The importance and antiquity of education in Kerala is underscored by the state's ranking as among the most literate in the country. The educational transformation of Kerala was triggered by efforts of the Church Mission Society missionaries, who were the pioneers that promoted mass education in Kerala, in the early decades of the 19th century.[1][2][3][4][5] The local dynastic precursors of modern-day Kerala—primarily the Travancore Royal Family, the Nair Service Society,[6]Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam[7] (SNDP Yogam) and Muslim Educational Society (MES)[8]—also made significant contributions to the progress on education in Kerala.[9] Local schools were known by the general word kalaris, some of which taught martial arts, but other village schools run by Ezhuthachans were for imparting general education. Christian missionaries and British rule brought the modern school education system to Kerala.
Education in Kerala had been promoted during British rule in India as part of their policy and also by Christian missionaries. A significant figure in the 19th century was Archbishop Bernardine Baccinelli,[10] who started a system called "A school along with every church" to make education available for both poor and rich. That system still continues in the present. His work has resulted in the promotion of education for girls and has become a model for the educational system in Kerala after independence. Kerala's high literacy rate is attributed to a high literacy rate among girls; as it is said, "When a woman is educated, she will make sure that her children are well-educated."
Mother Eliswa, a widow turned nun started the first school for girls in Kerala.[11]
Before that local schools were formed by wealthy families or by teachers known as kudipallikudam where children were taught language/literature, mathematics etc. Tamil and Sanskrit were given special status while Malayalam was not given that respect. Almost all communities had members who were well educated. Artisan/trade/medical communities like Vishwakarma, Ezhava, etc., gave special interest in acquiring education. A cultural revolution happened during the second part of the 19th and first half of 20th century in Kerala and emphasis of education was part of it. Many schools and even ladies hostels were started during this period. This period also saw the popularization of newspapers, magazines etc.
History
Medieval era
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala mainly based at Vettathunadu (present-day Tirur region), which included among its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts. Their most important results—series expansion for trigonometric functions—were described in Sanskrit verse in a book by Neelakanta called Tantrasangraha, and again in a commentary on this work, called Tantrasangraha-vakhya, of unknown authorship. The theorems were stated without proof, but proofs for the series for sine, cosine, and inverse tangent were provided a century later in the work Yuktibhāṣā (c.1500–1610), written in Malayalam, by Jyesthadeva, and also in a commentary on Tantrasangraha. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series). However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration, nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala.
Modern era
According to the first economic census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 kilometres (1.2mi), 98.6% had a middle school within 2 kilometres (1.2mi) and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 kilometres (3.1mi).[12]:62 In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognised as completely literate, although the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%.[13] In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states in India.[14]As of 2007[update], enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions.[15] According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the national literacy rate of 74.0%.[16] In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its Athulyam literacy programme.[17] Though the cost of education is generally considered low in Kerala,[18] according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households was reported to be ₹41 (54¢US) for Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[19]
Present
Schools and colleges are mostly run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Each school is affiliated with either the State Council of Educational Research and Training, Kerala (SCERT Kerala), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most private schools, while government run schools offer English or Malayalam as the medium of instruction. Government-run schools in the districts bordering Karnataka and Tamil Nadu also offer instruction in Kannada or Tamil languages. A handful of Government Sanskrit Schools provide instruction in Sanskrit supplemented by Malayalam, English, Tamil or Kannada. After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams—liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional degree programmes. Kerala topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.[20] In January 2016, Kerala became the 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its literacy programme Athulyam.[21] Around 18% of the total employees in the organised sector of state, both public and private, are employed in the Educational sector as in March 2020.[22] Kerala is also one of the Indian states which spend a larger proportion of its revenue for human resource development including educational and healthcare uplifting.Also it is mostly literate[22]
Quality of education
