North Sentinel Island

Last updated

North Sentinel Island
North-Sentinel-Island-Sentinel-2A.png
North Sentinel Island in 2023
India Andaman and Nicobar Islands location map.svg
Red pog.svg
North Sentinel Island
Geography
Location Bay of Bengal
Coordinates 11°33′25″N92°14′28″E / 11.557°N 92.241°E / 11.557; 92.241 [1]
Archipelago Andaman Islands [2]
Adjacent toBay of Bengal
Area59.67 km2 (23.04 sq mi) [3]
Length7.8 km (4.85 mi)
Width7.0 km (4.35 mi)
Coastline31.6 km (19.64 mi)
Highest elevation122 m (400 ft) [1]
Administration
Flag of India.svg  India
Union territoryThe Andaman and Nicobar Islands
District South Andaman
Tehsil Port Blair [4]
Demographics
DemonymNorth Sentinelese
Population39 [5] (2018 estimate)
actual population highly uncertain –may be as high as 400
Population rank Unknown
Ethnic groups Sentinelese [2]
Additional information
Time zone
PIN 744202 [6]
ISO code IN-AN-00 [7]
Official website andaman.nic.in
Average summer temperature30.2 °C (86.4 °F)
Average winter temperature23 °C (73 °F)
Census Code35.639.0004

North Sentinel Island is one of the Andaman Islands, an Indian archipelago in the Bay of Bengal which also includes South Sentinel Island. [8] The island is a protected area of India. It is home to the Sentinelese, an indigenous tribe in voluntary isolation who have defended, often by force, their protected isolation from the outside world. The island is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) wide, and its area is approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi).

Contents

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation 1956 [9] prohibits travel to the island, and any approach closer than 5 nautical miles (9.3 km), in order to protect the remaining tribal community from "mainland" infectious diseases against which they likely have no acquired immunity. The area is patrolled by the Indian Navy. [10]

Nominally, the island belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. [11] In practice, Indian authorities recognise the islanders' desire to be left alone, restricting outsiders to remote monitoring (by boat and sometimes air) from a reasonably safe distance; the Government of India will not prosecute the Sentinelese for killing people in the event that an outsider ventures ashore. [12] [13] In 2018, the Government of India excluded 29 islands—including North Sentinel—from the Restricted Area Permit (RAP) regime, in a major effort to boost tourism. [14] In November 2018, the government's home ministry stated that the relaxation of the prohibition on visitations was intended to allow researchers and anthropologists (with pre-approved clearance) to finally visit the Sentinel islands. [15]

The Sentinelese have repeatedly attacked approaching vessels, whether the boats were intentionally visiting the island or simply ran aground on the surrounding coral reef. The islanders have been observed shooting arrows at boats, as well as at low-flying helicopters. Such attacks have resulted in injury and death. In 2006, islanders killed two fishermen whose boat had drifted ashore, and in 2018 an American Christian missionary, 26-year-old John Chau, was killed after he illegally attempted to make contact with the islanders three separate times and paid local fishermen to transport him to the island. [16] [17] [18]

History

The Onge, one of the other indigenous peoples of the Andamans, were aware of North Sentinel Island's existence; their traditional name for the island is Chia daaKwokweyeh. [2] [19] : 362–363  They also have strong cultural similarities with what little has been remotely observed amongst the Sentinelese. However, Onges brought to North Sentinel Island by the British during the 19th century could not understand the language spoken by the North Sentinelese; as such, a significant period of separation is likely. [2] [19] : 362–363 

British visits

British surveyor John Ritchie observed "a multitude of lights" from an East India Company hydrographic survey vessel, the Diligent, as it passed by the island in 1771. [2] [19] : 362–363  [20] Homfray, an administrator, travelled to the island in March 1867. [21] : 288 

Towards the end of the same year's summer monsoon season, Nineveh, an Indian merchant ship, was wrecked on a reef near the island. The 106 surviving passengers and crewmen landed on the beach in the ship's boat and fended off attacks by the Sentinelese. They were eventually found by a Royal Navy rescue party. [19] : 362–363 

Portman's expeditions

An expedition led by Maurice Vidal Portman, a government administrator who hoped to research the natives and their customs, landed on North Sentinel Island in January 1880. The group found a network of pathways and several small, abandoned villages. After several days, six Sentinelese, an elderly couple and four children, were taken to Port Blair. The colonial officer in charge of the operation wrote that the entire group

"sickened rapidly, and the old man and his wife died, so the four children were sent back to their home with quantities of presents". [2] [20] [21] : 288 

