List of wars involving Libya

This is a list of wars involving the State of Libya and its predecessor states.

Ottoman Tripolitania (1551-1911)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Cretan War (1645-1669)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Tripolitania Ottoman Tunis Regency of Algiers [1]	Republic of Venice Knights of Malta Papal States   France Greek revolutionaries Maniots	Ottoman Victory Crete conquered by the Ottoman Empire Venetian gains in Dalmatia
French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)	Tripolitania Tunis	France	French victory
Maghrebi war (1699–1702)	Beylik of Tunis Sultanate of Morocco Regency of Tripoli	Regency of Algiers	Algerian victory [2] Moroccan and Tunisian forces routed [2] Very minor, or no changes
Siege of Tripoli (1705)	Ottoman Tripolitania	Ottoman Tunisia	Tripolitanian victory
Tripolitanian civil war (1790–1795)	1790–1793 Yusuf Karamanli 1793–1795 Ottoman Tripolitania	1790–1793 Ali ibn Mehmed Hamet Karamanli 1793–1795 Karamanli Tripolitania Beylik of Tunis 1794–1795	Karamanli victory
Action of 16 May 1797	Tripolitania	Denmark–Norway	Victory
Barbary Wars (1801–1815)	Algiers Tripolitania Morocco [3] (1802–1804)	United States Sweden (1800–1802) Sicily [4] (1801–1805)	Inconclusive
First Barbary War (1801–1805)	Ottoman Tripolitania [5] [6] Morocco (1802)	United States Sweden [7]   Sicily [8] [9]	Peace treaty The United States paying ransom Tripolitania ships allowed to inspect American ships Freeing prisoners of American ships
Battle of Tripoli (1825)	Tripolitania	Sardinia	Sardinian victory: Sardinia Destroyed two tripolitanian ships Tripolitanian soldiers routed Peace treaty concluded [10]
Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)	Ottoman Tripolitania	Kingdom of the Two Sicilies	Tripolitanian victory
Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912)	Ottoman Empire Senussi Order	Italy	Italian victory Italy gains Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and the Dodecanese Islands
Italian invasion of Libya (1911)	Ottoman Empire Senussi Order	Kingdom of Italy	Italian victory Italian annexation of Libya

Colonial period (1911-1951)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
First Italo-Senussi War (1911–1917)	Senussi	Italy United Kingdom	Defeat Libyan resistance put down
Second Italo-Senussi War (1923–1932)	Senussi Order Tripolitanian rebels Fezzan rebels	Italy	Italian victory Stabilization of Italian rule in Libya
North African Campaign (1940–1943)	Allies British Empire   United Kingdom   India Australia [11]   New Zealand Transjordan   Newfoundland [12] Libyan Arab Force United States [a] Free France Algeria [a] Tunisia [a] Morocco [a] Australia [11]   South Africa   Poland   Greece   Czechoslovakia	Axis   Italy   Libya   Germany Vichy France [b] Algeria [b] Tunisia [b] Morocco [b]	Allied victory Italian Libya placed under British and French military administration

Libyan Kingdom (1951-1969)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Arab Cold War (1952-1991 [c] )	Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Iraq (until 1958) Ba'athist Iraq (1979–1990) Jordan Morocco Kingdom of Egypt (until 1953) Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1974)   Syria (before 1954, 1961–1963) Right Wing of Fatah   Libya (until 1969) Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia / Federation of South Arabia (until 1967) Protectorate of South Arabia (until 1967) Kingdom of Yemen (until 1970) North Yemen (1970–1974, since 1978) Muscat and Oman (until 1970) Imamate of Oman (until 1959) Oman (since 1970)   Zanzibar (until 1964) Bahrain Kuwait Qatar   Somalia (since 1977) Chad Senegal Comoros Djibouti Sudan (before 1969, since 1985) Trucial States (until 1971) United Arab Emirates (from 1971) Muslim Brotherhood Arab Federation (1958)   Iraq Jordan	Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) United Arab Republic (1958–1971) Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–1973) Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) Ba'athist Iraq (1968–1979, 1990−1991) Syrian Republic (1954–1958/1961) Ba'athist Syria (from 1963) Libya (after 1969) Algeria Sudan (1969–1971) South Yemen North Yemen (1962–1970, 1974–1978) Mauritania (until 1984) Palestine Liberation Organization Abu Nidal Organization Polisario Front / Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic   Somalia (1969–1977) Arab Nationalist Movement Ba'ath Party (until 1966) DLF [13] (1963–1968) PFLOAG [13] (1968–1974) NDFLOAG (1969–1971) PFLO (1974–1976) Hezbollah [14] (from 1985) Federation of Arab Republics Arab Islamic Republic United Arab States (1958–1961) United Arab Republic Kingdom of Yemen	Inconclusive Decline of pan-Arabism and Nasserism after the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser Rise of Wahhabism, Salafi jihadism, and Islamism after the death of Nasser International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism in several countries financed with Saudi oil exports Beginning of the 1969 Somali coup d'état, establishing the Somali Democratic Republic Creation of Gulf Cooperation Council Failed attempts of an Arab Union: Arab Federation United Arab Republic United Arab States Federation of Arab Republics United Arab Kingdom Union of Arab Republics Arab Islamic Republic Successful attempts of an Arab Union: Unity of nine Arab emirates to form UAE Yemeni unification
Battle of Essien (1957)	Libya FLN	France	Libyan-Algerian victory French forces withdraw from the region

