List of wars involving Ethiopia

Last updated

This is a list of wars involving the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (modern-day Ethiopia) and its predecessor states.

Contents

Ethiopian Empire (12701975)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Results
Conquests of Amda Seyon I (13161332) Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopia Victories
Badley ad-Din II's Invasion of Ethiopia
(1445)
Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate Victory
Abyssinian–Adal War
(15291543)
Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire
Flag of Portugal (1521).svg Portuguese Empire (1541–43)
Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate
Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg Ottoman Empire (1542–43)
Stalemate
Ottoman–Ethiopian War (1557–1589) Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1517).svg Ottoman Empire

Medri Bahri
Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg Adal Sultanate

Victory
Iyasu II's Invasion of Sennar
(1738)
Ethiopia Sennar
Supported by:
Darfur
Defeat
  • Iyasu II's army defeated
  • Several of the Ethiopian Emperor's valuables lost
Zemene Mesafint
(17691855)
Ethiopian Pennants.svg Various factions Ethiopian Pennants.svg Various factions Reunification of Ethiopia
Ottoman–Ethiopian border conflicts
(18321848)
Ethiopian Empire Ottoman Empire Victory
British Expedition to Abyssinia
(18671868)
Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopian Empire Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Defeat
Ethiopian–Egyptian War
(18741876)
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg  Ethiopia Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg Egyptian Empire Victory
  • Egyptian Khedive defeated
  • Collapse of Egyptian Khedivate
Mahdist War
(18811889)

Flag of the Mahdi movement in Sudan.svg Mahdist State

Victory
Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889 Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopian Empire Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Kingdom of Italy Compromise [22]
Menelik's Expansions

(Late 19th century)

Various polities (see List of polities involved)

Victories
First Italo-Ethiopian War (1896) Ethiopian Empire Kingdom of Italy Victory
  • Ethiopia retains independence
  • Italians defeated
Dervish War
(19001920)
and (1914-1915) [ citation needed ]Dervish Somali flag.png Dervish movement
Supported by: [25] [26]
Flag of the German Empire.svg German Empire [27]
Ethiopian allied victory
  • Collapse of the Dervish State
Second Italo-Ethiopian War
(19351937)
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg  Ethiopia Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Defeat
East African Campaign
(1940–1941)
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopian Arbegnoch
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium

Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg Free France

Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Italy Ethiopian allied victory
Woyane rebellion
(1943)
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopia
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom [28]
Woyane rebelsVictory
  • Revolt crushed
Korean War
(19501953)
Stalemate
Congo Crisis
(1960–1964)
1960–1963:
Supported by:
1963–1964:Supported by:
1960–1963:Supported by:
1960–1962:Supported by:
1963–1964:
Supported by:
Victory
Bale Revolt
(19631970)
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg  Ethiopia Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia Victory
  • Revolt crushed, peace agreement
1964 Ethiopian–Somali War
(1964)
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg  Ethiopia Stalemate
  • Military offensive of Ethiopia repulsed, ceasefire agreement [34] [35]
OLA insurgency
(1973present)

Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg OLF
(until 2018)
Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg OLA
(initially part of OLF, independent from 2018)
Flag of the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia.png IFLO
(1985–87)
Flag of Ethiopia (1991-1996).svg EUPF
(1993–2012) [36]
Supported by: [d]
Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea
(1998–2018) [37]
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt (alleged) [38]

Ongoing
  • Start of peace talks between government of Ethiopia and the OLA on 25 April 2023 [39] [40]
  • Conflict resumes after peace talks failed in May 2023.
  • The OLA and the government signed a peace deal on 1 December 2024 and its members started moving into designated camps [41] [42] [43] [44]

Communist Ethiopia (19751991)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Results
Eritrean War of Independence
(19611991)
1961–1974
Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopian Empire

1974–1991
Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987).svg Derg (1974–1987)
Flag of Ethiopia (1987-1991).svg PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Supported by:
Flag of Eritrea (1952-1961).svg ELF (1961–1981)

