Demographics of Kerala

Last updated

Demographics of Kerala
Kerala Population Pyramid in 5-year age groups (2011 census).png
Population pyramid taken from the 2011 census
Population33.4 million
Density859 per sq.km
Growth rate3.31% yearly (2021 estimate)
Life expectancy
 • male75 years
 • female80.15 years
Fertility rate1.82 births per woman
Infant mortality rate7 per 1000 live births
Net migration rate−0.08 per 1000 (2019 estimate)
Age structure
0–14 years19%
15–64 years70%
65 and over12%
Sex ratio
Total0.97 males/female
At birth1.04 males/female

Kerala is a state in south-western India. Most of Kerala's 33.4 million people (as per 2011 census) are ethnically Malayalis (Malayalam speakers). [1] The people of Kerala trace their origins to Dravidians and Aryans and have mixed ancestry. [ citation needed ] Additional ancestries derive from millennia of trade links across the Arabian Sea, whereby people of Arab, Jewish, Syrian, Portuguese, English, Chinese and other ethnicities settled in Kerala. Many of these immigrants intermarried with native Malayalam speakers resulting in formation of many Muslim and Christian groups in Kerala. [2] [3] Some Muslims and Christians thus trace their lineage to Middle Eastern and European settlers who mixed with the native population.

Contents

Malayalam is Kerala's official language and is spoken by at least 97% of the people of Kerala; the next most common language are English. Tamil is spoken mainly in the districts bordering Tamil Nadu nadu, especially Idukki and Palakkad. Tulu is spoken in the northern parts of Kasaragod district. In addition, Kerala is home to 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis (1.10% of the populace). [4] Some 63% of tribals reside in the eastern districts of Wayanad (where 35.82% are tribals), Palakkad (1.02%), and Idukki (15.66%). [5] These groups, including the Paniyars, Mooppans, Irulars, Kurumbars, and Mudugars, [6] speak their own native languages. [7] [8] [9] Cholanaikkan tribe in the Silent Valley National Park were contacted only in the 1970s and they are the most isolated tribe in the state. [10]

Population

Population density of Kerala
Kerala density map1.PNG
Kerala's districts, shaded by population density (inhabitants per km2)
Source: [11]

Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population, and at 859 persons per km2; [12] its land is three times as densely settled as the rest of India. Kerala's western coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2,022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated. [13] However, Kerala's population growth rate is far lower than the national average, although Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 – adding 15.6 million people to reach a total of 29.1 million residents in 1991 – the population stood at 31.8 million by 2001 and 33.3 million in 2011. [12] Kerala's people are most densely settled in the coastal region, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[ citation needed ] Kerala is the second-most urbanised major state in the country with 47.7% urban population according to the 2011 Census of India. [14]

Hinduism is followed by the majority of Keralites (54.7%). The major religions followed in Kerala are Hinduism (54.7% — Hinduism in Kerala), Islam (26.6%) and Christianity (18.4%). [15]

Kerala also had a tiny Jewish population until recently, said to date from 587 BC when they fled the occupation of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. [16] The 2001 Indian census recorded only 51 Jews in Kerala. The Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations. [17]

The state has many famous temples, mosques, and churches. The oldest church in India is found in Kerala, believed to be established by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus Christ and the Cheramaan Juma Mosque is considered to be the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which was built by an Islamic missionary Malik Dinar.[ citation needed ]

Historical population
YearPopulationDecadal growth
201133,406,0614.91
200131,841,3749.43
199129,098,51814.32
198125,453,68019.24
197121,347,37526.29
196116,903,71524.76
195113,549,11822.82
194111,031,54116.04
19319,507,05021.85
19217,802,1279.16
19117,147,67311.75
19016,392,620–

Population graph of Kerala from 2005 to 20

Source: [18]

Features

Distribution of Population in Malappuram, the most populous district of Kerala (2011). The distribution is similar to this pattern in every part of the state. The western Arabian Sea coastline is densely populated while the eastern hilly region adjacent to the Western Ghats is sparsely populated compared to its western coastal counterpart. Distribution of Population in Malappuram District.svg
Distribution of Population in Malappuram, the most populous district of Kerala (2011). The distribution is similar to this pattern in every part of the state. The western Arabian Sea coastline is densely populated while the eastern hilly region adjacent to the Western Ghats is sparsely populated compared to its western coastal counterpart.

