List of wars involving Armenia

Last updated

This is a list of wars involving Armenia and its predecessor states. The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

Contents

  Armenian victory
  Defeat
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante Bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
  Ongoing conflict

Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC–428 AD)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
War of the Armenian Succession
(201-200 BC)
Standard of the Orontid dynasty.png Forces of Orontes IV Artaxiad coat of arms by PeopleOfAr.svg Forces of Artaxias I

Supported by
Seleucid empire

Artaxias-seleucid victory Fall of Yervandashat
Campaigns of Artaxias I
(189–165 BCE)
Artaxiad.svg Kingdom of Armenia
Kingdom of Sophene
Atropatene
Kingdom of Cataonia
Kingdom of Pontus
Lesser Armenia
Kartli - drosha jvari.svg Kingdom of Iberia
Victory
  • Atropatene comes under Artaxias's zone of influence.[ citation needed ]
  • Armenia conquers the regions of Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus.[ citation needed ]
Seleucid-Armenian War
(168–165 BCE)[ citation needed ]
Artaxiad.svg Kingdom of Armenia
Kingdom of Sophene
Seleucid Empire Victory
Armenian-Iberian War
(168–165 BCE) [1] [ failed verification ] [2]
Artaxiad.svg Kingdom of Armenia Kartli - drosha jvari.svg Kingdom of Iberia
Kingdom of Alania
Compromise[ citation needed ]
  • Artaxias I's general and son Zariadres captured, would be released on the following terms:
  • Javakheti, Ardahan, and the Fortress of Demotistsikhe would be ceded to Iberia
  • A defensive alliance between Armenia and Iberia would be formed
Armenia invaded by Parthian Empire
(120–100 BCE?)
Artaxiad.svg Kingdom of Armenia Parthian Empire
Atropatene
Defeat
  • Territorial gains for Parthia
  • Tigranes II given as a hostage to Parthian court
Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great
(95–78 BCE)
Artaxiad.svg Kingdom of Armenia Atropatene Victory
Third Mithridatic War (73–66 BC)[ citation needed ]
Artaxiad.svg Kingdom of Armenia
Kingdom of Pontus
Spqrstone.jpg Roman Republic Defeat
  • Pontus is divided up: one part becomes a client state of Rome, the other a Roman province. [4]
  • Armenia becomes a client kingdom of Rome. [5]
  • Tigranacerta destroyed in 69 bc. [6]
Iberian–Armenian War
(50–53 AD)
Arshakuni.png Kingdom of Armenia Kartli - drosha jvari.svg Kingdom of Iberia Victory
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 Arshakuni.png Kingdom of Armenia
Parthian Empire
Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire
Sophene
Lesser Armenia
Kartli - drosha jvari.svg Kingdom of Iberia
Commagene
Kingdom of Pontus
Victory
Ardashir I invasion of Armenia
(226–238)[ citation needed ]
Arshakuni.png Kingdom of Armenia Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg Sasanian Empire Victory
  • After twelve years of fighting against Tiridates II, Ardashir I withdrew his army and left Armenia.
  • Tiridates II strengthen his positions in Middle East
Shapur II's invasion of Armenia
(350)
Standard of the Arshakuni Arsacid dynasty.svg Kingdom of Armenia
Flag of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire
Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg Sasanian Empire Victory
Armeno-Sassanid War
(363-371)
Standard of the Arshakuni Arsacid dynasty.svg Kingdom of Armenia
Flag of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire
Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg Sasanian Empire Victory battle of Dzirav

Marzbanate period (428-646)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
Vardan's War  [ hy ]
(449-451)
Fictitious flag of Mamikonians.svg House of Mamikonian Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg Sassanian Empire Inconclusive Battle of Avarayr
Vahan's War  [ hy ]
(481-484
Fictitious flag of Mamikonians2.svg House of Mamikonian Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg Sassanian Empire Victory Battle of Nersehapat  [ hy ]
Red Vardan's revolt  [ hy ]
(571-572)
Fictitious flag of Mamikonians2.svg House of Mamikonian Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg Sassanian Empire Victory
  • Another attempt by the Sassanids to spread Zoroastrianism among the Armenians failed
Muslim conquest of Armenia
(637-661)
Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg Sassanian Empire
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg Byzantine Empire
Rashidun Caliphate Defeat Siege of Dvin (640)  [ hy ]