Flag of the EPLF.svg EPLF (since 1973)
Flag of the Tigray Region.svg TPLF (since 1975)
EPLF victory [71]
Ogaden War
(1977 [72] 1978 [73] )
Ethiopian victory
1982 Ethiopian-Somali Border War
(19821983)

Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987).svg Ethiopia
Logo of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front.png SSDF

Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia

Stalemate [77] [78]
Ethiopian Civil War
(19741991)

Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987, with emblem).svg Derg (1974–1987)
Flag of Ethiopia (1987-1991).svg PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Supported by:
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union [83] [84] [85] (1974–1990)
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba (1974–1990)
Flag of South Yemen.svg South Yemen (1974–1990)
Somali anti-Barre groups:

Somali Anti WSLF-groups:

Emblem of Ethiopia.svg EPRDF

Logo of the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svg EPRP
Meison.jpg MEISON (from 1977)
Flag of Ethiopia (Blank).svg EDU
Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg OLF
Flag of the Western Somali Liberation Front.svg WSLF
Flag of the Afar Liberation Front.svg ALF
Eritrean separatists:

Somali nationalists:

EPLF/TPLF rebel victory

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (from 1995)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2Results
Insurgency in Ogaden
(1992 [90] 2018 [91] [92] )

Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia
Supported by:
Flag of Somaliland.svg Somaliland [93] [94]

Flag of Ogaden National Liberation Front.svg ONLF
Supported by:
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea [95]
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt (alleged by Ethiopia) [96]


Flag of Jihad.svg al-Itihaad al-Islamiya [97]
(1992–97)

Peace agreement reached
Eritrean–Ethiopian War
(19982000)
Flag of Ethiopia (1996-2009).svg  Ethiopia Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea Ethiopian military victory
Eritrean diplomatic victory [98] [99] [100]
Ethiopian occupation of Somalia
(20062009)
Invasion:Invasion:Islamist insurgent victory, see Consequences
Oromia–Somali clashes
(20162018 [116] [117] )

Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia

Flag of the Somali Region (1994-2008).svg Somali

Abdi Illey arrested [118]
Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
(20192022 [119] )

Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia

Flag of Ethiopia (Blank).svg Fano [120]

Flag of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region.svg Gumuz People’s Democratic Movement [121]
BPLM Flag.svg Benishangul People's Liberation Movement [122]
Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg Oromo Liberation Army
Infobox TPLF.png Tigray People's Liberation Front (alleged)

Peace agreement reached
Tigray War
(20202022)

Flag of the Tigray Region.svg Tigray
Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg OLA (2021–22) [127] [128]

Pretoria Agreement
Al-Fashaga conflict
(20202022)

Flag of the Amhara Region.svg Amhara militias
Alleged:
Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia
Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea [134]

Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan

Sudanese victory
  • Disengagement and de-escalation
  • Sudan recaptures all of the border territory with Ethiopia. [135] [136]
  • Sudan and Ethiopia agree to settle all disputes peacefully. [137]
War in Amhara
(2023present)

Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia

Flag of Ethiopia (Blank).svg Fano factions

Ongoing

Footnotes

  1. On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were: US: 70.4%; ROK: 23.3%; other UNC: 6.3%. [29]
  2. ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others. [30]
  3. The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France, Portuguese Angola and the neighbouring Central African Federation. [31] [32] However, neither was ever officially recognised by any state. [33]
  4. Alleged by the government of Ethiopia.[ citation needed ]

