List of wars involving South Sudan

This is a list of wars involving the Republic of South Sudan .

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	President of South Sudan
First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972)	SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias ALF (1965–1970) Anyanya (from 1963) [1] Israel (from 1969) [2] [3] [4] Supported by: Ethiopia [5] [6] Uganda (from about 1970) [5] [3] Congo-Léopoldville [7] Kenya [5] France [8]	Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1955–1956) Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) Democratic Republic of the Sudan (1969–1972) Combat support: Uganda (Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969) [9] Libyan Arab Republic (From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970) [10] Non-combat support: United Arab Republic [10] [11] Soviet Union [12] [11] United Kingdom [11] [13] China [11] [13] Yugoslavia [11] [13] East Germany [11] [13] Czechoslovakia [13] Saudi Arabia [13] Kingdom of Libya (until 1969) [13] Algeria [13] United States [14] West Germany [14]	Stalemate [15] Addis Ababa Agreement Establishment of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region with various defined powers	None
Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)	SPLA SPLA-Mainstream [16] SPLA-Agar SPDF ALF Titweng [17] SSLM NDA Sudanese Alliance Forces [18] Anyanya II Eastern Coalition Derg (until 1987) [19] PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991) [19] FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998) [20] Eritrea (1996–1998, 2002–2005) [21] Uganda (from 1993) [22] [23] Non-combat aid: Libya (1983–1985) [24] [25] Israel [26] Cuba (until 1991) [27]	Sudan Armed Forces PDF Army of Peace Muraheleen Ex-FAR and Interahamwe [28] SSDF SPLA dissidents SPLA-Nasir SPLA-United [16] SSIM/A Nuer White Army Ugandan insurgents: LRA [29] WNBF [30] UNRF (II) [30] Zaire (1994–1997) [31] [32] al-Qaeda (1991–1996) [33] [20] [ irrelevant citation ] Iraq [a] China [b] Combat aid: Libya (1986–1991) [37] [38] DR Congo (1998–2003) Non-combat aid: Iran [39] Belarus (from 1996) [40] [41]	Stalemate [42] Comprehensive Peace Agreement Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement Independence of the Republic of South Sudan following a 2011 referendum Unresolved issues result in the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict, and the South Sudanese Civil War
Disarmament of the Lou Nuer (2005–2006)	Southern Sudan SPLA	Lou Nuer White Army SSDF forces of Thomas Maboir SSDF forces of Simon Gatwitch Supported by: Sudan	SPLA victory Nuer White Army disarmed	Salva Kiir
George Athor's rebellion (2010–2011)	South Sudan (Southern Sudan Autonomous Region until July 2011)	South Sudan Democratic Movement (SSDM) Gabriel Tanginye's militia Supported by: Sudan Eritrea (alleged) EUPF (alleged)	South Sudanese government victory Death of George Athor Many rebel areas retaken by government forces Athor's forces largely surrender in February 2012
Heglig Crisis (2012)	South Sudan JEM [43] SPLM-N [43]	Sudan	Sudanese victory South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig [44] Agreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 September [45]
South Sudanese Civil War (2013–2020)	South Sudan SPLA Air Force Mathiang Anyoor Maban Defence Force [46] Allied militias: SSLM [47] SRF JEM [c] SPLM-N [52] [50] (alleged) SLA-AW [53] SLA-MM [53] EUPF [54] (alleged) State allies: Uganda [55] Egypt [56] (alleged)	UNMISS [57] Regional Protection Force [58] Rwanda Ethiopia SPLM-IO [59] Nuer White Army [60] SSDM Cobra Faction [d] Greater Pibor Forces (since 2015) [62] Agwelek forces [65] [66] TFNF [67] SSFDP [68] South Sudan National Army [69] [70] NAS Arrow Boys (since Nov. 2015) Wau State insurgents [71] SSOA (until September 2018) SSOMA/NSSSOG (until Jan. 2020) Supported by: Sudan (South Sudanese gov. claim) [72]	Stalemate Unity government formed Three Special Administrative Areas created Ethnic violence in South Sudan continues