Social development

Kerala ranks highest in India with respect to social development indices such as elimination of poverty, primary education and healthcare. This resulted from significant efforts begun in 1911 by the erstwhile Princely states of Cochin and Travancore to boost healthcare and education among the people. This central focus – deemed unusual in India – was then maintained after Kerala's post-independence inauguration as a state. [21] Thus, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India of 93.91% (2011); [22] and life expectancy is now the highest in India. The suicide rates in Kerala are the highest in India. [23] As per the 2011 census, Kerala and Puducherry are the only domiciles in India with a female-to-male ratio higher than 0.99. The ratio for Kerala is 1.084 – 1084 females per 1000 males – while the national figure is 0.940. [24] It is also one of the states in India to have sub-replacement fertility. [25]

UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) designated Kerala as the world's first "baby-friendly state" via its "Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative". The state is also known for Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine – this traditional expertise is currently drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists. However, drawbacks to this situation includes the population's steady ageing – indeed, 11.2% of Keralites are age 60 or over. [21]

Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarised by author and environmentalist Bill McKibben: [26]

Expatriation and Emigration

As of 2011, a total of 2,280,000 Keralites reside outside India. Largest populations are found in UAE (883,313) and US (68,076). [27]

The major concentrations of expat Keralites are in the following nations: (figures as of 2011) [28]

Diversity

There are more than 2,500,000 migrants living in Kerala, [29] mostly from Assam and West Bengal, constituting more than 8% of the population. There are also migrants from Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and the North East. [30] [29] [31]

Studies indicate that by the time of 2026 state elections, migrants will become a crucial voting block in many of the constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kannur districts. [32]

Lists

Urban centres

According to 2011 Census of India, Kerala has six 1.5 million-plus urban agglomerations: Kochi, Kozhikode, Kollam, Kannur, Thiruvananthapuram, and Thrissur, all of which has a population of at least 1.5 million. [33] [34] [35] Over a third of Keralites live in these large cities (a higher percentage than any other state), and over half the population lives in urban centres. [36]

Thiruvananthapuram is the largest city in Kerala in terms of population

 
Largest cities or towns in Kerala
2011 Census of India [37]
As per the population within their respective Municipal Corporation/Municipality limits
Rank District Pop.
1 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram district 968,990
2 Kozhikode Kozhikode district 609,224
3 Kochi Ernakulam district 602,046
4 Kollam Kollam district 388,288
5 Thrissur Thrissur district 315,957
6 Kannur Kannur district 232,486
7 Alappuzha Alappuzha district 180,856
8 Kottayam Kottayam district 138,283
9 Palakkad Palakkad district 131,019
10 Manjeri Malappuram district 97,102

The above table lists Kerala cities in terms of their respective corporation statistics.

According to the 2011 Census, 7 of the top 50 most populous metropolitan areas in India belong to Kerala. They are Kochi, Kozhikode, Kollam, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur and Thrissur ranking 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27 and 48 respectively. [35] [33]

Most populous urban agglomerations

The following is a list of most populous urban agglomerations in the Kerala state of India. Population statistics indicated are as of 2011 census. [38] [39] [40]

(Note that this is a list of metropolitan (UA) population and does not indicate the corporation populations. Cities in India are officially ranked in terms of these numbers)

RankUAPopulation (2011)Population (2001)District
1 Kochi 2,117,9901,355,972 Ernakulam
2 Kozhikode 2,030,519715,681 Kozhikode
3 Kollam 1,854,783103,122 Kollam
4 Malappuram 1,698,645170,409 Malappuram
5 Thiruvananthapuram 1,679,7541,089,635 Thiruvananthapuram
6 Kannur 1,642,892498,207 Kannur
7 Kollam 1,110,005380,091 Kollam
8 Cherthala 455,408141,558 Alappuzha
9 Kayamkulam 427,09168,585 Alappuzha
10 Kottayam 357,533172,878 Kottayam
11 Palakkad 293,566283,369 Palakkad
12 Alappuzha 241,072282,675 Alappuzha
13 Ottappalam 238,23849,242 Palakkad
14 Kanhangad 229,706129,367 Kasaragod
15 Kasaragod 192,76175,968 Kasaragod
16 Changanassery 127,97151,967 Kottayam
17 Chalakkudy 114,90148,380 Thrissur
18 Kothamangalam 114,57437,173 Ernakulam