References

  1. Hassen, Mohammed (1983). Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region (PDF). University of London. p. 22. doi:10.25501/SOAS.00029226.
  2. J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 75.
  3. E. A. Wallis Budge, A history of Ethiopia, pp. 307–308.
  4. Gikes, Patrick (2002). "Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State". African Studies. 2. University of Lisbon: 89–102. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  5. Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. p. 239. ISBN   978-0-932415-19-6.
  6. Dombrowski, Franz Amadeus. Ethiopia's Access to the Sea. Germany: Brill, 2023, p.25
  7. Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2010, p.152
  8. Mukhtar, Ismael Ibrahim (2023-10-12). Milestones in the History of Islam in Eritrea (in Arabic). FriesenPress. p. 86. ISBN   978-1-03-918539-5.
  9. Studies on Ottoman Diplomatic History. Isis Press. 1990. p. 152.
  10. Casale, Giancarlo (2010-02-25). The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–108, 157. ISBN   978-0-19-970338-8.
  11. Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.96
  12. Hassen, Mohammed (1983). "The Oromo of Ethiopia 1500-1800" (PDF). doi:10.25501/SOAS.00029226.p.206
  13. Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC The Red Sea Press. ISBN 9780932415196.
  14. Orhonlu, C. (1965). Osmanlıların Habeşistan Siyaseti 1554–1560. Tarih Dergisi, 15(20), 39-54.
  15. Oliver, Roland Anthony; Atmore, Anthony (16 August 2001). Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN   978-0-521-79372-8 . Retrieved 14 June 2025.
  16. Erlich, Haggai (3 October 2024). Rediscovering the Red Sea's Historical Significance. Springer Nature. p. 25. ISBN   978-981--977194-3 . Retrieved 14 June 2025.
  17. "Egypt and the Sudan | National Army Museum". www.nam.ac.uk.
  18. "Nile Expedition". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  19. International, Radio Canada (26 January 2015). "Canada's first military mission overseas".
  20. "Sudan (New South Wales Contingent) March-June 1885". 28 July 2021.
  21. Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman (2010). Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  22. Sarkees, Meredith Reid; Wayman, Frank Whelon (2010). Resort to War: A Data Guide to Inter-State, Extra-state, Intra-State, and Non-State Wars, 1816–2007. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 262. The conclusion of the war is coded as a compromise
  23. Penrose, Ernest (2012). European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN   978-1-136-27676-7.
  24. Sheik-Abdi, Abdi (1977). "Somali Nationalism: Its Origins and Future" . The Journal of Modern African Studies. 15 (4): 657–665. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00002299. ISSN   1469-7777.
  25. "How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans". BBC News. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  26. Zaccaria 2021.
  27. Sabry, Fouad (2024-10-17). New Imperialism: The Global Dynamics of 21st Century Expansion. One Billion Knowledgeable.
  28. Alex De Waal (September 1991). EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA An Africa Watch Report (PDF). p. 55.
  29. Kim, Heesu (1996). Anglo-American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953–1960 (PDF) (Thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  30. Haskin 2005, pp. 24–25.
  31. Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, p. 101.
  32. Dorn 2016, p. 32.
  33. Nugent 2004, p. 97.
  34. "Somalia profile – Timeline". BBC Africa. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  35. "Onwar". Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  36. WRITENET (2004), p. 8.
  37. Iaccino, Ludovica (26 February 2016). "Ethiopia claims Eritrea behind Oromo protests but activists warn against 'state propaganda'". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  38. "Ethiopia Alleges Oromo Protesters Receiving Support From Egypt". Bloomberg. 10 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
  39. "Ethiopian PM announces start date of peace talks with rebel group". 24 April 2023.
  40. "Ethiopian Government Initiates Peace Talks With Oromo Rebel Group". 24 April 2023.
  41. "Ministry Hails Peace Deal Between Oromia Regional Gov't, OLA Senior Leader as Critical Step". 1 December 2024.
  42. "Oromia regional government and OLA sign peace agreement in Ethiopia (+Photos)". 1 December 2024.
  43. "Members of OLA begin moving into designated camp following Peace agreement". 3 December 2024.
  44. "OLA Militants Start Entering to Designated Camps Following Peace Deal". 3 December 2024.
  45. Agyeman-Duah, Baffour (1986). "The U.S. and Ethiopia: The Politics of Military Assistance". Armed Forces & Society. 12 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1177/0095327X8601200207. JSTOR   45304844.