Libyan Arab Republic (1969-1977)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
1969 Libyan revolution	Free Officers Movement	Kingdom of Libya Cyrenaican Defence Force (CYDEF)	Free Officers victory Overthrow and abolition of the Monarchy Establishment of Libyan Arab Republic Start of Muammar Gaddafi's rule
First Sudanese Civil War (1955-1972)	Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1955–1956) Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) Democratic Republic of the Sudan (1969–1972) Combat support: Uganda (Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969) [15] Libyan Arab Republic (From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970) [16] Non-combat support: United Arab Republic [16] [17] Soviet Union [18] [17] United Kingdom [17] [19] China [17] [19] Yugoslavia [17] [19] East Germany [17] [19] Czechoslovakia [19] Saudi Arabia [19] Kingdom of Libya (until 1969) [19] Algeria [19] United States [20] West Germany [20]	SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias ALF (1965–1970) Anyanya (from 1963) [21] Israel (from 1969) [22] [23] [24] Supported by: Ethiopia [25] [26] Uganda (from about 1970) [25] [23] Congo-Léopoldville [27] Kenya [25] France [28]	Stalemate [29] Addis Ababa Agreement
Invasion of Uganda (1972) [30]	Uganda   Libya Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)	Ugandan rebels People's Army UPC supporters Tanzania	Ugandan government victory Invasion by Obote loyalists repelled
Lebanese Civil War (1976)	ADF Syrian Arab Republic Saudi Arabia Sudan United Arab Emirates Libya South Yemen	LF	Withdrawal Libyan forces essentially abandoned [31] Eventual termination of ADF mandate

Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977-2011)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Egyptian–Libyan War (1977)	Libya	Egypt	Ceasefire
Uganda–Tanzania War (1978–1979)	Uganda   Libya   Palestine Liberation Organization Supported by: Pakistan Saudi Arabia	Tanzania   Uganda National Liberation Front Kikosi Maalum Front for National Salvation Save Uganda Movement Others   Mozambique Supported by: Zambia   Angola   Ethiopia Algeria	Tanzanian victory Collapse of the Second Republic of Uganda
Chadian–Libyan conflict (1978–1987)	Libya Islamic Legion [32] Pro-Libyan Chadian factions FROLINAT GUNT (1979–1986) Codos (1983–1986) FAP (1978–1986) Pro-Libyan Palestinian and Lebanese groups [33] PLO (1987) [34] [35] Abu Nidal Organization [33] Supported by: Algeria [36] [ full citation needed ] East Germany Soviet Union	Anti-Libyan Chadian factions FAT (1978–1979) FAN (1978–1983) FANT (1983–1987) GUNT (1986–1987) France Inter-African Force Zaire Nigeria Senegal NFSL Supported by: DR Sudan (1978–1985) [32] Sudan (1985–1987) [32] Egypt (1977-1981) [32] Israel [37] Iraq [38] Algeria (pre-reapproachment) [36] United States [39]	Defeat Chad regains control of the Aouzou Strip.
United States bombing of Libya (1986)	Libya	United States	Both sides claimed victory [40] Ground targets destroyed [40] Failed assassination attempt against Gaddafi [41] Failed Libyan Scud missile response Libya renamed from Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
Second Sudanese Civil War (1986–1988)	Sudan Armed Forces PDF Army of Peace Muraheleen Ex-FAR and Interahamwe [42] SSDF SPLA dissidents SPLA-Nasir SPLA-United [43] SSIM/A Nuer White Army Ugandan insurgents: LRA [44] WNBF [45] UNRF (II) [45] Iraq [d] China [e] Combat aid: Libya (1986–1991) [49] [50] Non-combat aid: Iran [51] [ page needed ]	SPLA SPLA-Mainstream [43] SPLA-Agar SPDF ALF Titweng [52] SSLM NDA Sudanese Alliance Forces [53] Anyanya II Eastern Coalition Derg (until 1987) [54] PDR Ethiopia (1987–1988) [54] Non-combat aid: Libya (1983–1985) [55] [56] Israel [57] Cuba (until 1991) [58]	Stalemate Libyan withdrawal in 1988 2011 referendum and independence of the Republic of South Sudan
2008 Kufra conflict (2008)	Libya	Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya	Victory

