List of wars involving Armenia

Last updated September 06, 2024

This is a list of wars involving Armenia and its predecessor states. The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

Armenian victory

Defeat

Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante Bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

Ongoing conflict

Conflict	Armenian side (and allies)	Opponent	Results
Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC–428 AD)
Campaigns of Artaxias I (189–165 BCE)	Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene	Atropatene Kingdom of Cataonia Kingdom of Pontus Lesser Armenia Kingdom of Iberia	Victory Atropatene comes under Artaxias's zone of influence.^{[ citation needed ]} Armenia conquers the regions of Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus.^{[ citation needed ]}
Seleucid-Armenian War (168–165 BCE)^{[ citation needed ]}	Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene	Seleucid Empire	Victory Armenia conquers the region of Tmorik.^{[ citation needed ]} 3 years later Antiochus IV Epiphanes is forced to retreat due to internal troubles at home.^{[ citation needed ]} Artaxias I captured, but escapes with the aid of Timarchus.^{[ citation needed ]}
Armenian-Iberian War (168–165 BCE)^[1]^{[ failed verification ]}^[2]	Kingdom of Armenia	Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Alania	Compromise^{[ citation needed ]} Artaxias I's general and son Zariadres captured, would be released on the following terms: Javakheti, Ardahan, and the Fortress of Demotistsikhe would be ceded to Iberia A defensive alliance between Armenia and Iberia would be formed
Armenia invaded by Parthian Empire (120–100 BCE?)	Kingdom of Armenia	Parthian Empire Atropatene	Defeat Territorial gains for Parthia Tigranes II given as a hostage to Parthian court
Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great (95–78 BCE)	Kingdom of Armenia	Atropatene	Victory Kingdoms of Sophene, Osroene, Commagene, Atropatene pledge loyalty to Armenia, Tigranes annexes Cilicia Pedias, Mygdonia, and Syria. Launches numerous attacks upon the Kingdom of Cappadocia ^[3]
Third Mithridatic War (73–66 BC)^{[ citation needed ]}	Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Pontus	Roman Republic	Defeat Pontus is divided up: one part becomes a client state of Rome, the other a Roman province.^[4] Armenia becomes a client kingdom of Rome.^[5] Tigranacerta destroyed in 69 bc.^[6]
Iberian–Armenian War (50–53 AD)	Kingdom of Armenia	Kingdom of Iberia	Victory Tiridates I crowned King of Armenia
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63	Kingdom of Armenia Parthian Empire	Roman Empire Sophene Lesser Armenia Kingdom of Iberia Commagene Kingdom of Pontus	Victory Treaty of Rhandeia Arsacids established on Armenian throne
Ardashir I invasion of Armenia (226–238)^{[ citation needed ]}	Kingdom of Armenia	Sasanian Empire	Victory After twelve years of fighting against Tiridates II, Ardashir I withdrew his army and left Armenia. Tiridates II strengthen his positions in Middle East
Armenian Principality of Cilicia (1080–1198) Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375)
First Crusade (1096–1099)	Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of France Duchy of Apulia Byzantine Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	Great Seljuq Empire Danishmends Fatimids Almoravids Abbasids	Victory Kingdom of Jerusalem created Crusader states created
Second Crusade (1145–1149)	Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Castile County of Barcelona Kingdom of León Kingdom of Denmark Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of England Kingdom of Poland	Seljuq Sultanate Almoravids Almohads Zengids Abbasids Fatimids	Defeat in Anatolia Status quo ante bellum in the Levant Victory in Iberia Crusaders capture Lisbon, Tortosa, Wagria, and Polabia