A second landing was made by Portman on 27 August 1883 after the eruption of Krakatoa was mistaken for gunfire and interpreted as the distress signal of a ship. A search party landed on the island and left gifts before returning to Port Blair. [2] [21] : 288  Portman visited the island several more times between January 1885 and January 1887. [21] : 288 

After Indian independence

Early landings

Landsat map North Sentinel Island 1732160137 dff5236475 o.jpg
Landsat map

Indian exploratory parties under orders to establish friendly relations with the Sentinelese made brief landings on the island every few years beginning in 1967. [2] In 1975, Leopold III of Belgium, on a tour of the Andamans, was taken by local dignitaries for an overnight cruise to the waters off North Sentinel Island. [20]

Shipwrecks

The cargo ship MV Rusley ran aground on coastal reefs in mid-1977, and the MV Primrose did so on 2 August 1981. After the Primrose grounded on the North Sentinel Island reef, crewmen several days later noticed that some men carrying spears and arrows were building boats on the beach. The captain of Primrose radioed for an urgent drop of firearms so his crew could defend themselves. They did not receive any because a large storm stopped other ships from reaching them, but the heavy seas also prevented the islanders from approaching the ship. A week later, the crewmen were rescued by a helicopter under contract to the Indian Oil And Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). [22]

The Sentinelese are known to have scavenged both shipwrecks for iron. Settlers from Port Blair also visited the sites to recover the cargo. In 1991, salvage operators were authorised to dismantle the ships. [19] : 342 

First peaceful contact

The first peaceful contact with the Sentinelese was made by Triloknath Pandit, a director of the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI), and his colleagues on 4 January 1991. [21] : 289  [23] Although Pandit and his colleagues were able to make repeated friendly contact, dropping coconuts and other gifts to the Sentinelese, no progress was made in understanding the Sentinelese language, and the Sentinelese repeatedly warned them off if they stayed too long. Indian visits to the island ceased in 1997. [2]

Indian Ocean earthquake and later hostile contact

The Sentinelese survived the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its after-effects, including the tsunami and the uplifting of the island. Three days after the earthquake, an Indian government helicopter observed several islanders, who shot arrows and threw spears and stones at the helicopter. [2] [19] : 362–363  [24] Although the tsunami disturbed the tribal fishing grounds, the Sentinelese appear to have adapted. [25]

In January 2006, two Indian fishermen, Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, were fishing illegally in prohibited waters and were killed by the Sentinelese when their boat drifted too close to the island. There were no prosecutions. [12]

In November 2018, a 26-year old American Christian missionary named John Allen Chau, [26] who was trained and sent by Missouri-based All Nations, [27] was killed during an illegal trip to the restricted island where he planned to preach Christianity to the Sentinelese. [28] The 2023 documentary film The Mission discusses the incident. Seven individuals were taken into custody by Indian police on suspicion of abetting Chau's illegal access to the island. [27] Entering a radius of 5 nautical miles (9.3 km) around the island is illegal under Indian law. [26] The fishermen who illegally ferried Chau to North Sentinel said they saw tribesmen drag his body along a beach and bury it. [29] Despite efforts by Indian authorities, which involved a tense encounter with the tribe, Chau's body was not recovered. [27] Indian officials made several attempts to recover the body but eventually abandoned those efforts. An anthropologist involved in the case told The Guardian that the risk of a dangerous clash between investigators and the islanders was too great to justify any further attempts. [30]

Geography

North Sentinel lies 36 km (22 mi) west of the village of Wandoor in South Andaman Island, [2] 50 km (31 mi) west of Port Blair, and 59.6 km (37.0 mi) north of its counterpart South Sentinel Island. It has an area of about 59.67 km2 (23.04 sq mi) and a roughly square outline. [3]

North Sentinel is surrounded by coral reefs, and lacks natural harbours. The entire island, other than the shore, is forested. [31] There is a narrow, white-sand beach encircling the island, behind which the ground rises 20 metres (66 ft), and then gradually to between 46 and 122 metres (151 and 400 ft) [1] [32] : 257  near the centre. Reefs extend around the island to between 0.9 and 1.5 km (0.5–0.8 nmi) from the shore. [1] A forested islet, Constance Island, also "Constance Islet", [1] is located about 600 metres (2,000 ft) off the southeast coastline, at the edge of the reef.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tilted the tectonic plate under the island, lifting it by one to two metres (3 to 7 ft). Large tracts of the surrounding coral reefs were exposed and became permanently dry land or shallow lagoons, extending all the island's boundaries – by as much as one kilometre (3,300 ft) on the west and south sides – and uniting Constance Islet with the main island. [19] : 347  [25]