The KITE Kerala is a state owned special purpose company under education department of the Government of Kerala.[23][24] It was developed to support ICT enabled education for schools in the state. The erstwhile IT@School Project was transformed into KITE for extending its scope of operations in August 2017.[25][26] Kerala is the first Indian state to have ICT-enabled education with hi-tech classrooms in all public schools.[27][28] Kerala topped in the School Education Quality Index published by NITI Aayog in 2019.[29]
A study published in 1999 by the Centre for Socio-economic & Environmental Studies stated that while the dropout rates were very low in primary schools, the same increases in the ninth and the tenth standards in Kerala. This was particularly true of SC/ST students. Schools showed that only 73% of the students joining at 1st Standard reach the 10th Standard. In the case of scheduled caste students, only 59% reached the 10th standard. 60% of Scheduled Tribe students drop out by the 10th standard.[30]
In March 2011, 91.37% students qualified for higher studies in the matriculation Examination. The grades in SSLC examination plays an important role in the admission procedure to colleges in Kerala.[31]
Organisation
The schools and colleges in Kerala are run by the government or private trusts and individuals. Majority of public schools are affiliated with the SCERT Kerala. There are 15,892 schools under the SCERT, of which 5,986 are government schools, 8,183 are aided schools, and the rest are either un-aided or technical schools.[32] Each school is affiliated with either the State Council of Educational Research and Training, Kerala (SCERT Kerala), Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), though some schools in the state do offer Cambridge International Examination's IGCSE curriculum. English is the language of instruction in most private schools, but government-run schools offer both English and Malayalam as medium. After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams—liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional degree programmes. Lots of civil service institutes are there.
Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam city.[47] Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with around 40 such institutes in the district. Students from various Indian states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh also come here for coaching.[48]
Kottayam
CMS College, Kottayam, established in 1817, is the first western-style college, and one of the oldest colleges, in India.
Kottayam also acts as a main educational hub. According to the 1991 census, Kottayam District of Kerala is the first district to achieve full literacy rate in the whole of India. The Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology Kottayam (Government Engineering college) is one among the few elite engineering institutes of the state. Mahatma Gandhi University, CMS College, Medical College, Kottayam, Alphonsa College, Pala, Baselious College, Kottayam,[49] BCM College, Kottayam,[50] BK College, Kottayam, KE College,govt college kottayam,Mannanam, KG College, Pampady, Saintgits College, Pathamuttam, St. Berchmans College,[51] Changanasserry, Assumption College, Changanasserry, St. Thomas College, Pala, St. Dominics College, Kanjirapally, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally are some of the important educational institutions in the district. Lourdes Public School and Junior College, Girideepam Bethany schools, Sree Kumaramangalam Public School and Marian Senior Secondary School, Kottayam are the most reputed Secondary Schools in the district.
Kerala Institute of Local Administration is the only educational institution in Kerala where the training for IAS candidates takes place. Thrissur has Kerala Police Academy, Academy for Central Excise, Kerala Forest Research Institute, and research institutes under KAU.
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions.[58][59] The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at Vettathunadu (Tirur region).[58]
The progress that Malappuram district has achieved in the field of education during the last four decades is tremendous. Great strides have been made in the field of female education. The district plays a significant role in the higher education sector of the state. It is home to two of the main universities in the state- the University of Calicut centered at Tenhipalam which was established in 1968 as the second university in Kerala,[60] and the Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University centered at Tirur which was established in the year 2012.[61]AMU Malappuram Campus, one of the three off-campus centres of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is situated in Cherukara, which was established by the AMU in 2010.[62][63] An off-campus of the English and Foreign Languages University functions at Panakkad.[64] The district is also home to a subcentre of Kerala Agricultural University at Thavanur, and a subcentre of Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit at Tirunavaya. The headquarters of Darul Huda Islamic University is at Chemmad, Tirurangadi. INKEL Greens at Malappuram provides an educational zone with the industrial zone.[65] Eranad Knowledge City at Manjeri is a first of its kind project in the state.[66] The MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram, is the first established engineering college under the self financing sector in Kerala, an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6km) alongside the Bharathappuzha river. The KCAET at Thavanur established in 1963, is the only agricultural engineering institute in the state. The Govt Ayurveda Research Institute for Mental Disease at Pottippara near Kottakkal is the only government Ayurvedic mental hospital in Kerala. It is also the first of its type under the public sector in the country. Kerala Ayurvedic Studies and Research Society (KASRS) under Government of Kerala is situated at Edarikode near Kottakkal. The Government of Kerala has proposed to establish one more university, Ayurveda University, at Kottakkal.