  46. 1 2 "Ethiopia-Israel". country-data.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  47. U.S. Requests for Ethiopian Bases Pushed Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Toledo Blade, 13 March 1957
  48. 1 2 3 Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN   978-0-8108-5952-4.
  49. "Communism, African-Style". Time. 1983-07-04. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  50. "Ethiopia Red Star Over the Horn of Africa". Time. 1986-08-04. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  51. "Ethiopia a Forgotten War Rages On". Time. 1985-12-23. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  52. [48] [49] [50] [51]
  53. Clapham, Christopher. Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. p. 277.
  54. The Pillage of Sustainablility in Eritrea, 1600s–1990s: Rural Communities and the Creeping Shadows of Hegemony, 1998. Page 82.
  55. 1 2 3 Fauriol, Georges A; Loser, Eva (1990). Cuba: the international dimension. Transaction Publishers. ISBN   0-88738-324-6.
  56. 1 2 The maverick state: Gaddafi and the New World Order, 1996. Page 71.
  57. Schmidt, Elizabeth (2013). Foreign intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge. p. 158. ISBN   9780521882385. China assisted the ELF with weapons and military training until 1972, when Ethiopian recognition of Beijing as the legitimate Chinese government led to China's abandonment of the Eritrean struggle.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  58. Chinese and African Perspectives on China in Africa 2009, Page 93
  59. Schoultz, Lars (2009). That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN   978-0-8078-3260-8.
  60. 1 2 Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2010. Page 492
  61. 1 2 Oil, Power and Politics: Conflict of Asian and African Studies, 1975. Page 97.
  62. Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning, 1998. Page 110
  63. Eritrea – liberation or capitulation, 1978. Page 103
  64. Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years, 2006. page 318.
  65. 1 2 Spencer C. Tucker, A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, 2009. page 2402
  66. Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis, 2009. page 84.
  67. [55] [56] [48] [66]
  68. The Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Role of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1992. ISBN   9780160372056. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  69. 1 2 Ciment, James (27 March 2015). Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II. Routledge. ISBN   9781317471868. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  70. 1 2 "16. Ethiopia/Eritrea (1950-1993)".
  71. Mlambo, Obert Bernard; Chitando, Ezra (2023). The Palgrave Handbook of Violence in Africa. Springer Nature. p. 147. ISBN   978-3-031-40754-3. In 1991 the EPLF's victory over the Dergue's troops won Eritrea's independence.
  72. Ayele 2014 , p. 106: "MOND classified documents reveal that the full-scale Somali invasion came on Tuesday, July 12, 1977. The date of the invasion was not, therefore, July 13 or July 23 as some authors have claimed."
  73. Tareke 2000.
  74. Urban, Mark (1983). "Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978" . The RUSI Journal. 128 (2): 42–46. doi:10.1080/03071848308523524. ISSN   0307-1847. Soviet advisers fulfilled a number of roles, although the majority were involved in training and headquarters duties. Others flew combat missions in the MiGs and helicopters.
  75. "Ogaden Area recaptured by Ethiopian Forces with Soviet and Cuban Support – International Ramifications of Ethiopian-Somali Conflict – Incipient Soviet and Cuban Involvement in Ethiopian Warfare against Eritrean Secessionists – Political Assassinations inside Ethiopia". Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives). 1 May 1978. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  76. Gorman 1981, p. 208.
  77. Langellier, Jean-Pierre (14 November 1982). "Somalis and Ethiopians slog it out to stalemate". Le Monde . p. 12.
  78. Cowell, Alan (1982-10-08). "ETHIOPIAN DRIVE AGAINST SOMALIA BOGS DOWN". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  79. Laitin, David D.; Samatar, Said S. (1987). Somalia: Nation in Search of a State. Profiles. Avalon Publishing. p. 159. ISBN   978-0-86531-555-6. Yet Siyaad surprised friends and foes alike by turning both events to advantage. His army vigorously repulsed the invaders...
  80. Prunier, Gérard (2021). The Country that Does Not Exist: A History of Somaliland. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN   978-1-78738-203-9.