Flora and fauna

The island is largely covered in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest. Due to the lack of surveys, the exact composition of the terrestrial flora and fauna remains unknown. In his 1880 expedition to the island, Maurice Vidal Portman reported an open, "park-like" jungle with numerous groves of bulletwood ( Manilkara littoralis ) trees, as well as huge, buttressed specimens of Malabar silk-cotton tree (Bombax ceiba). [33] Indian boar (Sus scrofa cristatus) are apparently found on the island. The boar are a major food source for the Sentinelese, with reports by Portman referring to a "huge heap" of pig skulls near a Sentinelese village. [34] The IUCN Red List lists North Sentinel as being an important habitat for coconut crabs (Birgus latro), which have been otherwise extirpated from most of the other Andaman Islands except from South Sentinel and Little Andaman. [35] North Sentinel Island, along with South Sentinel, is also considered a globally Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, as despite the lack of surveys, the pristine habitat likely supports a diversity of birdlife. [36]

The marine life surrounding the island has also not been well surveyed. A large coral reef is known to circle the island, and mangroves are also known to fringe its banks. A c. 1999 report from divers near the island indicated that the reefs around the island were bleached in the 1998 El Niño, but had since seen new growth of coral. Sharks have allegedly also been seen in the waters off the island. Sea turtles likely also occur near the island, as Portman referred to them also being a major food source for the Sentinelese and one was sighted on a 1999 survey of the surrounding waters. Dolphins were also sighted on the same survey. [33] [34]

Demographics

North Sentinel Island is inhabited by the Sentinelese, indigenous people who defend their voluntary isolation by force. Their population was estimated to be between 50 and 400 people in a 2012 report. [2] India's 2011 census indicates 15 residents [37] in 10 households, but that too was merely an estimate, described as a "wild guess" by The Times of India . [9]

Like the Jarawas whose numbers have been decreasing, the Sentinelese population would face the potential threats of infectious diseases to which they have no immunity, as well as violence from intruders. The Indian government has declared the entire island and its surrounding waters extending 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) from the island to be an exclusion zone to protect them from outside interference. [38]

Political status

The Andaman and Nicobar (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956 provides protection to the Sentinelese and other native tribes in the region. [39] The Andaman and Nicobar Administration stated in 2005 that they have no intention to interfere with the lifestyle or habitat of the Sentinelese and are not interested in pursuing any further contact with them or governing the island. [40] Although North Sentinel Island is not legally an autonomous administrative division of India, scholars have referred to it and its people as effectively autonomous, [41] [42] or de-facto sovereign. [41] [43]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andaman Islands</span> Archipelago in the Bay of Bengal

The Andaman Islands are an archipelago, made up of 200 islands, in the northeastern Indian Ocean about 130 km (81 mi) southwest off the coasts of Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region. Together with the Nicobar Islands to their south, the Andamans serve as a maritime boundary between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east. Most of the islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India, while the Coco Islands and Preparis Island are part of the Yangon Region of Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</span> Union territory of India

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India comprising 836 islands, of which only 31 are inhabited. The islands are grouped into two main clusters: the northern Andaman Islands and the southern Nicobar Islands, separated by a 150 km (93 mi) wide channel. The capital and largest city of the territory, Port Blair, is located approximately 1,190 km (740 mi) from Chennai and 1,255 km (780 mi) from Kolkata in mainland India. The islands are situated between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east. The northernmost point is 901 km (560 mi) from the mouth of the Hooghly River. Indira Point, located at 6°45'10″N and 93°49'36″E on the southern tip of Great Nicobar, is the southernmost point of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andamanese languages</span> Languages spoken by people of the Andaman Islands

The Andamanese languages are the various languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean. There are two known Andamanese language families, Great Andamanese and Ongan, as well as two presumed but unattested languages, Sentinelese and Jangil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India</span> Effect of 2004

According to official estimates in India, 10,749 people were killed, 5,640 people were missing and thousands of people became homeless when a tsunami triggered by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near the Indonesian island of Sumatra struck the southern coast on 26 December 2004. The earthquake registered 9.1–9.3 Mw and was the largest in five decades. It was followed by strong aftershocks on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The death toll of the earthquake was 1,500 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sentinelese</span> Voluntarily isolated tribe in the Bay of Bengal

The Sentinelese, also known as the Sentineli and the North Sentinel Islanders, are an indigenous people who inhabit North Sentinel Island in the Bay of Bengal in the northeastern Indian Ocean. Designated a particularly vulnerable tribal group and a Scheduled Tribe, they belong to the broader class of Andamanese peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andamanese peoples</span> People of Andaman archipelago

The Andamanese are the various indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands, part of India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the union territory in the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal. The Andamanese are a designated Scheduled Tribe in India's constitution.