Ostikanate of Arminiya (661-855)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
Anti-Arab rebellions  [ hy ]
(8th century)
Arminiya Abbasid banner.svg  Abbasids Defeat Battle of Bagrevand, Battle of Vardanakert
Armenian revolt  [ hy ]
(850-855)
Arminiya Abbasid banner.svg  Abbasids Victory Defense of Ktish  [ hy ]

Bagratid Armenia (855-1045)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
Battle of Karasounk (863) Bagratuni flag.svg Principality of Armenia Abbasid Caliphate Victory
Sajid-Armenian Wars
(899-914)
Bagratuni flag.svg Bagratid Armenia Sajid dynasty DefeatDefense of Nakhichevan
Battle of Sevan (921) Bagratuni flag.svg Bagratid Armenia Sajid dynasty Victory
Byzantine–Georgian wars
(1014-1022)
Flag of the Kingdom of Georgia.svg Kingdom of Georgia
Bagratuni flag.svg Bagratid Armenia
Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century according to portolan charts.svg Byzantine Empire Defeat Battle of Shirimni and Battle of Svindax
Battle of Ani
(1042)
Bagratuni flag.svg Bagratid Armenia Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century according to portolan charts.svg Byzantine Empire Victory

Zakarid Armenia (1201-1350)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
Georgian–Seljuk wars
(1064-1213)
Flag of the Kingdom of Georgia.svg Kingdom of Georgia Flag of the Seljuks.svg Seljuk Empire Victory Battle of Didgori
Mongol invasions of Caucasus Flag of the Kingdom of Georgia.svg Kingdom of Georgia
Armenian Flag Khachen.png Kingdom of Artsakh
Flag of the Mongol Empire 3.svg Mongol Empire Inconclusive Siege of Khokhanaberd

Cilician Armenia (1080–1375)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
First Crusade
(1096–1099)
Shield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg Holy Roman Empire
Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg Kingdom of France
Coat of Arms of Robert Guiscard.svg Duchy of Apulia
Byzantine Empire
Armoiries Hethoumides.svg Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Great Seljuq Empire
Danishmends
Fatimids
Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Almoravids
Flag of Afghanistan pre-1901.svg Abbasids
Victory
Second Crusade
(1145–1149)
Blason Royaume de Jerusalem.svg Kingdom of Jerusalem
Armoiries Tripoli.svg County of Tripoli
Attributed Coat of Arms of the Principality of Antioch.svg Principality of Antioch
Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg Kingdom of France
Shield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg Holy Roman Empire
Armoires portugal 1160.svg Kingdom of Portugal
Blason Castille.svg Kingdom of Castile
Aragon arms.svg County of Barcelona
Blason Leon.svg Kingdom of León
Ancien blason Danemark.svg Kingdom of Denmark
Byzantine Empire
Armoiries Hethoumides.svg Kingdom of Cilicia
Royal Arms of England (1154-1189).svg Kingdom of England
POL Przemysl II 1295 COA.svg Kingdom of Poland
Seljuq Sultanate
Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Almoravids
Flag of Almohad Dynasty.svg Almohads
Zengids
Black flag.svg Abbasids
Fatimids
Defeat in Anatolia


Victory in Iberia

Armenian–Byzantine wars
(1151–1168)
Rubenid Flag.svg Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Byzantine Empire Victory
  • Armenians inflicted a heavy defeat to the Byzantine army in the battle of Mamistra
  • The Byzantine Empire abandoned its pretensions to the Armenian state[ citation needed ]
War with Antioch
(1156)
Rubenid Flag.svg Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Coat of Arms of Prince Bohemond VI of Antioch.png Principality of Antioch

