghats about 352 km (219 mi) west of Bangalore, the state capital, 14 km north of Karnataka–Kerala border and 297 km south of Goa. Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664 according to the 2011 national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of the Indian strategic petroleum reserves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kasaragod</span> Municipal city in Kerala, India

Kasaragod is a municipal town and administrative headquarters of Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India. Established in 1966, Kasaragod was the first municipal town in the district. It is the northernmost district of Kerala and is also known as Sapta Bhasha Sangama Bhumi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanara</span> Region in Karnataka, India

Kanara or Canara, also known as Karavali, is the historically significant stretch of land situated by the southwestern Konkan coast of India, alongside the Arabian Sea in the present-day Indian state of Karnataka. The subregion comprises three civil districts, namely: Uttara Kannada, Udupi, and Dakshina Kannada. Kasaragod was included prior to the States Reorganisation Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dakshina Kannada</span> District of Karnataka in India

Dakshina Kannada district is located in the state of Karnataka in India, with its headquarters in the coastal city of Mangalore. The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east and the Arabian Sea to its west. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the Indian monsoon. It is bordered by Udupi district to the north, Chikmagalur district to the northeast, Hassan district to the east, Kodagu to the southeast and Kasaragod district of Kerala to the south. According to the 2011 census of India, Dakshina Kannada district had a population of 2,083,625. It is the only district in Karnataka state to have all modes of transport like road, rail, water and air due to the presence of a major hub, Mangalore. This financial district is also known as the Cradle of Indian banking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Canara</span> District of British India in Madras, British Raj

South Canara was a district of the Madras Presidency of British India, located at 13.00°N 75.40°E. It comprised the towns of Kassergode and Udipi and adjacent villages, with the administration at Mangalore city. South Canara was one of the most heterogeneous areas of Madras Presidency, with Tulu, Malayalam, Kannada, Konkani, Marathi, Urdu, and Beary languages being spoken. It was succeeded by the Tulu-speaking areas of Dakshina Kannada district, the Malayalam-speaking area of Kasaragod district and the Amindivi islands sub-division of the Laccadives, in the year 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulu people</span> Dravidian ethnic group of southwestern India

The Tulu people or Tuluvas are an ethno-linguistic and ethno-cultural group from Southern India. They are native speakers of the Tulu language and the region they traditionally inhabit is known as Tulu Nadu. This region comprises the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in Karnataka and part of Kasaragod district in Kerala, with Mangalore, Karnataka being the commercial hub. The Census report of 2011 reported a population of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers living in India.

The Bunt people are an Indian community who historically have inhabited the Tulu Nadu region in South India. Bunts were traditionally a warrior-class or martial caste community, with agrarian origins, forming the landed gentry of the region. They are the dominant land-owning, farming and banking community of Tulu Nadu and speak Tulu and Kundagannada as their mother tongue. Today, the Bunts are a largely urbanised community, with a population size of less than one million worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigalari script</span> Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family

Tigalari or Tulu script is a Southern Brahmic script which was used to write Tulu, Kannada, and Sanskrit languages. It was primarily used for writing Vedic texts in Sanskrit. It evolved from the Grantha script.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Udupi district</span> District of Karnataka in India

Udupi district is an administrative subdivision in the Karnataka state of India, with the district headquarters in the city of Udupi. It is situated in the Canara old north Malabar coastal region. There are seven taluks, 233 villages and 21 towns in Udupi district. The three northern tehsils of Udupi, Kundapur and Karkala, were partitioned from Dakshina Kannada district to form Udupi district on 25 August 1997. Moodabidri was officially declared as new tehsil (taluk) in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alupa dynasty</span> Ruling dynasty of India

The Alupa dynasty was an Indian dynasty that ruled from 200 to 1444 A.D. in Southern India. The kingdom they ruled was known as Alvakheda Arusasira and its territory spanned the coastal districts of the modern Indian state known as Karnataka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalasa</span> Town in Karnataka, India

Kalasa is a taluk located in Chikmagalur district in Karnataka. Kalasa is home to the Kalaseshwara Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Kalasa lies 92 Kilometres South-west of Chickmagalur and is located on the banks of the Bhadra River. Kannada language is spoken here.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kasaragod district</span> District in Kerala, India

Kasaragod (Malayalam:[kaːsɐrɡoːɖɨ̆] is one of the 14 districts in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Its northern border Thalappady is located just 9 km south to Ullal, which is the southernmost portion of the major port city Mangalore, on the southwestern Malabar coast of India.