  81. "Somalia: Status of the Armed Forces" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. March 1982. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  82. "Recent Trends in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 15 December 1983. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  83. Keneally, Thomas (27 September 1987). "IN ERITREA". The New York Times via NYTimes.com.
  84. ""Wir haben euch Waffen und Brot geschickt"". Der Spiegel. 2 March 1980 via www.spiegel.de.
  85. "Attempts to distort history". www.shaebia.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  86. "Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians". 3 July 2007.
  87. Brooke, James (15 March 1987). "Ethiopia: Rebellion Behind a Mask of Conformity". The New York Times.
  88. "Cascon Case OGA: Somalia-Ethiopia (Ogaden) 1977-88".
  89. Yalew, Mesafint T. (2023). "The Dynamics of China - Ethiopia Relations during the Ogaden War, 1977-1978". Vestnik Rudn. International Relations. 23: 130–143. doi: 10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-130-143 .
  90. Abdi 2021, p. 192.
  91. Ulan, Adam (2004). "Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF)". Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy. 32 (7/8): 9. ProQuest   197562444.
  92. "Ethiopia's Ogaden rebels declare unilateral ceasefire - Ethiopia". ReliefWeb. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  93. "Somaliland forces 'surround ONLF rebels near Ethiopia'". BBC News. September 13, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
  94. "Somaliland Army Drives Out Ethiopian Rebels". VOA News. September 14, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2024.[ dead link ]
  95. Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians Archived 2008-10-18 at the Wayback Machine , Human Rights Watch, July 4, 2007.
  96. "Ethiopian military chief's remarks spark ONLF backlash". Archived from the original on 2024-12-13. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  97. "Counter-Terrorism in Somalia: Losing Hearts and Minds?" (PDF). Crisis Group Africa Report (95). 2005-07-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  98. Abbink 2003.
  99. Zewde, Bahru (2011). "History and conflict in Africa: The experience of Ethiopia-Eritrea and Rwanda". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 3 (46): 27–39. JSTOR   23622762.
  100. Lata, Leenco (2003). "The Ethiopia-Eritrea War" . Review of African Political Economy. 30 (97): 369–388. doi: 10.1080/03056244.2003.9659772 . JSTOR   4006982. S2CID   219713933.
  101. Abbink 2003, pp. 221–231.
  102. "Ethiopia and Eritrea - UNMEE - Background". peacekeeping.un.org/. United Nations. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  103. "Decision regarding delimitation of the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia" (PDF). Un - Reports of International Arbitral Awards. XXV: 83–195. 13 April 2002.
  104. Axe, David (2 December 2010). "WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op". Wired . The Washington Post's Pauline Jelinek, citing anonymous sources, described U.S. Special Forces accompanying Ethiopian troops. CBS news revealed that U.S. Air Force gunships were active over southern Somalia during the Ethiopian blitz. Through all the reporting, U.S. officials remained vague or silent on the subject of Washington's involvement. All the same, evidence was mounting that the U.S. had played a leading role in the Ethiopian invasion.
  105. Whitlock, Craig (24 November 2011). "U.S. intensifies its proxy fight against al-Shabab in Somalia" . The Washington Post . ...operations are reviving painful memories of an Ethiopian invasion in 2006 that was backed by U.S. forces and preceded by an extensive CIA operation. In that case, the Ethiopian army—with some U.S. air support—rolled in to oust a Muslim fundamentalist movement that had taken over Mogadishu, the capital. But the Ethiopians eventually withdrew after they became bogged down by a Somali insurgency.
  106. "Somalia insurgents accuse Kenya over border security". Reuters . 8 March 2009. The group has been angry at Kenya since it helped capture Islamists trying to flee Ethiopian and Somali government troops in early 2007.
  107. "Burundi joins Somalia peace force". BBC. 2007-02-01. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  108. "Burundi troops ready to join Somalia peacekeepers". Reuters. 2007-03-27. Archived from the original on 1 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