South Sentinel Island is one of the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. It is 1.6 km (1 mi) long northeast to southwest and up to 1 km wide. At only 1.61 km2, it is much smaller than its counterpart North Sentinel Island and is currently uninhabited. The island belongs to the Port Blair tehsil in the South Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, neighbouring North Sentinel Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Andamanese</span> Indigenous people in the Andaman Islands

The Great Andamanese are an indigenous people of the Great Andaman archipelago in the Andaman Islands. Historically, the Great Andamanese lived throughout the archipelago, and were divided into ten major tribes. Their distinct but closely related languages comprised the Great Andamanese languages, one of the two identified Andamanese language families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onge</span> Ethnic group of Andaman Islands

The Onge are an Andamanese ethnic group, indigenous to the Andaman Islands in Southeast Asia at the Bay of Bengal, India. They are traditionally hunter-gatherers and fishers, but also practice plant cultivation. They are designated as a Scheduled Tribe of India.

The Jangil were one of the Indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands in India. They lived in the interior of Rutland Island, and were given the name Rutland Jarawa because it was supposed that they were related to the neighboring Jarawa people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</span> Autonomous councils

In India, there are autonomously administered territories for Scheduled Tribes, administered by representatives of those tribes. The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of Autonomous District Councils and Autonomous Regional Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura, granting them autonomy within their respective territories. Currently, there are 10 Autonomous District Councils across these four states. In these areas, Acts of Parliament and state legislation do not apply.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sentinelese language</span> Presumed language of the Sentinelese of North Sentinel Island

Sentinelese is the undescribed language of the Sentinelese people of North Sentinel Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, essentially nothing is known of their language or its vitality. The Sentinelese people do not allow outsiders onto the island and are generally hostile towards visitors. Friendly interactions have been rare.

The Jarawas are an indigenous people of the Andaman Islands in India. They live in parts of South Andaman and Middle Andaman Islands, and their present numbers are estimated at between 250–400 individuals. They have largely shunned interaction with outsiders, and many particulars of their society, culture and traditions are poorly understood. Since the 1990s, contacts between Jarawa groups and outsiders grew increasingly frequent. By the 2000s, some Jarawas had become regular visitors at settlements, where they trade, interact with tourists, get medical aid, and even send their children to school.

North Brother Island is an uninhabited island in the Indian Ocean, part of the Andaman Archipelago. It is located in the Duncan Passage, about 19 kilometre northeast of Little Andaman Island. It is part of the South Andaman district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India.

South Brother Island is an uninhabited island in the Indian Ocean, part of the Andaman Archipelago. It is located in the Duncan Passage, about 9.5 kilometre northeast of Little Andaman Island. It is part of the South Andaman district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Vidal Portman</span> British naval officer and photographer (1860–1935)

Maurice Vidal Portman was a British naval officer, who is best known for documenting some of the Andamanese tribes between 1879 and 1901 when he was posted as a superintendent of the Andaman Island Penal Colony.

Triloknath Pandit is an Indian anthropologist. He was the first professional anthropologist to land on the North Sentinel Island in 1967, leading the team that made the first friendly contact with the Sentinelese people on 4 January 1991.

Madhumala Chattopadhyay is an Indian anthropologist who specializes in the Indigenous peoples of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In 1991, Chattopadhyay and her colleagues were the first outsiders to make peaceful contact with the Sentinelese people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Allen Chau</span> American missionary (1991–2018)

John Allen Chau was an American evangelical Christian missionary who was killed by the Sentinelese, a tribe in voluntary isolation, after illegally traveling to North Sentinel Island in an attempt to introduce the tribe to Christianity.