State of Libya (2011-present)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
First Libyan Civil War (2011)	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	Anti-Gaddafi forces Qatar NATO Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway [59] Poland (only humanitarian and medical aid) [60] Romania Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Other countries Jordan [61] Qatar Sweden United Arab Emirates [62] Minor border clashes: Tunisia Tunisian Army Tunisian Police Supported by:   Egypt [63] [64]	Libyan opposition/NATO victory Complete overthrow and collapse of the Gaddafi regime. Killing of Muammar Gaddafi and end of his rule over Libya on 20 October 2011 Start and continuation of the Libyan Crisis Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council; remained in power until August 8, 2012 UN authorisation of NATO led military intervention Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU Factional violence in the aftermath of the war leading to another civil war in 2014
War against the Islamic State (2013–present)	In multiple regions:   CJTF–OIR IMCTC In Iraq Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan United States Iran [65] In Syria Ba'athist Syria (2013–2024) Iran (2013–2024) Russia (2015–2024) Syrian caretaker government (2024–2025) Syrian transitional government (since 2025) Turkey [66] Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024) Syrian Interim Government (2013–2025) Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (2015–present) United States In Egypt Egypt (conflict since 2014) Israel [67] Hamas [68] In Libya Libya Government of National Accord (2015–2021) Government of National Unity (since 2021) Tobruk-based government (2014–2021) Government of National Stability (since 2022) Egypt France United States In Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2015–2021) Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (since 2021) (the Taliban, in a conflict with IS since 2015) [69] [70] In Pakistan Pakistan China [71] In West Africa   Multinational Joint Task Force	Islamic State Wilayat Libya (in Libya) Wilayat Sinai (in the Sinai peninsula) ISWAP (West Africa) IS-GS (Sahel) IS-CAP (Central Africa) Ansar al-Sunna (in Mozambique) Wilayat Khorasan (in Afghanistan and Iran) Wilayat Qavqaz (in the North Caucasus) Abu Sayyaf (in Southeast Asia) Wilayat Somalia (in Somalia) Wilayat Pakistan (in Pakistan)	Ongoing; IS militarily defeated in Iraq, Syria and Libya Airstrikes on IS positions in Iraq, Syria, Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan Multinational humanitarian efforts Arming and supporting local ground forces Millions of civilians in Iraq and Syria flee their homes, sparking a refugee crisis Terrorist attacks in Paris (Jan 2015 and Nov 2015), Brussels (Mar 2016) and many other places Thousands of civilians executed by IS forces in Iraq and Syria IS controlled around 40% of Iraq at its peak in mid-2014 [72] IS controlled around 50% of Syria by late May 2015 [73] [74] Emergence of independently-governed Kurdish regions IS military defeated and lost all of its territory in Libya in December 2017 [75] [76] Boko Haram loses territory, but its insurgency continues [77] IS controlled 5.67% of Syria's land by November 2017 [78] and around 3% of Iraq by October 2017 [79] IS loses all territory in Iraq and most territory in Syria in December 2017 [80] IS loses all remaining territory in Syria in March 2019 [81]
Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)	House of Representatives (Tobruk-based) [82] [83] Libyan National Army [84] [85]   Libyan Air Force (LNA–aligned)   Libyan Navy (LNA–aligned) Others: Zintan brigades [86] JEM [87] (from 2016) SLM/A-Minnawi [88] [89] Gaddafi loyalists [90] Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya Warshefana militias [86] [91] [92] Wagner Group (from 2018) [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] Egypt [98] [99] [100] United Arab Emirates [98] [101] [102] [103] RSF [104] (from 2019) Ba'athist Syria (2020) [105] [106] [107] Hezbollah (allegedly) [108] [109] Israel (allegedly, denied by LNA) [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] Iran [115] Support: Russia [116] [117] France [118] [119] [120] [121] Saudi Arabia [122] Chad [123] Jordan [124] [125] [92] Belarus [126] [127] Greece [128] [129] Cyprus [130] United States [131] [132] United Kingdom [133]	Government of National Accord (Tripoli-based) (from 2016)   Libyan Ground Forces   Libyan Air Force (GNA–aligned)   Libyan Navy [134] (GNA–aligned) Others: Presidential Guard [135] Misrata Brigades [136] Sabratha Revolutionary Brigades [137] Petroleum Facilities Guard [138] Tripoli Protection Force (from 2018) Misratan Third Force [139] Tuareg militias of Ghat [140] Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya [140] Chadian rebels (FACT, [141] CCMSR, [141] URF [142] and UFDD [142] ) Turkey (2020) [143] [144] [145] Syrian National Army (from 2019) [146] Popular Resistance Committees [147] [148] Hamas (LNA claim, denied by Hamas) [149] Support: Qatar [150] Sudan [151] (until 2019) Pakistan [152] [153] Iran [154] Morocco [155] Malta [156] Italy [157] [158] European Union [159] (except Greece, Cyprus and France) United Kingdom [160] United States (until 2019) [161] [162] Ukraine [163] Algeria [164] United Nations National Salvation Government (2014–2017) [165] [166] Libya Shield Force [167] LROR [167] Libyan National Guard [168] [169] [170] Support: Sudan (2014–16) [171] [151] Turkey (2014–16) [172] [173] Qatar (2014–16) [172] [150] Iran [174] (allegedly) Ukraine [163] Islamic State (from 2014) [175] Wilayat Barqa [176] [177] Wilayat Tarabulus [178] Wilayat Fezzan [178] Support: AQIM (2014–2015; [179] [180] alleged in 2016 [181] ) al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (2014–2017) [182] Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (2014–2017) [183] [184] SCBR militia: Ansar al-Sharia (2014–2017) [185] Libya Shield 1 (2014–16) Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade Others: Benghazi Defense Brigades [186] [187] Ajdabiya Revolutionaries Shura Council (2015–16) [188] Derna Protection Force	Ceasefire Permanent ceasefire ratified on 23 October 2020 LNA failed to conquer Tripoli Government of National Unity formed on 10 March 2021 Continued Libyan Crisis