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

Compromise[ citation needed ]
  • After a short battle near Alexendretta, Raynald of Châtillon was forced to return home, covered with humiliation
  • Thoros voluntarily surrendered to the Temlpars the fortresses in question, and the Knights took an oath “to assist the Armenians on all occasions where they needed help.”
  • Having secured the land he wanted, Raynald demanded his subsidies from the emperor who refused them, pointing out that the main task had yet to be done. Raynald quickly sided with Thoros and conspired to attack Cyprus
Third Crusade
(1189–1192)
Shield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg Holy Roman Empire
Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg Kingdom of England
Arms of the Kingdom of France (Ancien).svg Kingdom of France
Crusader States

Military Orders
Rubenid Flag.svg Kingdom of Cilician Armenia
Coa Hungary Country History Bela III (1172-1196).svg Kingdom of Hungary
Armoiries Genes.svg Republic of Genoa
Shield of the Republic of Pisa.svg Republic of Pisa

Ayyubid Sultanate

Sultanate of Rûm


Nizari Ismaili:
Christian opponents:
Victory
  • Treaty of Jaffa, the result of Crusader military victories and successful sieges.
War with Antioch
(1191/92-1194)
Flag of the Rubenid Dynasty.svg  Cilician Armenia Banner of the Principality of Antioch.png Principality of Antioch Victory
War of the Antiochene Succession
(1201-1219)
Forces of Raymond-Roupen of Antioch
Armoiries Leon II Armenie.svg Cilician Armenia
and others
Forces of Bohemond IV of Antioch
and others
Defeat
Mongol invasions of the Levant
(1260-1323)
Flag of the Ilkhanate.svg Ilkhanate
and others
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluks
and others
Defeat
  • Mongols temporarily conquer parts of Levant until repelled by the Mamluk Sultanate
Ninth Crusade
(1271–1272)
Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg Kingdom of France
Armoiries Chypre.svg Kingdom of Cyprus
Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg Kingdom of England
Armoiries Hethoumides.svg Kingdom of Cilicia
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluks Defeat
Expulsion of Mongols from Cilicia (1307)FlagKilikia.png  Cilician Armenia Flag of the Ilkhanate.svg Ilkhanate VictorySiege of Anazarba
Mamluk-Armenian Wars
(1266-1375)
FlagKilikia.png Flag of Lusignan dynasty.webp  Cilician Armenia Mameluke Flag.svg  Mamluks Defeat Fall of Sis

Armenian national movement (1722-1918)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
Syunik rebellion
(1722-1730)
Melikdoms of Syunik
Supported by
Armenian Flag Khachen.png Melikdoms of Artsakh
Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire
Safavid Flag.svg  Persian Empire
Defeat
  • Some resistance continues until the region is reconquered by Iran
Battle of Halidzor
Artsakh liberation struugle
(1724-1731)
Armenian Flag Khachen.png Melikdoms of Artsakh
Supported by
Melikdoms of Syunik
Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire
Safavid Flag.svg  Persian Empire
Victory
  • Successful resistance until Iranian forces reconquer region
Ottoman invasion of Varanda
Armenian resistance during Hamidian massacres
(1890-1907)
Fedayi groups Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
  • Successful resistance in some places, but couldn't defend whole people
Zeitun rebellion (1895-96)
Armenian resistance during the Armenian Genocide
(1914/15-1917/18)
ArmeniansFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
  • Some successful resistance defended people, but massacres in other regions continued
Defense of Van
Caucasus Campaign (1914-1918)1914–1917:'
Flag of Russia (1914-1917).svg Russian Empire
  • Armenian volunteer units

1917–1918:
Transcaucasian DFR
1918:
Flag of Armenia (3-2).svg  Armenia
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the Centrocaspian Dictatorship.svg Centrocaspian Dictatorship
Baku Commune.svg Baku Commune

Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
1918:
Flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918).svg  Azerbaijan
1918:
Flag of the German Empire.svg  Germany
Flag of Georgia (1918-1921, 4-5).svg  Georgia
Flag of the Mountain Republic.svg Northern Caucasus
Victory Battle of Sarikamish
Persian Campaign
(1914-1918)
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire (1914-1917)

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Empire
Flag of the Assyrian Volunteers.svg Assyrian volunteers

Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Iran
Victory Battle of Dilman

First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
May heroic battles
(1918)
Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg Armenian National Council Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire Armistice Battle of Sardarapat
Armenian–Azerbaijani War
(1918–1920)
Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg First Republic of Armenia Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijan Indecisive Zangezur Expedition, Muslim uprisings
Georgian–Armenian War
(1918)
Flag of Armenia (3-2).svg Armenia Flag of Georgia (1918-1921, 4-5).svg Georgia Inconclusive
  • Armenia gains the province of Lori.
  • With the intervention of Great Britain, a truce was concluded between Armenia and Georgia.
Battle of Sadakhlo
Turkish–Armenian War/Soviet invasion of Armenia
(1920)
Flag of the First Republic of Armenia.svg First Republic of Armenia Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Turkey
Flag RSFSR 1918.svg Russian SFSR
Defeat

Soviet Social Republic of Armenia (1920–1991)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResults
World War II
(1939–1945)
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Flag of the German Reich (1935-1945).svg Germany Victory
Karabakh movement
(1988-1991)
Karabakh Committee (1988–1989)
Pan-Armenian National Movement (1989–1991)
Flag of Armenian SSR.svgFlag of Armenia.svg Armenia [a]
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union Victory

Republic of Armenia (1991– present day)

ConflictArmenian side (and allies)OpponentResultsNotable battles
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
(1988–1994)
Foreign groups:
Victory
Armenian victory [23]
Battle of Shusha (1992)
2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict [ citation needed ]Flag of Artsakh.svg Artsakh
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Inconclusive
Inconclusive (see aftermath )
  • Azerbaijan claims victory [27] [28]
  • Armenia claims to have successfully repelled the Azerbaijani offensive [29] [30]
  • The line of contact shifted for the first time since 1994 [31]
  • Azerbaijan captures a territory from 800 hectares (8.0 km2) to 2,000 hectares (20 km2), including 2 heights
Second Nagorno-Karabakh war
(2020)
Flag of Artsakh.svg Artsakh
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey (alleged by Armenia) [32] [33] [34]
Syrian revolution flag.svg Syrian mercenaries [e] [38] [39]
Defeat
Azerbaijani victory [40] [41]
  • Azerbaijan gains control of 72% of Republic of Artsakh territory
Battle of Shusha (2020)

See also

Notes

  1. Flag of Armenia was adopted on August 24, 1990.
  2. Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) until 1991.
  3. Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence).
  4. Soviet authorities generally sided with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. [10] Soviet troops were present in Nagorno-Karabakh for 2+12 years and supported Azerbaijani militias. [11] Soviet troops directly intervened during Operation Ring in April–May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side. [12] [13]
  5. Denied by Azerbaijan [35] [36] and Turkey. [37]