The district has the most schools as well as most number of students in Kerala as per the school statistics of 2019–20. There are 898 Lower primary schools,[67] 363 Upper primary schools,[68] Besides these, there are 120 CBSE schools and 3 ICSE schools.
The district also hosts a substantial amount of religious educational institutions such as Darul Huda Islamic University and Maadin Educational Academy which has more than 30 affiliated colleges throughout Kerala. Non Profit organizations like[69] (1967) Kondotty were played a major role to implement academic upliftment in Malappuram during its early enlightenment. Now Such Institutions developed under visionaries are withstanding ages with crowns in academic development. Darul Huda Islamic Universities, Ma'din Academy and Markaz Group of institutions at Kondotty under AIC Trust are remarkable examples with numerous academic institutions in all streams of Science, Literature, Language, Commerce and Social sciences. The recent Institutions like Phase Markaz International School, Kondotty emerged under AICT are notable examples to bring educations to all level of societies to develop model citizens.
AMU Malappuram Campus
AMU Malappuram Campus is center of Aligarh Muslim University of higher education learning, located in Cherukara village of Perinthalmanna at the hills of Chelamala. It has five years Law course after 12th class, MBA and B.ed after graduation. The students can apply in the month of march for the test of these courses at AMU Controller of Exam.
Kozhikode is the major education city in Kerala which is home to two of the premier educational institutions in the country; the IIMK, one of the thirteen Indian Institutes of Management, and the only National Institute of Technology in Kerala, the NITC.
Other important educational institutions in the district include Calicut Medical College, Government Law College, Calicut, Government Engineering College Kozhikode, College of Applied Science IHRD, Kiliyand Kozhikode, College of Nursing Calicut, Kerala School of Mathematics, Govt. Dental College, Co-Operative Institute of Technology and Govt. Polytechnic College. The White School International (TWSI) is a highly progressive school and enterprising international IB candidate school in Calicut, Kerala, pledged to provide quality education with emphasis on traditional values. TWSI, a part of HiLITE Group, was founded with a thought to create an institution based on purity and knowledge. With an education system that is designed to be distinctive, innovative, in-depth and insightful, the school provides its students with a holistic education, imparted through caring and dedicated tutors in a contemporary learning ambience. TWSI is an international school recognized as an Edexcel International centre. Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya is institute of higher learning in modern and traditional subjects at Kozhikode.
Kannur district has the Kannur University; (This is a multi-campus University having campuses at Kasaragod, Kannur, Thalassery and Mananthavady – The Headquarters of the university is situated at Thavakkara, Kannur), one Government Engineering College, one Government Ayurveda College and several arts and sciences colleges. It also hosts the 13th Centre of NIFT (National Institute of Fashion Technology). The people of Kannur, with the effective leadership of Mr M.V. Raghavan established a full-fledged Medical College in Co-operative sector at Pariyaram.[70] Kannur Medical College at Anjarakandy is a private Medical College located in this district. A private sector Ayurveda Medical College is situated at Parassinikkadavu. The Indian Naval Academy, located at Ezhimala, is Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval academy.[71][72]Government Brennen College, Thalassery, founded by philanthropist Edward Brennen in 1862, is one among the oldest educational institutions in India.
Kasaragod is home to the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, originally established in 1916 as the Coconut Research Station. It is part of India's National Agricultural Research System under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.[73] According to the institute, Kerala "lies in the heart of the major coconut growing areas of the country." It is also home to the Indian Society for Plantation Crops, which publishes the Journal of Plantation Crops and holds symposiums on the subject.[74] The Central University of Kerala is also located in Kasargod (Periya hills).
Thiruvananthapuram, also known by its former name Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011. The encompassing urban agglomeration population is around 1.68 million. Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major information technology hub in Kerala and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.
