Harit Pradesh

Last updated

Harit Pradesh
Proposed state
India Harit Pradesh locator map.svg
Location of Harit Pradesh in India
CountryFlag of India.svg India
Region Northern India
Proposed capital Meerut
Proposed Divisions
List
Language Khariboli, Haryanvi, Kauravi, Hindi, Braj Bhasha, Punjabi

Harit Pradesh is a proposed new state of India comprising the western parts of Uttar Pradesh state. [1] The etymology derives from harit, meaning 'green', and pradesh, meaning 'state'. Other proposed names include Braj pradesh (which would include only parts of this region) [2] and Paschim Pradesh. [3] It consists of an area of 79,832 sq km, which is 33.14% of UP and a population of 7.42 crores, which is roughly 35-36% of UP. [4]

Contents

The region has some demographic, economic and cultural patterns that are distinct from other parts of Uttar Pradesh, and more closely resemble those of Haryana, Punjab and North Rajasthan areas. For instance, the dialect of Hindi spoken here (khadiboli) is distinct from Bhojpuri spoken in Purvanchal and Avadhi in Central UP. Similarly, some of the festivals like Chhath puja are also significantly more popular in Purvanchal compared to Western Uttar Pradesh.

Proposed capital

Meerut has been constantly proposed as the capital of this state by many leaders, including Dr. B.R Ambedkar, [5] former Chief Minister Mayawati, and Union Minister Sanjeev Balyan. [6] [7] However, possibility of making a Tricity type of capital near Meerut is also there. When the reorganization happens, some other city may also emerge as the capital of state. Due to industrialization and presence of infrastructure there are plenty of good candidates for a state capital in this region.

History

In his 1955 critique of the proposed States Reorganisation Act, Thoughts on Linguistic States, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar had advocated the division of Uttar Pradesh into three states – Western, Central, and Eastern, with capitals at Meerut, Kanpur and Prayagraj, respectively – in order to prevent excessively large states from dominating politics at the national level. [5]

Later, socialists like Ram Manohar Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya Kripalani favoured a re-drawing of the administrative map of India. However, Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister at the time, supported the States Reorganisation Commission's (SRC) recommendation of re-forming states on a linguistic basis. K.M. Panikkar, in his dissenting note to the SRC report, however, opposed linguistic states and preferred the formation of a state of western Uttar Pradesh. [8]

In 1972, fourteen MLAs in the Uttar Pradesh state assembly supported an unsuccessful resolution to divide the state into three units (Braj Pradesh, Awadh Pradesh and Purvi Pradesh). [9] A similar resolution, however, was successfully passed from the state assembly in 2011 under then Chief Minister Mayawati. [10]

Regional disparities

Western UP alone accounts for more than 50% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Uttar Pradesh. [11] By comparison, Bundelkhand contributes just 5.2%, Central UP 17.52% and Eastern UP 28%. Out of top 10 districts that contribute the most to state GSDP, 7 are from Western UP. [12] In terms of Per Capita Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) as well, 7 out of top 10 districts in the state are from Western UP. These include (in descending order): [11]

Top districts by contribution to GSDPTop districts by per capita GDDP
Gautam Buddha Nagar Gautam Buddha Nagar
Agra Meerut
Meerut Etah
Ghaziabad Agra
Bareilly Amroha
Bijnor Ghaziabad
Bulandshahar Hapur

In FY 21-22, the total GDDP of Western UP region on market prices was 9.44 lakh crores while that of entire UP was 19.17 lakh crores. [11] Constant GDDP of Western UP during the same period was 5.89 lakh crores, and for entire UP it was 11.81 lakh crores. [12] Based on these figures, the per capita GDDP of Western UP turns out 79,425.47 INR, much higher than that of all UP at around 59,065 INR.

Western UP is also ahead of the rest of UP in terms of infrastrucutre, industrialization, urbanization, and overall quality of life. Some of its cities (i.e. Noida and Greater Noida) are on par with largest metro cities of the country. Even among smaller cities the quality of life is better compared to the rest of UP, as most of them are Tier-2 cities. Nine out of 15 tier-2 cities in the state are in Western UP. [13]

Additionally, Western UP also accounts for almost 54% of all court cases reaching Allahabad High Court, which is on average around 500 kms away from the cities of this proposed state and requires travelling all day for a simple hearing. Residents of western Uttar Pradesh have been demanding a high court bench in Meerut from a long time, but so far it hasn't been heard. [14] [15]

These huge economic disparities give people in Western UP a sense of having to pay up for the economic backwardness of other regions in their state. [16] [17] Additionally, the prospect of being clubbed with economically backward state of Bihar in general conversation with terms like "UP-Bihar", despite having a far more developed and advanced economy than Bihar, also doesn't go down well with the people in this region. These feelings, when combined with cultural differences and other incidents, such as having to struggle for a high court bench for decades, [15] and allegations of lower allocations in state budget, [18] further increase the discontent among politially aware people of the state, thus fueling the demand for statehood of this region.