Armenian–Byzantine wars (1151–1168)	Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Armenians inflicted a heavy defeat to the Byzantine army in the battle of Mamistra The Byzantine Empire abandoned its pretensions to the Armenian state^{[ citation needed ]}
War with Antioch (1156)	Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	Principality of Antioch Supported by: Byzantine Empire	Compromise^{[ citation needed ]} After a short battle near Alexendretta, Raynald of Châtillon was forced to return home, covered with humiliation Thoros voluntarily surrendered to the Temlpars the fortresses in question, and the Knights took an oath “to assist the Armenians on all occasions where they needed help.” Having secured the land he wanted, Raynald demanded his subsidies from the emperor who refused them, pointing out that the main task had yet to be done. Raynald quickly sided with Thoros and conspired to attack Cyprus
Third Crusade (1189–1192)	Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of England Kingdom of France Crusader States Kingdom of Jerusalem Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Military Orders Kingdom of Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Hungary Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa	Ayyubid Sultanate Sultanate of Egypt Emirate of Damascus Emirate of Hama Emirate of Mesopotamia Sultanate of Rûm Nizari Ismaili: Nizari Ismaili state Christian opponents: Byzantine Empire Empire of Cyprus Kingdom of Sicily	Victory Treaty of Jaffa, the result of Crusader military victories and successful sieges.
Ninth Crusade (1271–1272)	Kingdom of France Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of England Kingdom of Cilicia	Mamluks	Defeat Treaty of Caesarea Crusader states collapsed^{[ citation needed ]}
Armenian national–liberation movement (18th century–1918)
Persian Campaign (1914-1918)	Russian Empire (1914-1917) Armenian volunteers British Empire Assyrian volunteers	Ottoman Empire Qajar Iran Azeris Kurds	Victory The Fedayi helped the Assyrians to take over West Azerbaijan from the Turks in the Urmia revolt and Battle of Khoy Overthrow of the Qajar regime a few years later^{[ citation needed ]}
First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Caucasus Campaign (World War I) (1918)	Armenian National Council	Ottoman Empire	Armistice Treaty of Batum Establishment of the First Republic of Armenia
Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920)	First Republic of Armenia	Azerbaijan	Indecisive Battle of Kazakh Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan Karabakh and Nakhchivan dispute settled in favor of Azerbaijan Zangezur came under Armenia's control.^{[ citation needed ]}
Georgian–Armenian War (1918)	First Republic of Armenia	Georgia	Inconclusive Armenia gains the province of Lori. With the intervention of Great Britain, a truce was concluded between Armenia and Georgia.
Turkish–Armenian War/Soviet invasion of Armenia (1920)	First Republic of Armenia	Turkey Russian SFSR	Defeat All of Western Armenia is given to Turkey Rest of Armenia is Sovietized
Soviet Social Republic of Armenia (1920–1991)
World War II (1939–1945)	Soviet Union Soviet Armenia	Germany Armenian Legion	Victory 500,000 Armenians fought in the Soviet Army, 200,000 of whom perished. 20,000 Armenians fought in the American Armed Forces ^{[ citation needed ]} 10,000 Armenians fought in the French Armed Forces ^{[ citation needed ]}
Republic of Armenia (1991–)
First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)	Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh	Azerbaijan	Victory Armenian victory^[7] De facto independence of Nagorno-Karabakh. Ceasefire (Bishkek Protocol).
2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict ^{[ citation needed ]}	Armenia Nagorno-Karabakh	Azerbaijan	Inconclusive Inconclusive (see aftermath ) Azerbaijan claims victory^[8]^[9] Armenia claims to have successfully repelled the Azerbaijani offensive^[10]^[11]
Second Nagorno-Karabakh war (2020)	Armenia Artsakh	Azerbaijan	Defeat Azerbaijani victory^[12]^[13]