Ethnic groups

The vast majority of residents of Kerala are Malayalis, but there are many smaller ethnic groups including Tuluvas, Tamils, Kannadigas and Konkanis. In addition, as of early 2013 there are close to 2.5 million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala. [41]

Language

Languages of Kerala (2011) [42]
  1. Malayalam (97.02%)
  2. Tamil (1.49%)
  3. Others (1.5%)

Religion

Hindus constitute 54.7% of the population of Kerala, followed by Islam with 26.6% population and Christianity at third with 18.4% population as per 2011 census.

Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011) [45] [46]
Census
Year		 Hindus Decadal Growth rate (%) Muslims Decadal Growth rate (%) Christians Decadal Growth rate (%)Total
Population		Decadal Growth rate (%)
19014,378,30568.5%N/A1,119,47317.5%N/A891,76713.9%N/A6,389,545100.0%N/A
19114,762,39366.8%+8.771,263,60217.7%+12.871,101,28915.5%+23.507,127,284100.0%+11.55
19215,052,03964.9%+6.081,360,18017.5%+7.641,376,35417.7%+24.987,788,573100.0%+9.28
19316,021,98263.4%+19.201,624,11217.1%+19.401,856,02419.5%+34.859,502,118100.0%+22.00
19416,699,60061.8%+11.251,883,78617.4%+11.602,263,88820.9%+21.9810,847,274100.0%+14.16
19518,344,35161.6%+24.552,374,59817.5%+26.052,825,72020.9%+24.8213,544,669100.0%+24.87
196110,282,56860.9%+23.233,027,63917.9%+27.503,587,36521.2%+26.9516,897,572100.0%+24.75
197112,683,27759.4%+23.354,162,71819.5%+37.494,494,08921.1%+25.2821,340,084100.0%+26.29
198114,801,34758.2%+16.705,409,68721.3%+30.005,233,86520.6%+16.4625,444,899100.0%+19.24
199116,668,58757.3%+12.626,788,35423.3%+25.495,621,51019.3%+7.4129,078,451100.0%+14.28
200117,920,10556.3%+7.517,863,84224.7%+15.846,057,42719.0%+7.7531,841,374100.0%+9.50
201118,282,49254.9%+2.028,873,47226.6%+12.846,141,26918.4%+1.3833,406,061100.0%+4.91
Indicates Least growth rateIndicates Most growth rateSource: Census of India (1901–2011)
Percent Distribution of District Population by Hindu Castes Percent Distribution of District Population by Hindu Castes.png
Percent Distribution of District Population by Hindu Castes
Detailed breakdown of religious demographics
Religion2001 [47] %2011 [48] %
Hinduism17,883,44956.1618,282,49254.73
Islam7,863,84224.708,873,47226.56
Christianity6,057,42719.026,141,26918.38
Buddhism2,027>0.014,7520.01
Jainism4,5280.014,4890.01
Sikhism2,762>0.013,8140.01
Other2,256>0.017,6180.02
Not stated——88,1550.26
Total31,841,374~10033,406,061~100

Religious demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)

Religious Demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)
Census year Hindus Christians Muslims Total population
1816 – 1820752,37182.99%112,15812.37%42,0584.64%906,587
18811,755,61073.12%498,54220.76%146,9096.12%2,401,158
18911,871,86473.18%526,91120.60%158,8236.21%2,557,736
19012,063,79869.91%697,38723.62%190,5666.46%2,952,157
19112,298,39067.03%903,86826.36%226,6176.61%3,428,975
19212,562,30163.96%1,172,93429.27%270,4786.75%4,006,062
19313,137,79561.57%1,604,47531.46%353,2746.93%5,095,973
19413,671,48060.49%1,963,80832.35%434,1507.15%6,070,018

Sources: [49] [50] [51] [52]

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871–1951)

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871&1951)
Religion 1871 1951
1Hinduism72.43%63.25%
2Islam25.72%33.49%
3Christianity1.43%3.24%