Palakkad District, in the southeastern part of the former Malabar district, is one of the 14 districts of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located right in the middle of the state. Also, it is the largest district in Kerala since 2006. The city of Palakkad is the district headquarters. Palakkad is bordered on the northwest by the Malappuram District, on the southwest by the Thrissur District, on the northeast by Nilgiris District, and on the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The district is nicknamed "the granary of Kerala". Palakkad is the gateway to Kerala due to the presence of the Palakkad Gap, in the Western Ghats. The 2,383 m high Anginda peak, which is situated in the border of Palakkad district, Nilgiris district, and Malappuram district, in Silent Valley National Park, is the highest point of elevation in Palakkad district. Palakkad city is located just 50 km away from Coimbatore, which is the second-largest city in Tamil Nadu, only after to Chennai.
The Institute of Human Resources Development (IHRD) was established by the Government of Kerala (India) in 1987, with the institutional centre at Thiruvananthapuram and Model polytechnics in 1988 at Vatakara. IHRD has grown within a short period into a network of more than 50 institutions. In addition to regular courses of study in academic establishments, IHRD also runs short and long-term employment oriented and continuing education programmes.
Thiruvananthapuram District, is the southernmost district in the Indian state of Kerala. The district was created in 1949, with its headquarters in the city of Thiruvananthapuram, which is also Kerala's capital. It is also the IT capital of the State. The present district was created in 1956 by separating the four southernmost Taluks of the erstwhile district to form Kanyakumari district. The district is home to more than 9% of total population of the state.
Kannur University is a multi-campus public university established in 1996 to provide development of higher education in Kasaragod, Kannur, and Wayanad districts of Kerala, India. It was established after the passing of Act No. 22 of 1996 of the Kerala Legislative Assembly. A university by the name of "Malabar University" had come into existence even earlier by the passing of an ordinance by the Governor of Kerala, on 9 November 1995.
Manjeri is a major town and municipality in Malappuram district, Kerala, India. It is the fourth-most populous municipality in state. It is situated 23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast to Karipur International Airport and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northeast to Malappuram, the district headquarters, and forms a part of Malappuram metropolitan area. It is one of the major commercial towns under the Malappuram urban agglomeration and serves as the headquarters of Eranad Taluk. Manjeri Municipality is a Local Self Government Institution with a jurisdiction of three villages namely Manjeri, Payyanad, and Narukara.
The University of Calicut, also known as Calicut University, is a collegiate state public university in Malappuram District located in northern Kerala, India. Established in 1968, it is the first university to be set up in northern Kerala. The university is co-ordinatinated by the University Grants Commission. It is headquartered at Tenhipalam, about 20 km (12 mi) south of the city of Calicut and about 30 km (19 mi) from city of Malappuram located in Malappuram District.
Feroke, IPA: [fɐroːkːɨ̆], is a Municipality and a part of Kozhikode metropolitan area under Kozhikode Development Authority (K.D.A) in the Kozhikode district of the Indian state of Kerala.
The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT), Kerala is a board of school education in India, conducted by the government of the state of Kerala, India. The board prepares the syllabus and evaluation for schools affiliated with it.
Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) is the primary and the principal instrumentality of the Kerala state in providing human resources, and skills and technology, required for the sustainable development of its agriculture, defined broadly encompassing all production activities based on land and water, including crop production (agriculture), forestry and fisheries through conducting, interfacing and integrating education, research and extension in these spheres of economic endeavour. It is situated in Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala. Dr. R. Chandra Babu is the Vice-Chancellor and Dr. Sakeer Husain. A is the Registrar (i/c)
Ayoor is a Town in Edamulakkal Panchayath of Punalur Taluk, Kollam district, Kerala state, India. Ayoor is located on the M C Road or state highway one. It is 32 km east of Kollam City, 17 km south of Kottarakara and 55 km north of Thiruvananthapuram City. Punalur City is 19 Km, Anchal is 8 km away, Chadayamangalam and Kadakkal lies south of Ayoor. The place is a commercial center with rubber, paddy, cashew and pepper being the main trading items. The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 62 km south of Ayoor. Kollam Junction Railway Station is 31 km away.