Related Research Articles

Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in Azerbaijan, covering the southeastern stretch of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range. Part of the greater region of Karabakh, it spans the area between Lower Karabakh and Syunik. Its terrain mostly consists of mountains and forestland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</span> 1988–1994 Armenia-Azerbaijan war

The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from Turkey. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former Soviet republics, entangled themselves in protracted, undeclared mountain warfare in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno-Karabakh.

The Artsakh Defence Army was the defence force of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh. Established in 1992, it united previously disorganized defence units which were formed in the early 1990s.

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but was recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts.

The Armenian-Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) was a conflict that took place in the South Caucasus in regions with a mixed Armenian-Azerbaijani population, broadly encompassing what are now modern-day Azerbaijan and Armenia. It began during the final months of World War I and ended with the establishment of Soviet rule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Armenian sentiment</span> Strong aversion and prejudice against Armenians

Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, racism, derision and/or prejudice towards Armenians, Armenia, and Armenian culture.

Relations have always been strong between Azerbaijan and Turkey, the only two predominantly Turkic countries located west of the Caspian Sea. Former Azerbaijani president Heydar Aliyev often described the two as being "one nation, two states."

United Armenia, also known as Greater Armenia or Great Armenia, is an Armenian ethno-nationalist irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland—the Armenian Highland—which are currently or have historically been mostly populated by Armenians. The idea of what Armenians see as unification of their historical lands was prevalent throughout the 20th century and has been advocated by individuals, various organizations and institutions, including the nationalist parties Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Heritage, the ASALA and others.

There are no diplomatic relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The two neighboring states had formal governmental relations between 1918 and 1921, during their brief independence from the collapsed Russian Empire, as the First Republic of Armenia and the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan; these relations existed from the period after the Russian Revolution until they were occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union, becoming the constituent republics of Soviet Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan. Due to the five wars waged by the countries in the past century—one from 1918 to 1921, another from 1988 to 1994, and the most recent in 2016, 2020 and 2023—the two have had strained relations. In the wake of hostilities, social memory of Soviet-era cohabitation is widely repressed through censorship and stigmatization.

Russia and Azerbaijan are de facto and de jure allies in many different aspects, including military. Bilateral relations exist between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation. The Embassy of Azerbaijan is located in Moscow, Russia. The Embassy of Russia is located in Baku, Azerbaijan.

The political status of Nagorno-Karabakh remained unresolved from its declaration of independence on 10 December 1991 to its September 2023 collapse. During Soviet times, it had been an ethnic Armenian autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a conflict arose between local Armenians who sought to have Nagorno-Karabakh join Armenia and local Azerbaijanis who opposed this.

Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment, Azerophobia, Azerbaijanophobia, or anti-Azerbaijanism has been mainly rooted in several countries, most notably in Russia, Armenia, and Iran, where anti-Azerbaijani sentiment has sometimes led to violent ethnic incidents.

Clashes on the Armenian–Azerbaijan border (Tavush–Qazakh) and the line of contact between the Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan started on 27 July 2014. Reported casualties of the clashes were some of the highest since the 1994 ceasefire agreement that ended the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

The 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, also known as the Four-Day War, April War, or April clashes, began along the former Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact on 1 April 2016 with the Artsakh Defence Army, backed by the Armenian Armed Forces, on one side and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces on the other.

The Line of Contact was the front line which separated Armenian forces and the Azerbaijan Armed Forces from the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 until the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.

The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories. It was a major escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, involving Azerbaijan, Armenia and the self-declared Armenian breakaway state of Artsakh. The war lasted for 44 days and resulted in Azerbaijani victory, with the defeat igniting anti-government protests in Armenia. Post-war skirmishes continued in the region, including substantial clashes in 2022.

The following is list of the official reactions to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Because of the geography, history, and sensitivities of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, accusations, allegations, and statements have been made of involvement by third-party and international actors during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, including in media reports. Azerbaijan has been accused of employing Syrian mercenaries during the war, including reports by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR). There have also been allegations of Kurdish militia from Syria and Iraq fighting on the Armenian side, and although some third-party sources had confirmed it, some publications had considered these claims "dubious". During the war, ethnic Armenian volunteers from the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America fought on Armenian side. Both sides have denied employing mercenaries in the war, but the OHCHR had stated that there were reports about Syrian fighters motivated primarily by private gain fighting on Azerbaijan's side recruited with Turkey's assistance and foreign nationals fighting on Armenian side with motivation being investigated, calling for withdrawal of any mercenaries and related actors from Nagorno-Karabakh.