See also

• Libyan resistance movement

Notes

1. November 1942 to May 1943.
2. 8–11 November 1942. Vichy officially pursued a policy of armed neutrality and conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents. The pledging of allegiance of the Vichy troops in French North Africa to the Allies convinced the Axis that Vichy could not be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state ( Case Anton )
3. Some sources variously date the end of the period to c.1979 or F1990, particularly Yemeni unification, the end of the Lebanese Civil War, the Gulf War or the end of the Western Sahara War. Some sources say ongoing.
4. Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments; ^[46] according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi". ^[47] The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops. ^[48]
5. Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry. ^[48]

Footnotes

1. Kunt 2014, p. 47.
2. Gheziel, Abla. "La politique des deys d'Alger à la veille de la conquête française (1730-1830)." Al-Mawaqif (Revue des études et des recherches sur la société et l'histoire) 6 (2011): 63-74. p.1. “1672, Moulay Ismā'il lance une expédition, espérant conquérir Tlemcen: il est battu. En 1702, le Maroc et Tunis s'associent en une expédition militaire commune contre Alger, Mustapha les affronte et les met en déroute“
3. Wheelan 2004, p. 185.
4. "Feb 16th, 1804 America & Sicily attack Barbary Coast Pirates | Sicily Journal". 18 February 2020.^{[ self-published source? ]}
5. Wheelan 2004, p. 128.
6. Tucker 2014, p. 430.
7. "Libysk återblick". Sjöfartstidningen. sjöfarts tidningen. 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
8. "Tripolitan War". Encyclopedia.com (from The Oxford Companion to American Military History). 2000. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
9. "War with the Barbary Pirates (Tripolitan War)". veteranmuseum.org. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
10. Les Reltìons Politique Et commerciales Entre la Libye Et Les Pays De L'Euope De L'Ouest Medéirerrenéen
11. Self-governance from 1942
12. Higgins, Jenny (2007). "Royal Artillery". Newfoundland Heritage Web Site.
13. "The Dhofar Rebellion". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
14. Dr. Nimrod Raphaeli (11 February 2009). "The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
15. Poggo 2009, p. 151.
16. Poggo 2009, p. 166.
17. Poggo 2009, p. 1.
18. O'Ballance 1977, p. 119-120.
19. Poggo 2009, p. 155.
20. Poggo 2009, p. 165.
21. Martell 2018, p. 72.
22. Martell 2018, pp. 79–82.
23. Johnson 2011, pp. 36–37.
24. Leach 2012, p. 178.
25. Martell 2018, p. 89.
26. Acig.org. "Sudan, Civil War since 1955".
27. Poggo 2009, p. 158.
28. Poggo 2009, p. 163.
29. Shinn, David H. (2004). "Addis Ababa Agreement: was it destined to fail and are there lessons for the Current Sudan Peace Process?". Annales d'Éthiopie. XX: 242. ISSN   0066-2127.
30. Ruzindana, Augustine (14 September 2014). "Remembering the Aborted 1972 Invasion by Ugandan Exiles". Daily Monitor . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
31. "Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
32. Simons 2003, p. 57.
33. Seale 1992, p. 289.
34. "قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني ... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد". Raseef22 . 4 December 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
35. Talhami 2003, p. 98.
36. Middle East Review. World of Information: 30. 1988 https://books.google.com/books?id=edjsAAAAMAAJ.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
37. "Les liaisons dangereuses de Habré : Israël pactise avec le diable (4/5) – Jeune Afrique". 20 July 2015.
38. "Les liaisons dangereuses de Habré : l'Irak fait valser les valises (3/5) – Jeune Afrique". 20 July 2015.
39. Simons 2003, pp. 57–58.
40. Martel 2011, p. 162.
41. Frey 2004, p. 28.
42. Prunier 2004, p. 377.
43. Martell 2018, p. 137.
44. Prunier 2009, p. 82.
45. Leopold 2001, pp. 99–100.
46. Bassil 2013, pp. 168–169.
47. Martell 2018, p. 147.
48. Khalid 2010, p. 348.
49. Dixon & Sarkees 2016, p. 392.
50. Bassil 2013, p. 169.
51. Burr & Collins 2003.
52. LeRiche & Arnold 2013, p. 101.
53. Plaut 2016, p. 77.
54. Vuylsteke 2018, p. 6.
55. Burr & Collins 1999, p. 194.
56. "Sudan Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan".
57. DeRouen & Heo 2007, p. 742.
58. "Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki".
59. "Last Libyan Mission for Norway's F16S To Fly Tomorrow". Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. 29 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
60. "Libia - Polska w Libii - Portal Gov.pl".
61. "Jordanian Fighters Protecting Aid Mission". The Jordan Times. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
62. "UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973". Emirates News Agency. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
63. "Egypt arming Libya rebels: report". Reuters . 18 March 2011.
64. "Egypt Said to Arm Libya Rebels". Wall Street Journal. 17 March 2011.
65. Nadimi, Farzim (10 September 2014). "Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways". Business Insider . Retrieved 27 September 2014.
66. Andrew, Walks. "Turkey says it will join with neighbors to fight the Islamic State group in Syria". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
67. "Islamic State claims Hadera attack; minister: the two terrorists were linked to IS". The Times of Israel . 28 March 2022.
