List of wars involving Burundi

Last updated

This is a list of wars and conflicts involving Burundi and its previous states.

Contents

List

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultHead of StateLosses
Martyazo Rebellion
(1972)
Flag of Burundi (1967-1982).svg Burundi Flag of Martyazo.svg Martyazo Victory800–1200 [1]
Burundian Civil War [2]
(1993–2005)
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi

Supported by:
RPF (Rwanda)


International peacekeepers:
Flag of the African Union.svg AMIB (2003–04)
Flag of the United Nations.svg ONUB (from 2004)

Ethnic Hutu rebels:

Hutu militias and youth gangs:

  • Inziraguhemuka
  • Intagoheka
  • "Chicago Bulls"

ALiR [4]
FDLR [5]
Mai-Mai [5]
Supported by:
Flag of Zaire (1971-1997).svg Zaire (until 1996)
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997-2003).svg DR Congo (2000s) [6]


  • Tutsi militants:
  • Burundian military factions
  • Sans Echec
  • Sans Défaite
  • Sans Pitié
  • Sans Capote
  • Imbogaraburundi
  • PA-Amasekanya
Supported by:
RPF (Rwanda)
Arusha Accords (2000)
Several
300,000 [7]
First Congo War
(1996-1997)
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997-2003).svg AFDL
Flag of Rwanda (1961-2001).svg Rwanda
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda [8]
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi [9]
Flag of Angola.svg Angola [9]
Flag of South Sudan.svg SPLA [10]
Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea [11]
Supported by:
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa [12]
Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia [13]
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe [12]
Flag of Ethiopia (1996-2009).svg Ethiopia [14]
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania
Flag of the United States.svg United States (covertly) [15]

Mai-Mai [b]

Flag of Zaire (1971-1997).svg Zaire

Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan [10]
Flag of Chad.svg Chad [16]
Flag of Rwanda (1961-2001).svg Ex-FAR/ALiR
Flag of the Rwandan Democratic Movement.svg Interahamwe
Flag of the CNDD-FDD.svg CNDD-FDD [17]
Flag of UNITA.svg UNITA [18]
Flag of the Allied Democratic Forces.svg ADF [19]
Flag of Katanga.svg FLNC [20]
Flag red yellow 5x3.svg LRA [21]
UNRF II
Supported by:
Flag of France (lighter variant).svg France
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [22]
Flag of Israel.svg Israel [22]
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait (denied) [22]


Mai-Mai [b]

AFDL victoryUnknown
Kivu Conflict
(2004)
Pro-government:
Supported by:
Rwandan-aligned militias:
Ugandan-aligned militias:
Foreign state actors:

Anti-Ugandan forces:Anti-Rwandan militias:
Anti-Burundi militias:
Mai-Mai militias:
Ongoing
  • FARDC victory against the CNDP in 2009 and the M23 movement in 2012
  • CNDP becomes a political party in the DRC
  • M23 movement signs peace agreement with the DRC government; renews fighting in 2022
  • Conflict breaks out between Rwanda and the Congo in 2022
  • FDLR, Mai-Mai militias and other armed groups still active in Eastern DRC
  • UN and FARDC begin operation to defeat the FDLR and their allies at the start of 2015

Unknown
Somali Civil War
(2007)
2007–2009:
Flag of the Organization of African Unity (1970-2002); Flag of the African Union (2004-2010).svg AMISOM

Flag of the United Nations.svg UNPOS


2009–present:
Flag of the African Union.svg AUSSOM (2025–present) [29]
Non-combat support:

Flag of the United Nations.svg UNPOS (1995–2013) Flag of the United Nations.svg UNTMIS (2025–present)
Flag of the United Nations.svg UNSOA (2009–2016)
Flag of the United Nations.svg UNSOS (2016–present)
Independent regional forces

2007–2009:
Insurgency:
AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg Al-Shabaab
Shahadah Flag.svg ICU loyalists
Hizbul Islam.svg Hizbul Islam
Flag of Jihad.svg Ras Kamboni Brigades
Flag of Jihad.svg Jabhatul Islamiya
Flag of Jihad.svg Muaskar Anole
Flag of Somalia.svg ARS


2006–2009:
Flag of Somaliland.svg Somaliland


2009–present:

Hizbul Islam.svg Hizbul Islam (until 2010; 2012–2013)

Alleged state allies:
Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea [44]

Alleged non-state allies:
Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg Houthis [48] [49]
Pirate Flag.svg Somali pirates [50]


Allies
Islamic State - Yemen Province.svg IS-YP [53]
Pirate Flag.svg Somali pirates [50]