Proponents and opponents

Political parties and leaders

Among the most prominent advocates for the creation of the new state in recent days have been BSP Supremo Mayawati and Late Chaudhary Ajit Singh, the son of former Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh and leader of the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD).

After coming to power, Mayawati wrote letters to the prime minister three times in 2007, March 2008, and December 2009 regarding partitioning of Uttar Pradesh. [19] [20] In November 2011, Mayawati's cabinet also passed a resolution in State assembly to partition the state into four different states—Harit Pradesh, Awadh Pradesh, Bundelkhand and Purvanchal—for better administration and governance. [10] [21] However, since creating states is the domain of Central Government and the proposal wasn't actively taken by the UPA Government of that time, it couldn't be implemented.

Similarly, RLD also pushed for the statehood of Harit Pradesh in 2011. Pushpendra Singh, former General Secretary of Youth wing of RLD, even launched a political party called Harit Pradesh Party to demand the creation of a separate state of Western Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, Chaudhary Ajit Singh of RLD said: [18]

"Western UP contributes to a large chunk – nearly 72% – of the state's total income. In turn, what western UP gets is not enough. Just 18% of the state's budget is spent on developing west UP. This anomaly, understandably, makes the people of this area dissatisfied".

He also alleged that in most years, funds allocated to west Uttar Pradesh were never spent.

Other Jat leaders, such as Om Prakash Chautala in Haryana, the leader of the Indian National Lok Dal, have also made efforts to involve themselves in the politics of creating a separate state. [22]

Of the other main political forces in Uttar Pradesh, the Samajwadi Party has opposed the proposal, while the Indian National Congress and BJP have adopted a non-committal stance. [23] Individual leaders of both Congress as well as BJP, however, have time and again spoken in favor of the statehood for Harit Pradesh. For instance:

"From an administrative point of view, a state of over 200 million people, 75 districts, over 800 blocks ... It's just not governable. It is my personal view...Its politics is a separate issue."

In April 2024, while campaigning for Lok Sabha elections Mayawati again raised the issue of statehood for Western Uttar Pradesh, promising to take "concrete steps" for the same if her government came to power. [25]

Communities

The creation of three new states in 2000 (Jharkhand from the division of Bihar, Uttarakhand from the division of Uttar Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh from the division of Madhya Pradesh) gave new impetus to the demand for Harit Pradesh among communisities. [26] The support further increased after formation of Telangana out of Andhra Pradesh in 2013. [27] Jats are a dominant political and agricultural community spread across Pakistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, have found themselves in a "politically disadvantageous position" in western Uttar Pradesh. [26] Therefore, they are largely in support of separate statehood for Harit Pradesh.

Also, since the Muslim population in western Uttar Pradesh (34%, according to various sources) is higher than in Uttar Pradesh as a whole (17%), the proposal has found support from Muslim organizations as well. [28] [29] [30] [31]

Geography

Soil conditions

Western Uttar Pradesh's soil and relief has marked differences from that of the eastern part of the state. [32] The soil tends to be lighter-textured loam with some occurrences of sandy soil. [33] Some loess soil is continuously deposited by winds blowing eastwards from Rajasthan's Thar Desert. [34]

Precipitation

Harit Pradesh receives rain through the monsoon and western disturbances. The monsoon carries moisture northwards from the Indian Ocean, occurs in late summer and is important to the Kharif or autumn harvest. [35] [36] Western disturbances carry moisture eastwards from the Mediterranean Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. [37] [38] [39] [40] They primarily occur during the winter season and are important for the main staple of the region, wheat, which is classified as a rabi crop. [38]

Demographics

Religions in Harit Pradesh
ReligionPercent
Hindus
 
72.29%
Muslims
 
26.21%
Others
 
1.50%
Distribution of religions
Includes Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains. [41]

People of Harit Pradesh

According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Western Uttar Pradesh is 71,740,055 people. It is composed of a varied set of communities and tribes, including: [42]

Languages

Languages of Western Uttar Pradesh (2011) [43]

   Khadiboli (53.45%)
   Braj Bhasha (32.64%)
  Hindi (8.59%)
  Urdu (1.30%)
  Punjabi (1.11%)
  other (2.91%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 53.45% of the population in the residual district spoke Khadiboli and 32.64% Braj bhasha as their first language. And 8.59% in the residual district spoke Hindi as their language. [43] Most speakers of Khadiboli and Braj dialect record their language generically as Hindi in the census.