Sources: [53] [54]

Communities

Caste/communities of Kerala (2011)
  1. Mappila Muslims (16.7%)
  2. Rowther Muslims (9.92%)
  3. Ezhavas (12.2%)
  4. Thiyyar (10.4%)
  5. Nairs (14.6%)
  6. Marthoma Nasrani (12.5%)
  7. Scheduled Castes (9.8%)
  8. Dheevaras (2.8%)
  9. Roman Catholic Latin Rite (2.5%)
  10. Brahmins (1.7%)
  11. Scheduled Tribes (1.1%)
  12. Other Christians (3%)
  13. Other Hindu Castes (2.9%)
  14. Others (0.3%)

Age structure

Population pyramid for Kerala as of 2011 Kerala Population Pyramid in 5-year age groups (2011 census).png
Population pyramid for Kerala as of 2011

(2011 census)

0–6 years: 9.95%
7–14 years: 23.9%
15–59 years: 54.3%
60 years and over:12.8%
Population by age (2011)
Age (Years):Male populationFemale population
0–412475341205558
5–913031901251922
10–1414389171383853
15–1913282991282253
20–2412988261366983
25–2912039781400114
30–3411282171327284
35–3911618191417854
40–4411174241295074
45–4911055981242932
50–54931191996954
55–59861527880881
60–64685136729535
65–69459232542902
70–74326562406810
75–79208317293050
80+204348337501
Median age
Year:196119711981199120012011
Age:19.2819.3921.8124.3628.8732

Urbanisation

Urbanisation Rate in Kerala
YearRural

population

(%)

Urban

Population

(%)

196184.915.11
197183.7616.24
198181.2618.74
199173.6126.39
200174.0425.96
201152.2647.74

Birth rate

YearBirthsDeathsNatural
change		Birth
rate		Death
rate		N. change
rate
1997607,727166,428441,29919.25.313.9
1998591,508185,788405,72018.45.812.6
1999596,948186,828410,12018.35.712.6
2000593,724178,795414,92918.05.412.6
2001579,063182,059397,00418.15.712.4
2002581,925184,597397,32818.05.712.3
2003558,369194,264364,10517.26.011.2
2004563,153199,017364,13617.16.111.0
2005559,082204,157354,92517.36.311.0
2006556,326219,094337,23216.66.610.0
2007545,154238,691306,46316.27.19.1
2008535,738221,769313,96915.76.59.2
2009544,348238,691305,65716.27.19.1
2010546,964238,864308,10015.86.98.9
2011560,268245,002315,26616.77.39.4
2012550,411239,982310,42916.47.19.3
2013536,352260,915276,15715.97.78.2
2014534,458248,242286,21615.87.38.5
2015516,013252,576263,43715.17.47.7
2016496,292256,130240,16214.57.57.0
2017503,588263,342240,24614.67.67.0
2018488,174258,530229,64414.17.56.6
2019480,113270,567209,54613.87.86.0
2020446,891250,983195,90812.87.25.6
2021419,767339,64880,11911.99.72.3
Birth data by religion
Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family [64]
Religion2023 [65]  %2022 [66]  %2021 [67]  %2020 [68]  %2019 [69]  %2018 [70]  %2017 [71] %2016 [72]  %2015 [73]  %2014 [74]  %2013 [75]  %2012 [76]  %2011 [77]  %2010 [78]  %2009 [79]  %2008 [80]  %2007 [81]  %2006 [82]  %2005 [83]  %
Muslim1,76,31244.84%2,00,32545.22%169,29640.33%196,13843.89%212,93344.35%213,80543.80%216,52543.00%211,18242.55%213,86541.45%218,43740.87%214,25739.96%175,89231.96%214,09938.21%209,27638.26%204,71137.61%194,58336.32%183,79633.71%196,49335.32%191,67534.28%
Hindu1,58,39940.28%1,77,03739.96%181,39643.21%185,41141.49%197,06141.04%203,15841.61%210,07141.71%207,83141.88%221,22042.87%231,03143.23%236,42044.08%214,59138.99%248,61044.37%246,29745.03%247,70745.51%241,30545.04%250,09445.88%258,11946.40%262,97647.04%
Christian56,81014.47%64,16814.48%59,76614.24%62,26513.93%68,59614.29%69,84414.31%75,33514.96%76,20515.35%79,56515.42%83,61615.65%84,66015.78%102,54618.63%94,66416.90%88,93616.26%90,45116.62%94,17517.58%98,22018.02%96,46917.34%98,35317.59%
Others1,2940.33%1,2350.28%9,1432.18%2,9670.66%1,4080.29%1,2140.25%1,4970.30%8520.18%9330.18%1,1780.22%8690.16%57,21510.39%2,6710.48%6510.12%7040.13%5,1510.96%6,1081.12%1,5450.28%1,0980.19%
Not Stated4160.11%2670.06%1660.04%1100.02%1150.02%1530.03%1690.03%2220.04%4300.08%1960.03%1460.02%1670.03%2240.04%1,8060.33%7750.14%5240.10%6,9361.27%3,7000.66%4,9800.89%
Total3,93,231100%443032100%419,767100%446,891100%480,113100%488,174100%503,588100%496,292100%516,013100%534,458100%536,352100%550,411100%560,268100%546,964100%544,348100%535,738100%545,154100%556,326100%559,082100%