68. "Explainer: Amidst Gaza war, IS still loathes Hamas". BBC Monitoring – Essential Media Insight. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
69. Panda, Ankit (3 February 2015). "Islamic State in Afghanistan: Start of a Turf War?". The Diplomat . Retrieved 4 July 2022.
70. Akbarzai, Sahar; Ehsan, Popalzai; Kottasová, Ivana (3 July 2022). "Taliban labels Islamic State affiliate a 'false sect'". CNN . Retrieved 4 July 2022. The Taliban has declared the Islamic State affiliate ISIS-K a corrupt "sect" and forbidden Afghans from contact with it.
71. "ISKP's Evolving Propaganda Against Chinese Imperialism". Jamestown. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
72. "ISIL now controls 'less than 6 percent of Iraq'". Al Jazeera . 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
73. "Bustle". Bustle. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
74. "Isis controls over 50% of Syria after taking Palmyra". Newsweek . 21 May 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
75. "As Caliphate Shrinks, ISIS Expected to Head for the Hills". Middle East Online. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
76. Helfrich, Kim. "Islamic State moves to Libya's desert valleys after Sirte defeat – defenceWeb".
77. "Boko Haram War Not Yet Over". Leadership . 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
78. "The regime forces impose their control over about 100 thousand square km of the area of the Syrian territory and the last fighting against the "Islamic State" organization rages8 in Deir Ezzor". SOHR. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
79. Tomlinson, Lucas; Griffin, Jennifer. "What comes after Raqqa for ISIS?". Fox News.
80. Usher, Sebastian. "Iraq declares war with Islamic State is over". BBC News.
81. "Caliphate defeated but IS remains a threat". BBC News.
82. "Rival Libyan factions sign UN-backed peace deal". Al Jazeera. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
83. "Libya's rival factions sign UN peace deal, despite resistance". Times of Malta . 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
84. Mohamed, Esam; Michael, Maggie (20 May 2014). "2 Ranking Libyan Officials Side With Rogue General". ABC News . Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
85. al-Warfalli, Ayman; Laessing, Ulf (19 May 2014). "Libyan special forces commander says his forces join renegade general". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
86. Abdul-Wahab, Ashraf (5 August 2014). "Warshefana take Camp 27 from Libya Shield". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
87. "Sudanese rebel group acknowledges fighting for Khalifa Haftar's forces in Libya". Libya Observer. 10 October 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
88. Alharath, Safa (17 June 2018). "Sudanese rebels are fighting alongside Dignity Operation in Libya's Derna". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
89. Adel, Jamal (19 January 2019). "Terror suspects killed in large LNA operation in south Libya". Libya Herald. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
90. "Gaddafi loyalists join West in battle to push Islamic State from Libya" . The Daily Telegraph . 7 May 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
91. "After six years in jail, Gaddafi's son Saif plots return to Libya's turbulent politics". The Guardian . 6 December 2017. The Warshefana tribal militia, Gaddafi loyalists who controlled some of the area around Tripoli, were routed last month by rival forces from Zintan
92. "Jordan arming Libya's Haftar with armored vehicles and weapons". 23 May 2019.
93. "Wagner, shadowy Russian military group, 'fighting in Libya'". BBC. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
94. Kirkpatrick, David D. (5 November 2019). "Russian Snipers, Missiles and Warplanes Try to Tilt Libyan War". The New York Times.
95. "Number of Russian mercenaries fighting for Haftar in Libya rises to 1400, report says". 16 November 2019.
96. "Macron slams Turkey's 'criminal' role in Libya, Putin's ambivalence". Reuters. 29 June 2020.
97. "Exclusive: Russian private security firm says it had armed men in east Libya". Reuters. 13 March 2017.
98. "UAE and Egypt behind bombing raids against Libyan militias, say US officials". The Guardian. 26 August 2014.
99. "Is Egypt bombing the right militants in Libya?". Reuters. 31 May 2017.
100. "Egypt's parliament approves troop deployment to Libya". Al Jazeera. 20 July 2020.
101. "Libya migrant attack: UN investigators suspect foreign jet bombed centre". BBC News. 6 November 2019.
102. "UAE drone strike on factory near Tripoli killed 8 civilians: HRW". Al Jazeera. 29 April 2020.
103. "UAE implicated in lethal drone strike in Libya". BBC News. 27 August 2020.
104. de Waal, Alex (20 July 2019). "Sudan crisis: The ruthless mercenaries who run the country for gold". BBC News . Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
105. Vohra, Anchal (5 May 2020). "It's Syrian vs. Syrian in Libya". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
106. Pamuk, Humeyra (7 May 2020). "U.S. says Russia is working with Syria's Assad to move militia to Libya". Reuters. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
107. "First fighter of Russian-backed Syrian mercenaries killed in Libya's battles, and number of recruits jumps to 450". SOHR. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
108. "The Iran-Haftar links in Libya". Warsaw Institute. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