The History of Mangalore dates back to the 3rd century BC and has been ruled by a number of rulers. In the era of modern India, the area was controlled by the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay, who lost it to Shivappa Nayaka, who in turn lost it to Hyder Ali.

Mangaloreans are a collection of diverse ethnic groups that hail from the historical locales of South Canara (Tulunaad) on the south western coast of Karnataka, India, particularly the residents native to Mangaluru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karkala</span> Town in Karnataka, India

Karkala is a town and the headquarters of eponymous Karkala taluk in the Udupi district of Karnataka state in India. It lies near the foothills of the Western Ghats, Karkala has a number of natural and historical landmarks, and is a major tourist and transit destination due to its strategic location along the way to Hebri, Sringeri, Kalasa, Horanadu, Udupi, Kollur, Subrahmanya and Dharmasthala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulu Nadu state movement</span> Formation of separate Tulu Nadu state from Karnataka and Kerala

Tulu Nadu State movement is aimed at increasing Tulu Nadu's influence and political power through the formation of separate Tulu Nadu state from Karnataka and Kerala. Tulu Nadu is a region on the south-western coast of India. It consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka and Kasargod district up to the Chandragiri river in Kerala. The Chandragiri River has traditionally been considered a boundary between Tulu Nadu and Kerala from the fourth century AD onwards. The first call for a separate Tulu Nadu state was made just after the Quit India Movement in 1942 by Srinivas Updhyaya Paniyadi, a banker and a press owner from Udupi. Mangalore is the largest and the chief city of Tulu Nadu. Tulu activists have been demanding a separate Tulu Nadu state since the late 2000s, considering language and culture as the basis for their demand.

Karnataka is a state in the southern part of India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act. Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the north-west, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south-east, and Kerala to the south-west. The state covers an area of 74,122 sq mi (191,976 km2), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It comprises 30 districts. Kannada is the official language of Karnataka and as per the 2011 census is the mother tongue of 66.5% of the population. Various ethnic groups with origins in other parts of India have unique customs and use languages at home other than Kannada, adding to the cultural diversity of the state. Significant linguistic minorities in the state in 2011 included speakers of Urdu (10.8%), Telugu (5.8%), Tamil (3.5%), Marathi (3.4%), Hindi (3.2%), Tulu (2.6%), Konkani (1.3%) and Malayalam (1.3%).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canarese Konkani</span> Regional language between Goa and Mara

Canarese Konkani are a set of dialects spoken by minority Konkani people of the Canara sub-region of Karnataka, and also in Kassergode of Kerala that was part of South Canara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Kasaragod</span>

Kasaragod District is the northernmost district in the southwestern Indian coastal state of Kerala. The district has a long history starting from pre-historic times to the modern period.