17.1 births/1,000 population (1994–2001 est.) [84]

Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994–2001 (20.3 in 1984–1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984–1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.

According to the 2011 Census, Thiruvalla taluk has the lowest birth rate and Tirurangadi taluk has the highest birth rate. [85]

Lowest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Thiruvalla – 10.63 per 1,000
  2. Mallappally – 10.69 per 1,000
  3. Kozhenchery – 10.86 per 1,000
  4. Chengannur – 10.93 per 1,000
  5. Adoor – 11.09 per 1,000

Highest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Tirurangadi – 19.99 per 1,000
  2. Ernad – 19.68 per 1,000
  3. Perinthalmanna – 19.43 per 1,000
  4. Tirur – 19.16 per 1,000
  5. Nilambur – 18.34 per 1,000

Vital stats for the year 2011: [86]

CommunityPopBirthsBirth RateDeathsDeath RateNGR%
Total33,406,061560,26816.77245,0027.330.94%
Hindu18,282,492248,61013.60148,0978.100.55%
Muslim8,873,472214,09924.1345,3055.111.90%
Christian6,141,26994,66415.4150,3658.200.72%

Net migration rate

(-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)

Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%). [90]

Sex ratio

According to the 2011 census, women outnumber men in all the districts of Kerala with the highest proportion in Kannur and Pathanamthitta districts.

DistrictsPopulationMales%Females%
Kasargod 1,307,375628,61348.1%678,76251.9%
Kannur 2,523,0031,181,44646.8%1,341,55753.2%
Wayanad 817,420401,68449.1%415,73650.9%
Kozhikode 3,086,2931,470,94247.7%1,615,35152.3%
Malappuram 4,112,9201,960,32847.7%2,152,59252.3%
Palakkad 2,809,9341,359,47848.4%1,450,45651.6%
Thrissur 3,121,2001,480,76347.4%1,640,43752.6%
Ernakulam 3,282,3881,619,55749.3%1,662,83150.7%
Idukki 1,108,974552,80849.8%556,16650.2%
Kottayam 1,974,551968,28949%1,006,26251%
Alappuzha 2,127,7891,013,14247.6%1,114,64752.4%
Pathanamthitta 1,197,412561,71646.8%635,69653.2%
Kollam 2,635,3751,246,96847.3%1,388,40752.7%
Thiruvananthapuram 3,301,4271,581,67847.9%1,719,74952.1%

Vital statistics

YearInfant

Mortality

Rate

(per 1000 birth)

Crude

Birth Rate

(per 100)

Crude

Death Rate

(per 1000)

Natural

Growth

Rate

(per 1000)

Maternal

Mortality Rate

(Maternal death/

100000 live birth)

Total

Fertility

Rate

(Birth/Woman)