Kunnamangalam is a growing census town located about 14 km east of Kozhikode (Calicut) city on the Calicut-Bangalore National Highway. Nearby places are Koduvally, Mukkam, Chathamangalam, and Kettangal. India's premier educational institutions like Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode (IIMK), National Institute of Technology Calicut, National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Indian Institute of Spices Research, and Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode are located here. Kunnamangalam is developing as a suburb of Kozhikode, Kunnamangalam is the east side entry of Calicut city.
Perinthalmanna is a major town, a municipality, and the headquarters of the Perinthalmanna taluk in Malappuram district, Kerala, India. It is also the headquarters of a block and a Revenue Division of the same name. The town is located 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-west to the city of Malappuram at the centre of the Kozhikode-Palakkad National Highway 966.
J. Hareendran Nair is an Indian Ayurveda practitioner and entrepreneur from Kerala. He is the founder of Pankajakasthuri Herbals, a business group which has contributed in promoting and popularising Ayurveda and ayurvedic products across the country. The Government of India, in 2012, honoured him with Padma Shri for his services to the cause of Ayurveda.
Malappuram district is an education hub of the state of Kerala, India with four universities, two medical colleges, two law colleges and several engineering and arts colleges. The city has several educational institutions from the school level to higher education. Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Malabar Special Police HSS, Government Girls Higher secondary school, Govt. Boys, St.Gemmas HSS, Islahiya HSS, A.U.P School, Sree Arunodaya Vidya Nigethan etc. to name a few schools. The city is lacking an Engineering College under Government despite having the largest number of students appearing and excelling in respective entrance exams. Govt. College, Malappuram, which is the oldest college in the city, started in 1972, College of Applied Science Malappuram and Govt. College for Women started this year along with many other private colleges serves the higher educational purpose. Govt.TTI and MCT TTI are few teachers training institutes. The Regional Directorate of Higher Secondary Education and Regional Office (Malabar) of State Open School are located in the city inside the Civil Station.
Palakkad District is one of the main centre of education in Kerala state India. Palakkad District has Prominent Educational Institutions provide platform for various level of education. The district is home to the only Indian Institute of Technology in Kerala state. Palakkad District has three educational districts namely Palakkad, Ottappalam and Mannarkkad. There are several educational institutions working across the district. Government Victoria College, Palakkad, Government Engineering College, Sreekrishnapuram, NSS College of Engineering, Government Medical College, Palakkad, Chembai Memorial Government Music College, and many more higher level of educational institutions are located in Palakkad District.
References
↑ "Missionaries led State to renaissance: Pinarayi". The Hindu. 13 November 2016. Inaugurating on Saturday the valedictory of the bicentenary celebration of the arrival of Church Mission Society (CMS) missionaries to the shores of Kerala, Mr. Vijayan said it was their pioneering work in the fields of education, literature, printing, publishing, women's education, education of the differently-abled and, in general, a new social approach through the inclusion of marginalised sections into the mainstream which brought the idea of 'equality' into the realm of public consciousness. This had raised the standard of public consciousness and paved the way for the emergence of the renaissance movements in the State.
↑ "Kerala to celebrate CMS mission". Indian President Pranab Mukherjee, visited CMS College in Kerala, the oldest college in India, and laid the foundation stone of the bicentenary block. He said, "CMS college is a pioneer of modern education in Kerala. It has been the source of strong currents of knowledge and critical inquiry that have moulded the scholastic and socio-cultural landscape of Kerala and propelled the State to the forefront of social development".Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "District Handbooks of Kerala"(PDF). DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION & PUBLIC RELATIONS GOVERNMENT OF KERALA. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 March 2009.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, page 55
↑ Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, page 56
↑ "Archived copy"(PDF). www.universityofcalicut.info. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2022.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
1 2 Roy, Ranjan (1990). "Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha". Mathematics Magazine. 63 (5): 291–306. doi:10.2307/2690896. JSTOR2690896.
↑ Pingree, David (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science", Isis, 83 (4): 554–563, Bibcode:1992Isis...83..554P, doi:10.1086/356288, JSTOR234257, S2CID68570164, One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.
↑ "About Institute". CPCRI.in. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute. Retrieved 25 January 2016. The Coconut Research Station at Kasaragod in Kerala was initially established in 1916 by the then Government of Madras and subsequently it was taken over by the Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1948
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