  109. "Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia". IRIN. 2007-01-22. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  110. "Nigeria to send peacekeeping battalion to Somalia". Reuters. 2007-01-24. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  111. "Ugandan Troops Set to Arrive in Somalia as Part of AU Force". Shabelle Media Network. 2007-02-16. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  112. "Ogaden rebels destroy Ethiopian military convoy en route to Somalia". Sudan Tribune . Ogaden National Liberation Front. 2006-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  113. "Ogaden rebels to resist Ethiopian army if it attacks Somali-statement". Sudan Tribune . Ogaden National Liberation Front. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  114. Mueller, Jason C. (2018-01-02). "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" . Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213. ISSN   0954-6553. S2CID   148494845. the December 2006 Ethiopian invasion, and subsequent two-year occupation, proved to be a prime catalyst for mobilization and the first critical juncture
  115. McGregor, Andrew (5 June 2007). "Ethiopia Faces Ethnic Fallout from Somalia Intervention". Terrorism Focus. 4 (17). Jamestown Foundation.
  116. {{C=[mllkite web|title=Dozens killed in clashes in Ethiopia's Oromia region|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/18/dozens-killed-in-ethnic-clashes-in-ethiopias-oromia%7Cdate=18 December 2017|website=AlJazeera.com}}
  117. Dahir, Abdi Latif (19 December 2017). "Violence is tearing apart two of Ethiopia's largest ethnic communities". Quartz.
  118. "Ethiopia police arrest ex-Somali region president Abdi Illey". AfricaNews. 27 August 2018.
  119. "Benishangul Gumuz regional govt, rebel group sign peace agreement". Addis Standard. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  120. "All Is Not Quiet on Ethiopia's Western Front". Foreign Policy . 6 January 2021.
  121. "Eight killed, 16 injured in latest attack by armed group in Benishangul Gumuz despite peace agreement". Addis Standard. 15 July 2023.
  122. "Benishangul Gumuz region signs peace agreement with second rebel group, deal signed in Sudan". Addis Standard. 12 December 2022.
  123. "Ethiopia: Fear Tigray conflict could trigger all-out war". DW. 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  124. Endeshaw, Dawit (16 July 2021). "Three more regions reinforce Ethiopia army, Amhara against Tigray forces". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  125. "Ethiopian PM confirms Eritrean troops entered Tigray during conflict". Reuters. 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021.
  126. "Eritrea confirms its troops are fighting in Ethiopia's Tigray". Al Jazeera. 17 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  127. Anna, Cara (11 August 2021). "Ethiopia armed group says it has alliance with Tigray forces". AP News. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  128. "Leaked EU Diplomatic Cable: Delegation of the European Union to Ethiopia". Scoop. 25 August 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  129. "African Union: Agreement reached on permanent cessation of hostilities in Ethiopia". National Post. 2 November 2022.
  130. Winning, Alexander; Cocks, Tim (2 November 2022). "Combatants in Ethiopia's Tigray war agree to stop fighting". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  131. Feleke, Bethlehem (3 November 2022). "Warring parties in Ethiopia agree on 'permanent cessation of hostilities'". CNN World. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  132. Mersie, Ayenat (12 November 2022). "Ethiopia combatants sign deal to start implementing truce". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  133. Al-Awsat, Asharq. "Ethiopia Truce Implementation to Start 'Immediately', Mediator Says". Asharq AL-awsat. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  134. "Eritrea Forces Deployed in Disputed Sudan-Ethiopia Area, UN Says". Bloomberg News . 24 March 2021.
  135. "Sudan regains full control of border with Ethiopia: Ministry". Al Jazeera. 31 December 2020.
  136. "Sudanese army deployed along the disputed border with Ethiopia". Africanews.com. 15 December 2021.
  137. "Sudan, Ethiopia agreed to settle all disputes peacefully". Sudan Tribune. 1 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  138. "At Least 26 Killed in Drone Strike in Ethiopia's Amhara Region". VOA. 2023-08-14. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  139. "Ethiopia: End the month-long arbitrary detention of thousands in Amhara Region". Amnesty International . 2024-11-06.
  140. "Ethiopia: Heavy Fighting in Gondar Between Amhara Militias and Government Forces" . Stratfor . 3 October 2024. Retrieved 2024-10-06. These operations are reportedly part of a broader Fano offensive that began in July, which has enabled Fano to establish control over certain rural areas in Amhara
  141. "ENDF, Amhara admin vow to 'intensify operations' against armed groups and figures embedded within gov't". Addis Standard . 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  142. Misganaw, Aster; Abate, Kennedy (2024-10-03). "Ethiopian military boosts operations in Amhara region". Voice of America . Retrieved 2024-10-06.