References

↑ Moses, of Khoren, activeth century (1978). History of the Armenians. Robert W. Thomson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 185–187, 193–196. ISBN 0-674-39571-9. OCLC 3168093.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ The Georgian chronicles of Kʻartʻlis Cʻxovreba (A History of Georgia) : translated and with commentary. Stephen Jones, Roin Metreveli, Sakʿartʿvelos mecʿnierebatʿa akademia. Komissii︠a︡ po istochnikam istorii Gruzii. Tʻbilisi. 2014. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-9941-445-52-1. OCLC 883445390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ Garsoian, Nina (2005). "Tigran II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
↑ McGing, B. C. (1986). The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Brill. p. 166.
↑ Patterson, Lee E. (2015). "Antony and Armenia". TAPA. 145 (1 (Spring)). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 77.
↑ Edwell, Peter (2021). Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE. Routledge. p. 11.
↑ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia". Refworld. Minority Rights Group International. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.
↑ "The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict: Defaulting to War". chathamhouse.org. Chatham House. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2019. Azerbaijan presents its operations of 2–5 April 2016 as a tactical victory and psychological breakthrough.
↑ Jardine, Bradley (April 2, 2018). "Armenians and Azerbaijanis commemorate two years since breakout of "April War"". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. President Ilham Aliyev, for his part, posted an image on Instagram of himself wearing military fatigues with the caption, "The April War was our glorious historical victory."
↑ "President Serzh Sargsyan invited a meeting of the National Security Council". president.am. Office to the President of Armenia. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ....It was noted that during the military actions unleashed by Azerbaijan, the RA Armed Forces fulfilled their task. The NKR Defence Army was victorious in thwarting Azerbaijani aggression and frustrating its plans.
↑ Aslanian, Karlen; Movsisian, Hovannes (April 5, 2016). "Azeri Offensive In Karabakh Failed, Says Sarkisian". azatutyun.am. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
↑ "'One nation, two states' on display as Erdogan visits Azerbaijan for Karabakh victory parade". France24. 10 December 2020. Azerbaijan's historic win was an important geopolitical coup for Erdogan who has cemented Turkey's leading role as a powerbroker in the ex-Soviet Caucasus region.
↑ "Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal". BBC. 10 November 2020. The BBC's Orla Guerin in Baku says that, overall, the deal should be read as a victory for Azerbaijan and a defeat for Armenia.

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[:1-1] Moses, of Khoren, activeth century (1978). History of the Armenians. Robert W. Thomson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 185–187, 193–196. ISBN 0-674-39571-9. OCLC 3168093.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:0-2] The Georgian chronicles of Kʻartʻlis Cʻxovreba (A History of Georgia) : translated and with commentary. Stephen Jones, Roin Metreveli, Sakʿartʿvelos mecʿnierebatʿa akademia. Komissii︠a︡ po istochnikam istorii Gruzii. Tʻbilisi. 2014. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-9941-445-52-1. OCLC 883445390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[3] Garsoian, Nina (2005). "Tigran II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

[4] McGing, B. C. (1986). The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Brill. p. 166.

[5] Patterson, Lee E. (2015). "Antony and Armenia". TAPA. 145 (1 (Spring)). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 77.

[6] Edwell, Peter (2021). Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE. Routledge. p. 11.

[7] "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia". Refworld. Minority Rights Group International. 2007. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.

[8] "The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict: Defaulting to War". chathamhouse.org. Chatham House. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2019. Azerbaijan presents its operations of 2–5 April 2016 as a tactical victory and psychological breakthrough.

[9] Jardine, Bradley (April 2, 2018). "Armenians and Azerbaijanis commemorate two years since breakout of "April War"". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. President Ilham Aliyev, for his part, posted an image on Instagram of himself wearing military fatigues with the caption, "The April War was our glorious historical victory."

[10] "President Serzh Sargsyan invited a meeting of the National Security Council". president.am. Office to the President of Armenia. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020. ....It was noted that during the military actions unleashed by Azerbaijan, the RA Armed Forces fulfilled their task. The NKR Defence Army was victorious in thwarting Azerbaijani aggression and frustrating its plans.

[11] Aslanian, Karlen; Movsisian, Hovannes (April 5, 2016). "Azeri Offensive In Karabakh Failed, Says Sarkisian". azatutyun.am. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

[12] "'One nation, two states' on display as Erdogan visits Azerbaijan for Karabakh victory parade". France24. 10 December 2020. Azerbaijan's historic win was an important geopolitical coup for Erdogan who has cemented Turkey's leading role as a powerbroker in the ex-Soviet Caucasus region.

[13] "Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal". BBC. 10 November 2020. The BBC's Orla Guerin in Baku says that, overall, the deal should be read as a victory for Azerbaijan and a defeat for Armenia.

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v t e Lists of wars involving Asian countries
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
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Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
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v t e Lists of wars involving European countries
Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria
Dependencies and other entities	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard

List of wars involving Armenia

See also

Related Research Articles

References