Notes

1. Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments; ^[34] according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi". ^[35] The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops. ^[36]
2. Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry. ^[36]
3. The SPLM-IO accused JEM of supporting Kiir's government since 2013, though JEM has denied any involvement and claims to maintain neutrality in the South Sudanese Civil War. ^[48] The Sudanese government, ^[49] aid workers ^[48] and other sources ^[50] have however affirmed that JEM is taking part in conflict on the side of the South Sudanese government. ^[51]
4. The Cobra Faction openly opposed the government until 2014, and remained in relative opposition until 2015, when it divided into a pro-government and pro-SPLM-IO faction, the latter of which formed the Greater Pibor Forces. In early 2016, the Cobra Faction effectively disbanded, when the remaining group joined the government. ^{[61] [62] [63]} In September 2016, however, the Cobra Faction was declared restored by some of its commanders and declared that it had resumed its struggle against the government. ^[64]

Footnotes

1. Martell (2018), p. 72.
2. Martell (2018), pp. 79–82.
3. Johnson, Douglas (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 36–37. ISBN   978-1847010292.
4. Leach, Justin (2012). War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process. I.B.Tauris. p. 178. ISBN   978-1780762272.
5. Martell (2018), p. 89.
6. Acig.org. "Sudan, Civil War since 1955".
7. Poggo (2009), p. 158.
8. Poggo (2009), p. 163.
9. Poggo (2009), p. 151.
10. Poggo (2009), p. 166.
11. Poggo (2009), p. 1.
12. OBallance 1977, p. 119-120.
13. Poggo (2009), p. 155.
14. Poggo (2009), p. 165.
15. Shinn, David H, "Addis Ababa Agreement: was it destined to fail and are there lessons for the Current Sudan Peace Process?", p. 242
16. Martell (2018), p. 137.
17. LeRiche & Arnold (2013), p. 101.
18. Plaut (2016), p. 77.
19. Vuylsteke (2018), p. 6.
20. de Waal (2007), p. 12.
21. Plaut (2016), pp. 77–78.
22. Prunier (2009), p. 75.
23. "Military Support for Sudanese Opposition Forces." Sudan. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
24. Collins, Robert O. Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993, p. 194.: Westview Press, 1999.
25. "Sudan Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan".
26. DeRouen & Heo (2007), p. 742.
27. "Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki".
28. Prunier (2004), p. 377.
29. Prunier (2009), p. 82.
30. Leopold (2001), pp. 99–100.
31. Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
32. Prunier (2009), pp. 74, 82.
33. Connell (1998), p. 55.
34. Bassil (2013), pp. 168–169.
35. Martell (2018), p. 147.
36. Khalid (2010), p. 348.
37. Dixon, Jeffrey S., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. A Guide to Intra-state Wars an Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014, p. 392. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Reference, 2016.
38. Bassil (2013), p. 169.
39. Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989–2000 at Google Books
40. "Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии – Владимир Сегенюк". newsland.com.
41. "Завоюет ли Беларусь позиции на глобальных рынках оружия? – Vechek". newsland.com.
42. Mr Washee Washee. Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook. London: Routledge, 2013, p. 422
43. McCutchen, Andrew (October 2014). "The Sudan Revolutionary Front: Its Formation and Development" (PDF). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
44. Thon Agany Ayiei. "Heglig Conflict Revisited: Why did South Sudan withdraw from Heglig (Panthou)?". The New Sudan Vision. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
45. "Sudan-South Sudan peace accords hailed". Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
46. James Copnall (21 August 2014). "Ethnic militias and the shrinking state: South Sudan's dangerous path". African Arguments. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
47. "Kiir's Dinka Forces Join SSLA Rebels". Chimpreports. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
48. Small Arms Survey (2014), p. 7.
49. Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 14, 17.
50. "South Sudan deploys more troops to Upper Nile as fighting intensifies". South Sudan News Agency. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
51. Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 7, 11, 14.
52. Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 10, 11, 20.
53. Craze, Tubiana & Gramizzi (2016), p. 160.
54. "Ethiopian opposition leader denies supporting South Sudan against rebels". Sudan Tribune. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
55. Clottey, Peter (22 October 2015). "Uganda Begins Troop Withdrawal from South Sudan". VOA News. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
56. "Egypt supports South Sudan to secure Nile share". Al Monitor. 24 February 2015.
57. "United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan". UNMISS Facts and Figures. UN. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
58. "Mandate". United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). 16 October 2015.
59. "South Sudan oil town changes hands for fourth time. Why?". The Christian Science Monitor. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
60. "South Sudan: 'White Army' militia marches to fight". USA Today. 28 December 2013.
61. "David Yau Yau surrenders Cobra-faction to a General linked to the SPLA-IO: Cobra-faction's splinter group". South Sudan News Agency. 12 January 2016.
62. "Murle faction announces defection to S. Sudan rebels". 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
63. "South Sudan's Boma state violence displaces hundreds". Sudan Tribune. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
64. "Top Cobra Faction general defects from Kiir government". Radio Tamazuj. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
65. "Johnson Olony's forces prefer independent command in Upper Nile state". sudantribune.com. 17 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
66. "Government Questions SPLM/A-IO About The Position Of Gen. Johnson Olony". gurtong. 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
67. "The Conflict in Upper Nile". www.smallarmssurveysudan.org. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
68. "S. Sudan's Otuho rebels unveil objectives for armed struggle". Sudan Tribune. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
69. "South Sudan General Gathoth Gatkuoth explains to Karin Zeitvogel why he broke with Riek Machar". Voice of America. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
70. "Changson dismisses Gathoth Gatkuoth as FDP group splits over advance team to Juba". sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
71. "S. Sudan army in control of Wau town after heavy gunfire". sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
72. "S. Sudan rebels accuse government of backing Ethiopian rebels". Sudan Tribune. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