109. "حوار سياسي | المسماري لـ"الشرق الأوسط": وجود عناصر لـ"حزب الله" أو للأسد في ليبيا "أكاذيب إخوانية"". aawsat.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 17 July 2024.
110. "Haftar and Israel: From animosity to alliance. Tel Aviv provides Haftar militias with training and weapons as Libya may become new market for Israel's military exports". Anadolu Agency . 28 July 2020.
111. Silverstein, Richard. "Haftar: Israeli secret aid to Libya's strongman reveals a new friend in Africa". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
112. "Libya's Haftar 'provided with Israeli military aid following UAE-mediated meetings with Mossad agents'". The New Arab. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
113. "Libya's Haftar had lengthy meeting with Israeli intelligence officer". Middle East Monitor. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
114. "Libya: Flight data places mysterious planes in Haftar territory". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
115. "Israel claims Iran sent Libya's Haftar anti-tank arms". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
116. "Putin Promotes Libyan Strongman as New Ally After Syria Victory". Bloomberg. 21 December 2016.
117. Bachir, Malek (30 January 2017). "Russia's secret plan to back Haftar in Libya". Middle East Eye . Retrieved 3 April 2017.
118. Bar'el, Zvi (13 April 2019). "Analysis From Bouteflika to Bashir, Powers Shift. But the Second Arab Spring Is Far From Breaking Out". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
119. Taylor, Paul (17 April 2019). "France's double game in Libya". Politico.
120. "Tripoli interior ministry accuses France of supporting Haftar, ends cooperation". Reuters. 18 April 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
121. "'Our Hearts Are Dead.' After 9 Years of Civil War, Libyans Are Tired of Being Pawns in a Geopolitical Game of Chess". Time . 12 February 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
122. "UAE, Saudi Arabia aiding Libya eastern forces, blacklisting Qatar for alleged support for other Libyans". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
123. "Khalifa Haftar says Egypt and Chad are his top supporters". Libyan Express. 6 September 2016.
124. "Jordan pledges support for Libya in talks with General Haftar". Al Arabiya. 13 April 2015.
125. "King renews support for Libya's national concord". The Jordan Times . 20 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
126. "Libya needs international maritime force to help stop illicit oil, weapons – UN experts". Times of Malta. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
127. Беларусь увайшла ў спіс найбуйнейшых сусветных экспарцёраў зброі Archived 9 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine — Tut.by, 21 лютага 2018
128. "Why is Greece courting Haftar's militia in Libya?". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
129. Kampouris, Nick (22 December 2019). "Greece's Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias Visits Libya". Greek Reporter . Retrieved 24 February 2026. Dendias noted that Haftar's position is aligned with Greece's.
130. "TRNC PM slams Greek Cypriot cooperation with Haftar". www.aa.com.tr.
131. Eltagouri*, Yousuf (6 May 2019). "Trump's Embrace of Haftar Will Reignite Libya's Proxy War | Beyond the Horizon ISSG" . Retrieved 18 July 2024.
132. "US abandons long-time CIA asset Khalifa Haftar, brands him as spoiler". Libyan Express. 18 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
133. "Boris Johnson backs Khalifa Haftar's fight against 'terror' in Libya". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
134. "Libyan Navy asserts control over ISIL-controlled Sirte". Al-Masdar News. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
135. "Presidential Guard established". Libya Herald. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
136. "Misrata brigades and municipality form security chamber to enable GNA to operate from Tripoli". Libyan Express. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
137. "Sabratha revolutionary brigades announce full support for GNA". Libyan Express. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
138. "Unity government at last". Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
139. "Clashes in south Libya intensify between pro-Haftar forces and Third Force". Libyan Express. 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
140. "Tabu and Tuareg announce their support for GNA". Libyaprospect. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
141. McGregor, Andrew (7 September 2017). "Rebel or Mercenary? A Profile of Chad's General Mahamat Mahdi Ali". Aberfoyle International Security. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
142. "Rebel Incursion Exposes Chad's Weaknesses". Crisis Group. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
143. "France's Macron slams Turkey's 'criminal' role in Libya". Al Jazeera. 30 June 2020.
144. "France-Turkey spat over Libya arms exposes NATO's limits". Associated Press. 5 July 2020.
145. "Turkey warns Egypt over Libya and lashes out at Macron's role". Japan Times. 20 July 2020.
146. "300 pro-Turkey Syrian rebels sent to Libya to support UN-backed gov't: watchdog – Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019.
147. "As rumours swirl of Yemenis fighting in Libya, mercenaries enlist to join the war". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
148. "Libya: 200 Yemen mercenaries arrive to fight on behalf of Turkey". Middle East Monitor. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