Khadiboli in Harit Pradesh

Khadiboli in North Part of paschim Uttar Pradesh (Harit Pradesh). Khadiboli speaking districts are Muzaffarnagar, Sharanpur, Shamli, Bagpat, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Hapur, Amroha, Bijnor, some part of (Muradabad, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Bulandshahar), etc.

Braj bhasha in Harit Pradesh

Braj bhasha in Southern Part of Harit Uttar Pradesh. Brajbhasa speaking districts are Mathura, Agra, Aligarh, Mainpuri, Etawa, Hathra, some part of (Gautam Buddh Nagar, Bulandshahr, Etawah, Mainpuri), etc.

Administrative divisions

Divisions which form part of Harit Pradesh are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10 Uttar Pradesh administrative divisions.svg
Divisions which form part of Harit Pradesh are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10

Western Uttar Pradesh includes 26 districts in six divisions:

  1. Saharanpur division: Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Shamli districts
  2. Moradabad division: Moradabad, Bijnor, Rampur, Amroha, Sambhal districts
  3. Bareilly division: Bareilly, Badaun, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur districts
  4. Meerut division: Meerut (Proposed Capital), Bulandshahr, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Baghpat districts
  5. Aligarh division: Aligarh, Hathras, Kasganj, Etah districts
  6. Agra division: Agra, Mathura, Firozabad, Mainpuri districts

Education

SchoolLocationEstablishedCommentRef.
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 1920Aligarh Muslim University is a public university funded by the Government of India. It was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877. [44]
Chaudhary Charan Singh University Meerut 1965The university is named after Chaudhary Charan Singh, the fifth Prime Minister of India. [45]
Dr B. R. Ambedkar University Agra 1927This university was formed as Agra University and renamed in 1996. [46]
Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida 2002 [47]
M. J. P. Rohilkhand University Bareilly 1975M.J.P. Rohilkhand University was established in 1975 as an affiliating University. The senior faculty members of different disciplines in Humanities, Science and Technology are running research projects funded by various agencies and so far 49 projects funded by UGC, AICTE, DST, CST, ICAR, ICHR, MIF have been completed. [48]
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology Meerut 2004 [49]
Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad 2008Teerthanker Mahaveer University is a private university in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. [50]
Glocal University Saharanpur 2012Glocal University is a private and coeducational institution located in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated in the foothills of Shivalik mountains. [51]
Invertis University Bareilly 2010 [52]

Special economic zones

Transport networks

Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png
Delhi Meerut Expressway
Yamuna Expressway India 2012.jpg
Yamuna Expressway
Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg
Delhi Meerut RRTS
Yamuna Expressway Delhi Agra India August 2013.jpg
NH-58 in Meerut
Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg
DND flyway in Noida
Yamuna Expressway Toll Plaza Delhi Agra India.jpg
Toll Plaza at Mathura

Major state and national highways and other public transport systems in the proposed area include:

The major highways running through the intrastate region include:

Most populous cities

Most populous cities
CityDistrictPopulationCityDistrictPopulation
1 Ghaziabad Ghaziabad 2,381,4527 Saharanpur Saharanpur 705,478
2 Agra Agra 4,418,7978 Noida Gautam Budh Nagar 637,272
3 Meerut Meerut 3,309,0239 Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar 495,543
4 Bareilly Bareilly 898,16710 Mathura Mathura 601,894
5 Moradabad Moradabad 889,81011 Budaun Budaun 369,221
6 Aligarh Aligarh 874,40812 Rampur Rampur 325,248
Source: Census of India 2011 [53]

The region's Jat are descended from immigrant groups from centuries ago, and a large subregion of western Uttar Pradesh, Jatland, takes its name from that Jats tribe. [54]

Sikh Jats came from West Punjab, who migrated from Pakistan after partition, also settled in this area in large numbers. [55]