20001417.96.411.51.7
20011117.36.610.71.8
20021016.96.410.51.8
20031116.76.310.41.8
20041215.26.19.1951.7
20051415.06.48.61.7
20061514.96.78.21.7
20071314.76.87.9811.7
20081214.66.68.01.7
20091214.76.87.91.7
20101314.87.07.8661.7
20111215.27.08.2611.7
20121214.96.98.01.7
20131214.76.97.81.6
20141214.86.68.2461.6
20151214.86.68.2421.6
20161014.37.66.71.7
20171014.26.87.41.7
2018713.96.97.031 (est)1.8

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth is 78 years. [91]

In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, Nairs having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997–98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala. [92]

As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629. [93]

For Hindus, the TFR is highest in Wayanad (1.710) and lowest in Thiruvananthapuram (1.435). For the Muslims, it is Kannur (2.779) and Pathanamthitta (1.707), while for the Christians the respective districts are Kasaragod (1.929) and Kollam (1.539). [93]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "KERALA POPULATION STATISTICS AS PER 2011 CENSUS".
  2. ↑ Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature by K. M. George, p2, ISBN   81-260-0413-4 Google book
  3. ↑ Caste, Class and Catholicism in India 1789–1914 by Kenneth Ballhatchet, p2, ISBN   0-7007-1095-7
  4. ↑ ( Kalathil 2004 , p. 10).
  5. ↑ ( Kalathil 2004 , p. 12).
  6. ↑ ( Kalathil 2004 , pp. 13–14).
  7. ↑ ( Kalathil 2004 , pp. 30–32).
  8. ↑ ( Kalathil 2004 , p. 37).
  9. ↑ ( Kalathil 2004 , p. 39).
  10. ↑ Heller, Patrick (June 1996). "Social capital as a product of class mobilization and state intervention: Industrial workers in Kerala, India". World Development. 24 (6): 1055–1071. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00015-0 .
  11. ↑ ( GOK 2001 )
  12. 1 2 "Census of India : Provisional Population Totals India : Paper1 : Census 2011". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  13. ↑ R Ramesh; R Purvaja; A Senthil Vel. Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast (PDF). National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  14. ↑ "Level of Urbanisation in Indian States". mohua.gov.in. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
  15. ↑ "Indian Census". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Edna Fernandes, The Last Jews of Kerala, Skyhorse Publishing, 2008
  17. ↑ "Oldest Commonwealth synagogue turns 450". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  18. ↑ "Population of Kerala - StatisticsTimes.com". statisticstimes.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  19. ↑ "Census 2011, Malappuram" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in.
  20. ↑ R Ramesh; R Purvaja; A Senthil Vel. Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast (PDF). National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests.
  21. 1 2 Varma, A.R. Rajaraja (2005). Keralapanineeyam. Kottayam: D C Books. ISBN   81-7130-672-1.
  22. ↑ "Census 2011: Chapter 6 State of Literacy". www.censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013.
  23. ↑ http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2015/chapter-2%2520suicides-v1.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwibmOS41p_XAhUBLo8KHVjhCeUQFgh7MAk&usg=AOvVaw1qQ89yX7CZ0QKT6J9VigMn [ dead link ]
  24. ↑ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in.
  25. ↑ "| NITI Aayog". Niti.gov.in. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  26. ↑ ( McKibben 1999 ).
  27. ↑ "Migration From Kerala Growing Steadily, Shows Study". Daijiworld.com. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  28. ↑ "A Gulf without Keralites could soon be a reality". Emirates 24/7. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  29. 1 2 "Invisible people". www.frontlineonnet.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011.
  30. ↑ "In Migrants' Own Country". The Indian Express. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  31. ↑ "No Malayalam please, we're Bongs". The Telegraph (India). Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  32. ↑ Rakesh, K.M. (20 April 2011). "Missing voters". The Telegraph. Kolkata, India. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
  33. 1 2 "Cities of India – statewise". govemployees.in. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  34. ↑ "3 of world's 10 fastest-growing urban areas are in Kerala: Economist ranking". 8 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  35. 1 2 "Urban centres of Kerala". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  36. ↑ "One in 3 Keralites lives in big cities". The Times of India . 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
  37. ↑ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Population of the urban local bodies in Kerala (2011). Government of Kerala. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  38. ↑ "ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOWNS AND THEIR POPULATION" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  39. ↑ "Population Analysis with list of UAs and their Population" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  40. ↑ "Analysis of Census Date : 2011" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  41. ↑ "Migrant worker population in Kerala touches 2.5 m | Business Line". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  42. 1 2 "Language – India, States and Union Territories" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General. pp. 13–14.
  43. 1 2 "Census of India – Language". censusindia.gov.in.
  44. ↑ "Kerala government to appoint officer to study issues of linguistic minorities". City: Thiruvananthapuram. The Times of India. TNN. 2 August 2017.
  45. ↑ "Kerala: Muslims will be double the number of Christians by 2051". 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  46. ↑ Photo imgur.com
  47. ↑ "Total population by religious communities". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  48. ↑ "Indian Census 2011". Census Department, Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  49. ↑ Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. 1932. pp. 327, 331.