149. "Hamas dismisses claims it has fighters in Libya". www.aa.com.tr. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
150. "Abdulrahman Sewehli thanks Qatari Emir for his support". 13 March 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
151. "Sudan reiterates support for Presidency Council but concerned about Darfuri rebels in Libya". Libya Herald. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
152. "Pakistan offers to help train Libyan Army | The Libya Observer". www.libyaobserver.ly. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
153. "Libyans Fear Rapprochement Between GNA, Pakistan". Asharq AL-awsat.
154. "Iran FM voices support for Turkey-backed Libya government". Middle East Monitor . 17 June 2020., June 17, 2020
155. "Morocco renews support to GNA as only legitimate party in Libya | The North Africa Post". northafricapost.com.
156. Martin, Ivan (25 July 2020). "Malta teams up with Turkey in an attempt to make Libya stable". Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 25 July 2020.
157. "Di Maio assures Al-Sarraj of Italy's support for GNA and political track". Alwasat. 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
158. Kington, Tom (11 August 2016). "Italy Reportedly Sends Special Forces to Libya". Defense News. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
159. "Al-Serraj and Mogherini discuss more EU support for GNA". Libya Express. 18 January 2017.
160. "Libya Foreign Ministry: 'Britain stands with GNA'". 18 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
161. "US Ambassador Norland reaffirms partnership with GNA Libya and urges all parties in Libya to support peace". Twitter. U.S. Embassy – Libya. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
162. "US Ambassador Reaffirms Partnership with GNA, Urges All Parties to Support Peace". Facebook. U.S. Embassy Libya. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
163. Moore, Jack (6 February 2015). "Rival Libyan Factions Travel to Kiev and Moscow Seeking Support". Newsweek. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
164. "Algerian president calls Libya's Tripoli a 'red line'". 7 January 2020.
165. Elumami, Ahmed (5 April 2016). "Libya's self-declared National Salvation government stepping down". Reuters– via www.reuters.com.
166. Mikhail, George (15 February 2018). "Can Cairo talks succeed in uniting Libya's divided armed forces?". Al Monitor.
167. "Libyan Dawn: Map of allies and enemies". Al Arabiya. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
168. "LNA targets Tripoli and Zuwara but pulls back troops in Aziziya area". Libya Herald. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
169. "Libya Observer". Facebook . 10 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
170. "Ghwell's Libyan National Guard militia joining fighting in south". Libya Herald. 16 April 2017.
171. "Sudan militarily backs Libyan rebels: Bashir to Youm7". The Cairo Post. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
172. Kirkpatrick, David D; Schmitt, Eric (25 August 2014). "Egypt and United Arab Emirates Said to Have Secretly Carried Out Libya Airstrikes". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
173. "Libya, Turkey agree on resuming signed security training programs". 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
174. "LNA's Mismari accuses Sudan, Qatar and Iran of backing terrorism in Libya". Libya Herald . 22 June 2017.
175. "Libyan city declares itself part of Islamic State caliphate". CP24. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
176. "Islamic State Expanding into North Africa". Der Spiegel. Hamburg, DE. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
177. "ISIS comes to Libya". CNN. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
178. Schmitt, Eric; Kirkpatrick, David D. (14 February 2015). "Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base". The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2015.
179. "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb". Stanford University. 1 July 2016.
180. "Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb backs ISIS". Al Monitor. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
181. "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
182. Bill Roggio and Alexandra Gutowski (28 March 2018). "American forces kill senior al Qaeda leader in Libya". Long War Journal. 28 March 2018.
183. "٢٨ قتيلا من قوات الصاعقة ببنغازى منذ بدء الاشتباكات مع أنصار الشريعة" [Twenty-eight Al-Saiqa fighters killed in Benghazi since the beginning of clashes with Ansar al-Sharia]. Youm7. 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
184. "تدهور الوضع الأمني في بنغازي وطرابلس نذير حرب جديدة" [Worsening of security in Benghazi and Tripoli as new war approaches]. Al-Arab. 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
185. "Libyan Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia says it is dissolving". Reuters. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
186. "Libyan revolutionary factions form Defend Benghazi Brigades". The Libya Observer. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
187. "Benghazi Defense Brigades advance toward Benghazi". Libyan Express. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
188. "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb says Mokhtar Belmokhtar is 'alive and well'". The Long War Journal. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.