In Pop Culture

In 2022, a social comedy film titled Dasvi showed protagonist Abhishek Bachchan as the Chief Minister of Harit Pradesh. The film was premiered on Netflix and JioCinema. [56]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Sajal Basu (2005), Regionalism, ethnicity, and left politics, Rawat Publications, ISBN   81-7033-930-8, ... perhaps only to strengthen his own demand of a separate Harit Pradesh comprising 17 districts from western UP ...A consequent demand for the separation of the more prosperous western districts of UP which have been the bastion of the green revolution, and have variously been named as Pashchim Pradesh or more recently as Harit Pradesh by Ajit Singh ...
  2. ↑ "Demand for separate 'Braj Pradesh' gains momentum". The Hindu. 26 December 2009. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  3. ↑ "Prominent cities in Paschim Pradesh". India Today. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  4. ↑ Singh, Ajit Kumar (2016). "The Demand for Division of Uttar Pradesh and Its Implications". Economic and Political Weekly. 51 (53): 2. ISSN   0012-9976.
  5. 1 2 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1955), Thoughts on Linguistic States, ... The only remedy is to break up the Northern States of U.P., Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. How did this solution not strike the Congress Working Committee I am unable to understand ... My proposal with regard to the Uttar Pradesh is to divide it into three States. The three States of the Uttar Pradesh could have as their capitals (1) Meerut (2) Kanpur and (3) Allahabad ...
  6. 1 2 "पश्चिमी यूपी को बनाया जाए अलग राज्य, मेरठ बने राजधानी, केंद्रीय मंत्री संजीव बालियान ने की मांग". Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  7. ↑ "Baliyan remark on separate state of west UP draws flak from oppn". Hindustan Times. 3 October 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  8. ↑ "Now demand to divide Uttar Pradesh picks momentum". Archived from the original on 1 August 2013.
  9. ↑ Boris Ivanovich Kluyev (1981), India: National and Language Problem, Sterling, ... For example, in May 1972 fourteen members of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly submitted a resolution for setting up three new States - Braj Pradesh, Awadh Pradesh and Purvi Pradesh. The resolution was defeated. Curiously enough, the arguments of those supporting division were essentially the same, although the representatives hailed from different regions of Uttar Pradesh ...
  10. 1 2 Rai, Manmohan (21 November 2011). "Mayawati government passes resolution for division of Uttar Pradesh". The Economic Times. ISSN   0013-0389 . Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 "Regional disparities persist, west U.P. far ahead of east". Hindustan Times. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  12. 1 2 "UPDES website". updes.up.nic.in. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  13. ↑ "Tier wise list of cities". Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Rajya Karmchari Cashless Chikitsa Yojana. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  14. ↑ "Allahabad HC bench in west UP: Govt says no complete proposal pending". The Economic Times. 7 April 2022. ISSN   0013-0389 . Retrieved 2 October 2023.
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  17. ↑ Bhattacharya, Sumit Mishra,Pramit (16 March 2015). "The regional divide within Uttar Pradesh". mint. Retrieved 17 April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. 1 2 "Ajit Singh reiterates Harit Pradesh demand", The Times of India, 10 January 2011, ...In turn, what western UP gets is not enough ...
  19. ↑ "UP division Mayawati asks Congress, BJP to clarify stand".
  20. ↑ "Chief Minister Mayawati said the Centre's inaction over a 2007 letter forced her government to take the matter to the House".
  21. ↑ "Mayawati wants UP divided into four new states". zeenews.india.com. Zee News Ltd. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  22. ↑ "INLD bid to get foothold in UP", The Tribune, 5 July 2001, retrieved 24 July 2009, ... the move of the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) supremo and Chief Minister of Haryana, Mr Om Prakash Chautala, to raise the demand of a separate 'kisan pradesh' out of western UP ... Since Mr Ajit Singh has also raised the demand of creating a 'harit pradesh' in the same region, the move by both Mr Chautala and Mr Ajit Singh is seen as only a political strategy to 'outwit' each other ...
  23. ↑ "Mayawati joins issue with Paswan, Ajit Singh", The Hindu, 26 June 2001, archived from the original on 6 June 2011, retrieved 24 July 2009, ... She said the BSP stood for creation of Harit Pradesh ...{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  25. ↑ "Maya revives west UP statehood debate". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  26. 1 2 Jagpal Singh (4 August 2001), "Politics of Harit Pradesh: The Case of Western UP as a Separate State", Economic and Political Weekly, 36 (31): 2961–2967, JSTOR   4410945, ... It is spearheaded by the politicians, especially a section of Jats, belonging to western UP. Ajit Singh has been playing a pivotal role in it ...
  27. ↑ "Telangana cues fresh demand to divide UP into four states". Hindustan Times. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  28. ↑ "Minister's demand for Muslim Pradesh condemned", The Times of India , 19 July 2006, archived from the original on 24 October 2012, retrieved 24 July 2009, ... demand is neither feasible nor proper,"said Manzoor Ahmad, former vice-chancellor of Dr B R Ambedkar University, Agra ... Muslim population which is not more than 33% in Western UP. ...