References

  1. Moses, of Khoren, activeth century (1978). History of the Armenians. Robert W. Thomson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 185–187, 193–196. ISBN   0-674-39571-9. OCLC   3168093.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. The Georgian chronicles of Kʻartʻlis Cʻxovreba (A History of Georgia) : translated and with commentary. Stephen Jones, Roin Metreveli, Sakʿartʿvelos mecʿnierebatʿa akademia. Komissii︠a︡ po istochnikam istorii Gruzii. Tʻbilisi. 2014. pp. 31–34. ISBN   978-9941-445-52-1. OCLC   883445390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. Garsoian, Nina (2005). "Tigran II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  4. McGing, B. C. (1986). The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Brill. p. 166.
  5. Patterson, Lee E. (2015). "Antony and Armenia". TAPA. 145 (1 (Spring)). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 77.
  6. Edwell, Peter (2021). Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE. Routledge. p. 11.
  7. "В карабахском селе открылся памятник погибшим в войне кубанским казакам [A monument to the Kuban Cossacks who died in the war was opened in the Karabakh village]" (in Russian). REGNUM News Agency. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020.
  8. According to Leonid Tibilov, President of South Ossetia in 2012-17. "Леонид Тибилов поздравил Бако Саакяна с 25-й годовщиной образования Нагорно-Карабахской Республики [Leonid Tibilov congratulated Bako Sahakyan on the 25th anniversary of the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]". presidentruo.org (in Russian). President of the Republic of South Ossetia. 2 September 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. В борьбе за свободу и независимость на помощь народу Арцаха пришли и волонтеры из Южной Осетии. Они скрепили нашу дружбу своей праведной кровью, пролитой на вашей благословенной земле. Мы высоко ценим, что вами увековечены их имена в памятниках, названиях улиц и учебных заведений ряда населенных пунктов Вашей республики.
  9. 1 2 Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 1994. ISBN   1-56432-142-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2020. p. xiii "Slavic mercenaries also take part in the fighting. The Slavs on both sides ..."; p. 106 "Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian mercenaries or rogue units of the Soviet/Russian Army have fought on both sides."
  10. Panossian 2002, p.  145: "Until the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet authorities sided, in general, with Azerbaijan. ... Soviet troops sent to the conflict area ... on numerous occasions, took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to 'punish' the Armenians for raising the NK issue."
  11. Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). "Armenians Wage Hunger Strike in Regional Dispute: Soviet Union: Five threaten to starve themselves to death unless Moscow ends military rule in Azerbaijan enclave". Los Angeles Times . Soviet troops have been in Nagorno-Karabakh for 2+12 years ... The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region ...
  12. Cornell 1999, p. 26: "Sporadic clashes became frequent by the first months of 1991, with an ever-increasing organization of paramilitary forces on the Armenian side, whereas Azerbaijan still relied on the support of Moscow. ... In response to this development, a joint Soviet and Azerbaijani military and police operation directed from Moscow was initiated in these areas during the Spring and Summer of 1991.".
  13. Papazian 2008, p. 25: "units of the 4th army stationed in Azerbaijan and Azeri OMONs were used in 'Operation Ring', to empty a number of Armenian villages in Nagorno-Karabakh in April 1991.".
  14. "AFGHAN FIGHTERS AIDING AZERBAIJAN IN CIVIL WAR". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2022-01-21.
  15. Taarnby 2008, p. 6.
  16. Brzezinski & Sullivan 1997, p. 616: "It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army."
  17. Griffin, Nicholas (2004). Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.  185–186. ISBN   0-226-30859-6.
  18. "Украинские националисты УНАО-УНСО признали, что воевали на стороне Азербайджана в Карабахе". panorama.am (in Russian). 17 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017.
  19. ""В случае войны мы окажем баку посильную помощь"". euraspravda.ru (in Russian). 5 March 2014.
  20. ""В случае войны мы окажем Баку посильную помощь"". Minval.az (in Russian).
  21. "Турецкие националисты намерены участвовать в новой карабахской войне" [Turkish nationalists intend to participate in a new Karabakh war]. REGNUM (in Russian). 14 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  22. Demoyan 2006, p. 226: "Turkey continued to provide military as well as economic aid to Azerbaijan. As further proof, the Turkish army and intelligence services launched undercover operations to supply Azerbaijan with arms and military personnel. According to Turkish sources, over 350 high-ranking officers and thousands of volunteers from Turkey participated in the warfare on the Azerbaijani side.".
  23. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia". Refworld. Minority Rights Group International. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.