References

• Bassil, Noah (2013). The Post-Colonial State and Civil War in Sudan: The Origins of Conflict in Darfur. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN   978-1-78076-085-8.
• Burr, J. Millard; Collins, Robert O. (1999). Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993. Westview Press. ISBN   978-0-8133-3566-7.
• Burr, J. Millard; Collins, Robert O. (2003). Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989–2000 . Leiden: Brill. ISBN   978-90-04-13196-5.
• DeRouen, Karl R.; Heo, Uk (2007). Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-85109-920-7.
• Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2016). A Guide to Intra-state Wars an Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014 . Los Angeles: Sage Reference. ISBN   978-0-8728-9775-5.
• Frey, Bruno S. (2004). Dealing with Terrorism: Stick Or Carrot?. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN   978-1-84542-146-5.
• Johnson, Douglas H. (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce (Revised ed.). Oxford: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN   978-1-84701-029-2.
• Khalid, Mansour (2010) [2003]. War & Peace in the Sudan. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN   978-0-7103-0663-0.
• Kunt, İ. Metin (2014). "Devolution from the Centre to the Periphery: An Overview of Ottoman Provincial Administration". In Duindam, Jeroen; Dabringhaus, Sabine (eds.). The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces: Agents and Interactions. Leiden: Brill. ISBN   978-90-04-27209-5.
• Leach, Justin (2012). War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN   978-1-78076-227-2.
• Leopold, Mark (2001). "'Trying to Hold Things Together?' International NGOs caught up in an Emergency in North-Western Uganda, 1996–97". In Barrow, Ondine; Jennings, Michael (eds.). The Charitable Impulse: NGOs & Development in East & North-East Africa. Oxford, Bloomfield: James Curry Ltd; Kumarian Press. ISBN   978-1-56549-137-3.
• LeRiche, Matthew; Arnold, Matthew (2013). South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-933340-0.
• Martel, William C. (2011). Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-107-01419-0.
• Martell, Peter (2018). First Raise a Flag. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN   978-1-84904-959-7.
• O'Ballance, Edgar (1977). The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN   978-0-571-10768-1.
• Plaut, Martin (2016). Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-066959-1.
• Poggo, Scopas (2009). The First Sudanese Civil War Africans, Arabs, And Israelis In The Southern Sudan, 1955-1972. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-0-230-60796-5.
• Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986–99)". African Affairs. 103 (412): 359–383. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh050. JSTOR   3518562.
• Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's world war: Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the making of a continental catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-970583-2.
• Seale, Patrick (1992). Abu Nidal: a gun for hire. New York: Random House. ISBN   978-0-679-40066-0.
• Simons, Geoffrey Leslie (2003). Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie. Oxford: Centre for Libyan Studies. ISBN   978-1-86064-988-2.
• Talhami, Ghada Hashem (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN   978-1-59033-649-6 – via Google Books.
• Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 3. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-59884-157-2.
• Vuylsteke, Sarah (December 2018). "Identity and Self-determination: The Fertit Opposition in South Sudan" (PDF). HSBA Briefing Paper. Geneva: Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2018.
• Wheelan, Joseph (2004). Jefferson's War: America's First War on Terror 1801–1805. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN   978-0-7867-4020-8.

External links

• "Qaddafi Plays Quietly, But He's Still in the Game," The New York Times, March 17, 1991.