  29. ↑ "Ajit Singh struggling to retain Muslim vote", The Hindu, 12 February 2002, archived from the original on 5 November 2004, retrieved 24 July 2009, ... the Muslim presence in western U.P. is said to be about 34 per cent ...{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ↑ Khan, M.E., Patel, Bella, C., "Reproductive Behaviour of Muslims in Uttar Pradesh", The Journal of Family Welfare, March 1997. 43(1) p. 13-29. Available online at
  31. ↑ "Imams back campaign for 'Harit Pradesh'", The Hindu , 18 August 2001, archived from the original on 5 November 2012, retrieved 24 July 2009, ... campaign for 'Harit Pradesh' ... appears to be gathering momentum with the All-India Imam Association, an influential body of Muslim clerics, today pledging support ...
  32. ↑ Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009), Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: a critical approach, Concept Publishing Company, 2009, ISBN   9788180695681, ... These differences are caused by the depositional work of rivers, local climates, natural vegetation cover and the soil. Even the difference between the plains of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Uttar Pradesh is quite well marked ...
  33. ↑ A.K. Kolay (July 2007), Soil Genesis, Classification Survey And Evaluation, Volume 2, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2007, ISBN   9788126908035, ... ...
  34. ↑ M. Hanif (2005), Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography, Anmol Publications Private Limited, 2005, ISBN   9788126124824, ... Loess is the finest particle of sand carried by winds from desert (Thar desert) to the neighbouring areas of Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh and western Madhya Pradesh. Here a thin layer of loess particles ...
  35. ↑ Vidya Sagar Katiyar, "Indian Monsoon and Its Frontiers", Inter-India Publications, 1990, ISBN   81-210-0245-1.
  36. ↑ Ajit Prasad Jain and Shiba Prasad Chatterjee, "Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972", Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, 1972.
  37. ↑ "Western disturbances herald winter in Northern India". The Hindu Business Line. 17 November 2005. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
  38. 1 2 Bin Wang, "The Asian Monsoon", Springer, 2006, ISBN   3-540-40610-7.
  39. ↑ R.K. Datta (Meteorological Office, Dum Dum) and M.G. Gupta (Meteorological Office, Delhi), "Synoptic study of the formation and movements of Western Depressions", Indian Journal of Meteorology & Geophysics, India Meteorological Department, 1968.
  40. ↑ A.P. Dimri, "Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India", Meteorological Applications , 11, pp 129–139, Royal Meteorological Society, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  41. ↑ "Uttar Pradesh Religion Data - Census 2011". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  42. ↑ T. V. Sathyamurthy (1995), Industry and agriculture in India since independence: Social change and political discourse in India Volume 2, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN   9780195634570, ... the Tyagi, jats, Gurjars and . These castes comprise nearly 50 per cent of the population in Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, and Bijnor districts. Tyagi, Rajputs and jats, also cultivate their own land.
  43. 1 2 "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Western Uttar Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  44. ↑ "Aligarh Muslim University || History". www.amu.ac.in. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  45. ↑ "Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut | About Us". ccsuniversity.ac.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  46. ↑ "Dr B. R. Ambedkar University". dbrau.ac.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  47. ↑ "About Us". gbu.ac.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  48. ↑ "M.J.P. Rohilkhand University". mjpru.ac.in. Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  49. ↑ "Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel University". svbpmeerut.ac.in. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  50. ↑ "Teerthanker Mahaveer University". Times Higher Education (THE). 6 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  51. ↑ University, Glocal. "Why Glocal | Glocal University". www.glocaluniversity.edu.in. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  52. ↑ "Invertis University". UniRank. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  53. ↑ (2011 Census of India estimate) "India: Harit Pradesh". City Population. Thomas Brinkhoff. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2015– via Population Census India.
  54. ↑ Ghasa Ansh (1960), JATS Race in Uttar Pradesh: a study of culture contact (Volumes 12–13 of The Eastern Anthropologist), Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, 1960, ... confined primarily to the west Uttar Pradesh Southern part and In North part of Western Uttar Pradesh, Meerut and Sharanpur divisions of Uttar Pradesh. Jat are generally considered to have come either from Rajasthan and haryana or from the Panjabi-speaking tribes of the North-West ...
  55. ↑ Baldev Singh (2005), Encyclopaedia Of Human Geography (Set Of 3 Vols.), Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2005, ISBN   9788126124442, ... Sikh Jat also settled down in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh know as Western Uttar Pradesh, transforming this once malaria-infested wetland into a granary of northern India ...
  56. ↑ Etimes.in | (7 April 2022). "'Dasvi': Abhishek Bachchan passes with flying colours, but the film, fails to make a mark". The Economic Times. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
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