<i>The Mission</i> (2023 film) 2023 American film

The Mission is a 2023 American documentary film directed and produced by Amanda McBaine and Jesse Moss. It explores the death of American missionary John Allen Chau, who was killed by arrows during a self-initiated mission involving an indigenous group of the Andaman Islands, the Sentinelese.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Sailing Directions (Enroute), Pub. 173: India and the Bay of Bengal (PDF). Sailing Directions . United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2017. p. 274.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Weber, George. "Chapter 8: The Tribes; Part 6. The Sentineli". The Andamanese. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Forest Statistics" (PDF). Department of Environment & Forests Andaman & Nicobar Islands. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  4. ↑ "Andaman and Nicobar Islands Census 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017.
  5. ↑ "Mysterious 'lost' tribe kills US tourist". news.com.au. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  6. ↑ "A&N Islands – Pincodes". 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ↑ Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code
  8. ↑ Mukerjee, Madhusree. "A visit to North Sentinel island: 'Please, please, please, let us not destroy this last haven'". Scroll.in . Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  9. 1 2 "Ten Indian families world knows nothing about". The Times of India . 25 November 2018. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  10. ↑ Chavez, Nicole (25 November 2018). "Indian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island". CNN . Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  11. ↑ "Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands" (PDF). Census of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  12. 1 2 Foster, Peter (8 February 2006). "Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed onto island". The Telegraph. London, UK. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Bonnett, Alastair (2014). Off The Map. Carreg Aurum Press. p. 82.
  14. ↑ "Sentinelese Tribe: What Headlines Won't Tell You About Eco-Tourism". The Quint. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  15. ↑ Jain, Bharti (23 November 2018). "US National Defied 3-tier Curbs & Caution to Reach Island". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  16. ↑ "American tourist killed in Andaman island, 7 arrested". Indian Express. 27 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  17. ↑ "Police to probe who helped John Chau's trip to remote island in Andaman..." Reuters. 23 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  18. ↑ "American on deadly trip to Indian island: 'God sheltered me'". MyNorthwest . New Delhi. AP. 23 November 2018. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006). Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN   978-0-7618-4272-9. LCCN   2008943457. OCLC   371672686. OL   16952992W. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 Goodheart, Adam (Autumn 2000). "The Last Island of the Savages". American Scholar. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Sarkar, Jayanta (1997). "Befriending the Sentinelese of the Andamans: A Dilemma". In Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (eds.). Development Issues, Transition and Change. Contemporary Society: Tribal Studies. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN   81-7022-642-2. LCCN   97905535. OCLC   37770121. OL   324654M. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  22. ↑ "The strange mystery of North Sentinel Island". Unexplained Mysteries. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  23. ↑ McGirk, Tim (10 January 1993). "Islanders running out of isolation: Tim McGirk in the Andaman Islands reports on the fate of the Sentinelese". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  24. ↑ Buncombe, Andrew (6 February 2010). "With one last breath, a people and language are gone". The New Zealand Herald . The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  25. 1 2 Weber, George (2009). "The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013.
  26. 1 2 Slater, Joanna; Gowen, Annie (21 November 2018). "'God, I don't want to die,' U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  27. 1 2 3 "Police face-off with Sentinelese tribe as they struggle to recover slain missionary's body". News.com.au . AFP. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  28. ↑ Evans, Gareth; Hughes, Roland (24 November 2018). "John Allen Chau: What we could learn from remote tribes". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  29. ↑ "John Allen Chau: 'Incredibly dangerous' to retrieve body from North Sentinel". BBC News . 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  30. ↑ Safi, Michael; Giles, Denis (28 November 2018). "India has no plans to recover body of US missionary killed by tribe". The Guardian . Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  31. ↑ Weber, George. "Chapter 2: They Call it Home". The Andamanese. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.
  32. ↑ "North Sentinel". The Bay of Bengal Pilot. Admiralty. London: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. 1887. p. 257. OCLC   557988334. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  33. 1 2 Mukerjee, Madhusree (24 November 2018). "A visit to North Sentinel island: 'Please, please, please, let us not destroy this last haven'". Scroll.in. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  34. 1 2 Portman, Maurice Vidal (1899). A history of our relations with the Andamanese. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta Off. of the Superintendent of Govt. Print., India.
  35. ↑ Cumberlidge, Neil (6 August 2018). "Birgus latro". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  36. ↑ "BirdLife Data Zone". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  37. ↑ census, archive.org; accessed 2 April 2017.
  38. ↑ number 23 (8 May 2015). "The Island Tribe Hostile To Outsiders Face Survival Threat". AnonHQ.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  39. ↑ Mazoomdaar, Jay (23 November 2018). "Do not disturb this Andaman island". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  40. ↑ Bhaumik, Subir (5 March 2005). "Extinction threat for Andaman natives". Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2005.
  41. 1 2 Kanchan Mukhopadhyay; M. Arbindo Singh (14 May 2007). "8. Some Observations on Tsunami and the Ang of the Andaman Islands". In V.R. Rao (ed.). Tsunami in South Asia: Studies of Impact on Communities of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Allied Publishers. p. 120. ISBN   9798184241890. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  42. ↑ Wintle, Claire (2013). Colonial Collecting and Display: Encounters with Material Culture from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Berghahn Books. p. 9. ISBN   978-0-85745-942-8. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  43. ↑ Ghose, Aruna, ed. (2014). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: India. p. 627.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.