  24. Trenin 2011, p. 67: "Armenia is de facto united with Nagorno-Karabakh, an unrecognized state, in a single entity.".
  25. Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). "Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan". The National Interest . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016. The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.
  26. Cornell 2011, p. 135: "Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia.".
  27. "The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict: Defaulting to War". chathamhouse.org. Chatham House. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2019. Azerbaijan presents its operations of 2–5 April 2016 as a tactical victory and psychological breakthrough.
  28. Jardine, Bradley (April 2, 2018). "Armenians and Azerbaijanis commemorate two years since breakout of "April War"". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. President Ilham Aliyev, for his part, posted an image on Instagram of himself wearing military fatigues with the caption, "The April War was our glorious historical victory."
  29. "President Serzh Sargsyan invited a meeting of the National Security Council". president.am. Office to the President of Armenia. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ....It was noted that during the military actions unleashed by Azerbaijan, the RA Armed Forces fulfilled their task. The NKR Defence Army was victorious in thwarting Azerbaijani aggression and frustrating its plans.
  30. Aslanian, Karlen; Movsisian, Hovannes (April 5, 2016). "Azeri Offensive In Karabakh Failed, Says Sarkisian". azatutyun.am. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  31. Simão, Licínia (June 2016), The Nagorno-Karabakh redux (PDF), European Union Institute for Security Studies, p. 2, doi:10.2815/58373, ISBN   9789291984022, ISSN   2315-1129, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2018, retrieved 31 March 2018, For the first time since the 1990s, Azerbaijani forces managed to regain control of small parts of the territory surrounding Karabakh – the first time the Line of Contact has shifted. Although these changes do not significantly alter the parties' military predicament on the ground...
  32. "Принуждение к конфликту" [Coercion to conflict]. Kommersant (in Russian). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  33. Kramer, Andrew E. (29 January 2021). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail?". The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2021. Armenia has said that Turkey was directly involved in the fighting in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, and that a Turkish F-16 fighter shot down an Armenian jet. Turkey denied those accusations.
  34. Tsvetkova, Maria; Auyezov, Olzhas (9 November 2020). "Analysis: Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". Reuters . Retrieved 4 March 2021. Turkey's support for Azerbaijan has been vital, and Azerbaijan's superior weaponry and battlefield advances have reduced its incentive to reach a lasting peace deal. Ankara denies its troops are involved in fighting but Aliyev has acknowledged some Turkish F-16 fighter jets remained in Azerbaijan after a military drill this summer, and there are reports of Russian and Turkish drones being used by both sides.
  35. "Azerbaijan denies Turkey sent it fighters from Syria". 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  36. "Nagorno-Karabakh: Azerbaijan accuses Armenia of rocket attack". The Guardian. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  37. "Türkiye'nin Dağlık Karabağ'a paralı asker gönderdiği iddiası" (in Turkish). Deutsche Welle. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  38. Ed Butler (10 December 2020). "The Syrian mercenaries used as 'cannon fodder' in Nagorno-Karabakh". BBC . Retrieved 23 July 2024. Although Azerbaijan and its ally Turkey deny the use of mercenaries, researchers have amassed a considerable amount of photographic evidence, drawn from videos and photographs the fighters have posted online, which tells a different story.
  39. Cookman, Liz (5 October 2020). "Syrians Make Up Turkey's Proxy Army in Nagorno-Karabakh". Foreign Policy . Retrieved 23 July 2024. According to sources within the Syrian National Army (SNA), the umbrella term for a group of opposition militias backed by Turkey, around 1,500 Syrians have so far been deployed to the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region in the southern Caucasus ... Shortly after conflict erupted between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Turkey sought to mobilize the SNA, sometimes called Turkey's proxy army ... The first fighters were transferred in late September to southern Turkey and then flown from Gaziantep to Ankara, before being transferred to Azerbaijan on Sept. 25.
  40. "'One nation, two states' on display as Erdogan visits Azerbaijan for Karabakh victory parade". France24. 10 December 2020. Azerbaijan's historic win was an important geopolitical coup for Erdogan who has cemented Turkey's leading role as a powerbroker in the ex-Soviet Caucasus region.
  41. "Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal". BBC. 10 November 2020. The BBC's Orla Guerin in Baku says that, overall, the deal should be read as a victory for Azerbaijan and a defeat for Armenia.

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