Old Malayalam

Old Malayalam
Early Malayalam
പഴയ മലയാളം Paḻaya Malayāḷam
Old Malayalam (Vattezhuthu script)
Region	Kerala (majority)
Era	Developed into Middle Malayalam by c. 13th century
Language family	Dravidian Southern Southern I Tamil–Kannada Tamil–Kota Tamil–Toda Tamil–Irula Tamil–Kodava–Urali Tamil–Malayalam Malayalamoid Old Malayalam
Early form	Contemporary [medieval] Tamil
Writing system	Vatteluttu script (with Pallava/Southern Grantha characters)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Old Malayalam, or Early Malayalam, the inscriptional variety found in Kerala from c. mid-9th to c. 13th century CE, is the earliest attested form of Malayalam language. ^{[1] [2]} The language was employed in several administrative records and transactions (at the level of the medieval Chera kings as well as the upper-caste village temples). ^[1] Old Malayalam was mostly written in Vatteluttu script (with additional Pallava/Southern Grantha characters). ^[1]

History

The start of the development of Old Malayalam from a dialect of contemporary [medieval] Tamil can be dated to c. 7th - 8th century CE. ^{[3] [4] [5]} It remained a west coast dialect until c. 9th century CE or a little later. ^{[3] [6]}

The formation of the language is mainly attributed to geographical separation of Kerala from the Tamil country ^[6] and the influence of immigrant Tulu-Canarese Brahmins in Kerala (who also knew Sanskrit and Prakrit). ^[1]

The later evolution of Old Malayalam is visible in the inscriptions dated to c. 9th to c. 12th century CE. ^{[7] [8]}

Literature

There is no Old Malayalam literature preserved from this period (c. 9th to c. 12th century AD). ^[9] Some of the earliest extant Malayalam literary compositions appear after the early medieval period. ^{[10] [11]} Malayalam was historically noted for its diglossia, or existence of different varieties of the language (the prestige form, literary form, formal variety, and common colloquial dialect). ^[5]

Differences from medieval Tamil

Although Old Malayalam closely resembles contemporary [medieval] Tamil it also shows characteristic new features. ^[12] Major differences between Old Malayalam (the Chera inscriptional language) and contemporary [medieval] inscriptional/literary Tamil of the eastern country are: ^[1]

• Nasalization of adjoining sounds
• Substitution of palatal sounds for dental sounds
• Contraction of vowels

• Rejection of gender verbs

Old Malayalam inscriptions

Some of the discovered inscriptions in Old Malayalam are listed below in their expected chronological order, along with their locations and significance. Most of them are engraved in the Vatteluttu script, with additional Grantha characters.

Inscription	Location of Origin	Notes
Quilon Syrian copper plates (mid-9th century AD) [13]	Kollam Port (?)	Oldest available from the early Malayalam inscription (script: Vatteluttu). [13]
Irinjalakkuda inscription (mid-9th century AD) [13]	Irinjalakkuda [14]	Oldest early Malayalam temple inscription from Kerala. [14]
Thiruvatruvay copper plate (mid-9th century AD) [13]	Thiruvatruvay, Thiruvalla [14]	Earliest reference to Onam Festival in Kerala. [13]
Vazhappally copper plate (late-9th century AD) [15]	Thiruvatruvay, Vazhappally [14]	Mentions a coin called "dinara". [15] [14]

Gallery

• 
  Maniyur inscription
• 
  Muchundi Mosque inscription (Kozhikode)
• 
  Vazhappally copper plate (Rama Rajasekhara)
• 
  Quilon Syrian copper plates (Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara)
• 
  Quilon Syrian copper plates (plates 1 and 4)
• 
  Quilon Syrian copper plates (plate 6)
• 
  Tiruvalla copper plates
• 
  Perunna inscription (Rama Kulasekhara)
• 
  Viraraghava copper plates (Viraraghava)
• 
  Mampalli copper plate (Srivallabhan Kotha)

References

1. Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 380–82. ISBN   9788188765072.
2. Ayyar, L. V. Ramaswami (1936). The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology. Thrissur (Kerala): Rama Varma Research Institute. p. 3.
3. Karashima, Noburu, ed. (2014). "Language and Literature". A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 152–53. ISBN   978-0-19-809977-2.
4. Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 438-42.
5. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2024). "Malayalam Language". Encyclopædia Britannica.
6. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2024). "Dravidian Languages". Encyclopædia Britannica.
7. Menon, T. K. Krishna (1939). A Primer of Malayalam Literature. Asian Educational Services. ISBN   9788120606036.
8. Baby, Saumya (2007). L. V. Ramaswami Aiyar's Contributions to Malayalam Linguistics: A Critical Analysis (PDF). Department of Malayalam, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.
9. Freeman, Rich (2003). "The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala". In Sheldon, Pollock (ed.). Literary Cultures in History. University of California Press. pp. 445–46.
10. Menon, T. K. Krishna (1939). A Primer of Malayalam Literature. Asian Educational Services. ISBN   9788120606036.
11. Baby, Saumya (2007). L. V. Ramaswami Aiyar's Contributions to Malayalam Linguistics: A Critical Analysis (PDF). Department of Malayalam, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.
12. Narayanan, M. G. S. (1972). Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala. Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala): Kerala Historical Society. p. 18.
13. Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–28. ISBN   978-1-108-49457-1.
14. Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. "Index to Cera Inscriptions". Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 435–36. ISBN   9788188765072.
15. Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN   9781108494571.

Further reading

• Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). A Short History of Malayalam Literature. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
• Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN   9788126415786.
• Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode. 2018.