Sources

• Bassil, Noah (2013). The Post-Colonial State and Civil War in Sudan: The Origins of Conflict in Darfur. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN   978-1780760858.
• Connell, Dan (August 1998). "Sudan: Global Trade, Local Impact. Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 10 (4 (A)).
• Craze, Joshua; Tubiana, Jérôme; Gramizzi, Claudio (2016). Emile LeBrun (ed.). "A State of Disunity: Conflict Dynamics in Unity State, South Sudan, 2013–15" (PDF). HSBA Working Paper (42). Geneva: Small Arms Survey. ISBN   978-2-940548-32-3.
• DeRouen, Karl R.; Heo, Uk (2007). Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.
• de Waal, Alex (April 2007). "Sudan: international dimensions to the state and its crisis" (PDF). Occasional Papers (Crisis States Research Centre) (2). ISSN   1753-3082.
• Khalid, Mansour (2010) [1st pub. 2003]. War & Peace in the Sudan. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN   978-0-7103-0663-0.
• LeRiche, Matthew; Arnold, Matthew (2013). South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-933340-0.
• Leopold, Mark (2001). "'Trying to Hold Things Together?' International NGOs caught up in an Emergency in North-Western Uganda, 1996–97". In Ondine Barrow; Michael Jennings (eds.). The Charitable Impulse: NGOs & Development in East & North-East Africa. Oxford, Bloomfield: James Curry Ltd; Kumarian Press. pp. 94–108. ISBN   9781565491373.
• Martell, Peter (2018). First Raise a Flag. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN   978-1849049597.
• O'Ballance, Edgar (1977). The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN   0-571-10768-0.
• Plaut, Martin (2016). Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-066959-1.
• Poggo, Scopas (2009). The First Sudanese Civil War Africans, Arabs, And Israelis In The Southern Sudan, 1955-1972. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   9780230607965.
• Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)". African Affairs. 103 (412): 359–383. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh050. JSTOR   3518562.
• Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-970583-2.
• "Timeline of Recent Intra-Southern Conflict" (PDF). Geneva: Small Arms Survey. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014.
• Vuylsteke, Sarah (December 2018). "Identity and Self-determination: The Fertit Opposition in South Sudan" (PDF). HSBA Briefing Paper. Geneva: Small Arms Survey.

First Sudanese Civil War:

• Assefa, Hizkias. 1987. Mediation of Civil Wars, Approaches and Strategies – The Sudan Conflict. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
• Eprile, Cecil. War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955 – 1972. David and Charles, London. 1974. ISBN   0-7153-6221-6.
• Johnson, Douglas H. 1979. "Book Review: The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972 by Edgar O'Ballance". African Affairs 78 (310):132–7.
• O'Ballance, Edgar. 1977. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. (Faber and Faber edition ISBN   0-571-10768-0).
• Poggo, Scopas Sekwat. 1999. War and Conflict in Southern Sudan, 1955–1972. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.

External links

Second Sudanese Civil War:

• Background Q & A: The Darfur Crisis, Esther Pan, Council on Foreign Relations, cfr.org
• Price of Peace in Africa: Agreement in Sudan Between Government and Rebel
• Photojournalist's Account – Displacement of Sudan's second civil war
• In pictures: Sudan trek – of returning refugees after the war, BBC, 14 June 2005
• With Peace, Sudan Faces Hard Choices, Washington Post, 28 July 2005
• The Nuba Mountains Homepage
• Bishop calls for Churchwide day of prayer and fasting for an end to Sudan violence on 26 June 2011 – leading up to the 9 July expected day of new independence for the Southern Sudan.