  50. ↑ Report on the Census of Travancore (1881) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of India. 1884. pp. 135, 258.
  51. ↑ Report on the Census of Travancore (1891) (PDF). Chennai: Government of India. 1894. pp. 10–11, 683.
  52. ↑ Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Government of Travancore. 1942. pp. 124–125.
  53. ↑ Cornish, W. R. (1874). Report on the Census of Madras Presidency – 1871 (PDF). Madras: Government of Madras.
  54. ↑ 1951 census handbook – Malabar district (PDF). Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953.
  55. ↑ Census Tables censusindia.gov.in Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ Denominations are not considered as caste or ethnic groups. Caste groups among Christians, which is a continuation of casteism in Hinduism, runs parallel to denominational divisions. One caste group may be spread over many denominations. One denomination may have more than one caste group in it. A person belonging to a denomination can convert to another denomination.
  57. ↑ "Kerala News : Increase in Muslim population in the State". The Hindu . 23 September 2004. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  58. ↑ "Guess who's after the Hindu vote in Kerala? (Hint: It's not the BJP)". 10 February 2016.
  59. ↑ Radhakrishnan, M. G. (5 September 2012). "Caste-based organisations NSS, SNDP form Hindu Grand Alliance in Kerala". India Today.
  60. ↑ Shenoy, T. V. R. "The communal polarisation of Kerala's voters". Rediff.
  61. ↑ "Dheevara Sabha calls for redefining minority status". The Hindu. 7 July 2006.
  62. ↑ "Brahmins in India". 5 February 2022.
  63. ↑ "Population of Tribals Percentage of Population – Kerala". 2003. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  64. ↑ "Vital Statistics Reports". Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  65. ↑ India, DES, Government of Kerala. "Annual Vital Statistics Report 2023". ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 19 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ↑ India, DES, Government of Kerala. "Annual Vital Statistics Report 2022". ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 19 June 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2021, Page Number 98" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division, Department of Economics & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  68. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2020, Page Number 109" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division, Department of Economics & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  69. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2019, Page Number 100". Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  70. 1 2 "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2018, Page Number 92" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  71. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2017, Page Number 90" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  72. ↑ Vital statistics 2016 kerala.gov.in Archived 24 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2015, Page Number 21" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  74. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2014, Page Number 22" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  75. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2013, Page Number 22" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  76. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2012, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  77. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2011, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  78. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2010, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23-24" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  79. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2009, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 19-20" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  80. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2008, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 19-20" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  81. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2007, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 16" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  82. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2006, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 34" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  83. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2005, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 28" (PDF). Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  84. ↑ "Family structure, women's education and work: Re-examining the high status of women in Kerala" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  85. ↑ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/PPT2_Tables_2.pdf [ dead link ]
  86. 1 2 "Annual Vital Statistics Report 2011" (PDF). Ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  87. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report 2007" (PDF). Ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  88. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report 2008" (PDF). Ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  89. ↑ "Annual Vital Statistics Report 2010" (PDF). Ecostat.kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  90. ↑ "Profile of Emigrants from India: A comparative study of Kerala and Punjab" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  91. ↑ "niti ayog".
  92. ↑ Alagarajan, Manoj (2003). "An Analysis of Fertility Differentials by Religion in Kerala State: A Test of the Interaction Hypothesis". Population Research and Policy Review. 22 (5/6): 557–574. doi:10.1023/B:POPU.0000020963.63244.8c. S2CID   154895913.
  93. 1 2 2011 Census censusindia.gov.in Archived 21 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.