2009–present:
Ongoing
Unknown

Notes

  1. The PALIPEHUTU-FNL split into several factions in course of the civil war. The political and militant wings of the party separated in 1999, while the militant wing subsequently divided into FNL-Kabura, FNL-Rwasa, and FNL-Icanzo. Most of the FNL signed a peace agreement with the Burundian government in May 2005, but several dissident elements of the FNL continued to fight until 2009. [3]
  2. 1 2 Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees. [23] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL. [24] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL. [25]

References

  1. "The Burundi Killings of 1972 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". www.sciencespo.fr. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  2. Burundi also got involved in the Second Congo War as the conflict spread into the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but played a minor role compared to the other countries that fought the Congolese government; namely, Uganda and Rwanda.
  3. Lansford (2017), p. 225.
  4. Ngaruko & Nkurunziza (2005), p. 49.
  5. 1 2 Prunier (2009), pp. 298–299.
  6. Prunier (2009), p. 288.
  7. "Heavy shelling in Burundi capital". 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  8. Prunier (2004), pp. 375–376.
  9. 1 2 Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.
  10. 1 2 Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
  11. Plaut (2016), pp. 54–55.
  12. 1 2 "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa
  13. Reyntjens 2009, pp. 65–66.
  14. Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36.
  15. Prunier (2009), pp. 118, 126–127.
  16. Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. p. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.
  17. Prunier (2009), pp. 116–118.
  18. Duke, Lynne (20 May 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. p. A10. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.
  19. Prunier (2004), pp. 375–377.
  20. Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112–113.
  21. "The United Nations' Mapping Exercise Report and Uganda's involvement in the Democratic Republic of Congo conflict from 1996 to 2003 - African Human Rights Law Journal (AHRLJ)".
  22. 1 2 3 Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112.
  23. Prunier (2009), pp. 117, 130, 143.
  24. Prunier (2009), p. 130.
  25. Prunier (2009), p. 143.
  26. "Smoking guns". Transnational Institute. 2021-07-28. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  27. West, Sunguta (31 May 2019). "Has Islamic State Really Entered the Congo and is an IS Province There a Gamble?" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor. 17 (11). Jamestown Foundation: 7–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  28. "Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia". IRIN. 2007-01-22. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gaid, Samira (November–December 2022). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The 2022 Somali Offensive Against al-Shabaab: Making Enduring Gains Will Require Learning from Previous Failures" (PDF). CTC Sentinel . 15 (11). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 31–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  30. "MA'AWISLEY: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD IN THE FIGHT AGAINST AL-SHABAAB – Rift Valley Institute" . Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  31. "Somalia: Islamist Group Supports President Sharif". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
  32. "In Somalia, U.S. Escalates a Shadow War – The New York Times". The New York Times . 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  33. Brown, David (31 July 2017). "US airstrike kills Somalia fighter under new Trump authority". Washingtonexaminer.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  34. "Somalia: China Donates Military Equipment to Somalia to Aid War Against Terrorists". 19 March 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  35. "索马里遇难武警被称为"许三多"中弹拒绝回国休养--时政--人民网". People's Daily. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
  36. "France reportedly bombs Somali town".
  37. "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  38. "Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  39. "Russia Offers Military Support to Somalia". VOA. 2023-05-26. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  40. Dhaysane, Mohammed (9 March 2021). "New batch of Somali troops to get training in Turkey". aa.com.tr.
  41. Weiss, Caleb (2025-02-05). "US, UAE conducting airstrikes in northern Somalia". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  42. "First British troops arrive in Somalia as part of UN mission". The Guardian. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  43. "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  44. Multiple sources:
  45. Multiple sources:
  46. Multiple sources:
  47. Multiple sources:
  48. Multiple sources:
  49. UN sources:
  50. 1 2 Robyn Kriel; Briana Duggan (10 July 2017). "CNN Exclusive: Somali pirate kings are under investigation for helping ISIS and al-Shabaab". CNN . Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  51. "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. 29 December 2015.
  52. "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  53. "The Islamic State in Somalia: Responding to an Evolving Threat". International Crisis Group. 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  54. "Fierce clashes erupt between Somaliland, SSC Khatumo forces in Sool's Yeyle region". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
  55. "SSC Khatumo leader calls for renewed offensive as Somaliland faces resistance over militia nationalization". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
  56. "Ethiopia training Somaliland troops amid tension with Somalia". Garowe Online. 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  57. "UAE expands military ties with Somaliland as Somalia looks on". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 2025-04-06.

Sources