References

  1. ↑ "Tourism in DK District". National Informatics Centre, Karnataka State Unit. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  2. ↑ "Tour to Udupi". Tourism of India. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  3. ↑ "Census GIS India". Census of India. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  4. ↑ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  5. ↑ Anthropological Survey of India (Department of Anthropology) (1980). Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 25. Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum. p.  41.
  6. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2012). "Tuluvas". Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Ethnic Groups of the World (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-59884-660-7.
  7. ↑ Bhat, N. Shyam (1998). "Introduction". South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response. Mittal Publications. pp.  1–16. ISBN   9788170995869.
  8. ↑ Bhatt, P. Gururaja (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara. Prabhakara Press. p. 2.
  9. ↑ Unnithan, Rajmohan (7 January 2020). "A case for including Tulu in the Eighth Schedule". The Hindu . Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  10. ↑ B, Sreekantswamy (21 July 2017). "With separate 'flag,' Tulu activists up demand for statehood". Deccan Herald . Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  11. ↑ "About Mangalore" (PDF). Mangaluru Online. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  12. ↑ Sheth, Anisha (6 November 2014). "This city has six names in six languages, and the official one Mangaluru, is the least popular". The News Minute . Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  13. ↑ Malli, Karthik (28 February 2019). "Mapping Tulu: A rich oral tradition with deep roots in Karnataka". The News Minute . Retrieved 15 January 2020. Tulu is a southern Dravidian language that's spoken by 1.85 million people in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kerala's Kasargod district.
  14. ↑ Kesikan, Puliyur (2010). அகநானூறு மூலமும் உரையும் I (in Tswana) (1st ed.). Gowra Book Fair. pp. 43–44.
  15. ↑ "Reference Of Tulunadu". Tulupedia. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  16. 1 2 3 4 J. Sturrock (1894). Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I). Madras Government Press.
  17. ↑ S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (2006) "Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 14.", p. 18
  18. ↑ Aiya VN (1906). The Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press. pp. 210–12. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  19. ↑ Srinivisa Iyengar, P. T. (1929). History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. Madras: Asian Educational Services. p. 515. ISBN   978-8120601451.
  20. ↑ Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 27–28. ISBN   978-81-317-1120-0.
  21. ↑ Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994). Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN   978-81-208-1215-4.
  22. ↑ Vijaya Ramaswamy (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-1-5381-0686-0.
  23. ↑ A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98
  24. ↑ "Tulunadu history". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  25. 1 2 Bhat, N. Shyam (1998). South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response. Mittal Publications. pp. 17–45. ISBN   9788170995869 . Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  26. ↑ "Alupa dynasty". Shastriya kannada.
  27. ↑ "Alupa dynasty Inscription". Civilsdaily. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  28. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.
  29. ↑ Shastry, Bhagamandala Seetharama (2000). Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 112,145–147,180–204. ISBN   8170228484.
  30. ↑ "Tulu Nadu: The Land and its People by Dr. Neria H. Hebbar". Boloji. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  31. ↑ "Brahmins of Tulu Nadu – Madhwa Samajam Kollam" . Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  32. ↑ "News headlines". DHNS. 21 October 2006. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  33. ↑ "Tulu organisations to meet soon". The Hindu. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 The Imperial Gazetteer of India . Vol. 14. Clarendon Press. 1908.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Government of Madras (1953). 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF). Madras Government Press. p. 147.
  36. ↑ Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephan (1965). "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India". Asian Folklore Studies . 24 (2). Nanzan University: 2–3. doi:10.2307/1177555. JSTOR   1177555.
  37. ↑ "ScriptSource – Tulu". tuluscriptsource. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  38. ↑ "Census of India – Statement 1". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  39. ↑ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009), "Tulu", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.), SIL International , retrieved 12 November 2009.
  40. 1 2 D.N.S. Bhat (1998). Sanford B. Steever (ed.). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN   0-415-10023-2.
  41. ↑ Dr. K Padmanabha Kekunnaya (8 August 2008). "Tulu Language and Script". Shivalli Brahmins. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  42. ↑ Lozupone, Patsy; Beehler, Bruce M.; Ripley, Sidney Dillon (2004). Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. p. 82. ISBN   1-881173-85-2.
  43. ↑ "Yakshagana". SZCC, Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
  44. ↑ Plunkett, Richard (2001). South India. Lonely Planet. p. 53. ISBN   978-1-86450-161-2.
  45. ↑ Stanley G. Pinto (26 October 2001). "Human 'tigers' face threat to health". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  46. ↑ Stephen D'Souza. "What's in a Name?". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  47. ↑ "'Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar". Mathrubhumi.
  48. ↑ "Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face | Kozhikode News – Times of India". The Times of India. 23 December 2012.
  49. ↑ "BANKING IN KARNATAKA STATE" (PDF).
  50. ↑ "About Us - Canara Bank | Third Largest Nationalised Bank in India". www.canarabank.com. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  51. ↑ "Destined for the long haul". Frontline. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  52. 1 2 Bhat, Prajwal (4 September 2019). "Why bank unions in coastal Karnataka are upset with mergers of public sector banks". The News Minute. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  53. ↑ "Welcome to Karnataka Bank Ltd". karnatakabank.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  54. 1 2 3 DHNS. "A banker erased from memory". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  55. ↑ "Vijaya Bank". vijayabank.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  56. ↑ "Syndicate Bank- ourprofile". syndicatebank.in. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  57. ↑ "History | Corporation Bank". www.corpbank.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  58. ↑ Gavin Shatkin (14 August 2013). "Chapter 10 : Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City". Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and the Politics of the Local. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-1-118-29584-7.
  59. ↑ "Top 10 medical colleges, universities, and institutes in India". Business Insider. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  60. ↑ "MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)". nirfindia.org. Retrieved 23 October 2021.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.