SSC-Khaatumo was acknowledged as an interim administration by the Federal Government of Somalia on October 19, 2023,[3] following its reestablishment on February 6, 2023, as SSC-Khaatumo after a period of mass civil unrest in Las Anod.[2]
A Khatumo State proclamation ceremony in Dubai (2013)
Ssc movement was established in the first half of 2009, a meeting was held by the Dhulbahante clan to establish a regional government directly by under the Federal Republic of Somalia, including residents of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn. In early 2012, the Khaatumo State was established in Taleh, a significant town in the Sool region. This followed a series of events, including the collapse of the SSC movement.[4]
Khatumo is derived from an Arabic term meaning a "positive conclusion." The administration's stated aim was to bring development and stability to the region through the establishment of a locally based government.
The conference in Taleh involved key personalities from the region and the diaspora, with support from local leaders and intellectuals.[4]
After extensive consultations, over 2,300 Dhulbahante clan members gathered in Taleh for a ten-day conference, which concluded with the decision to establish the autonomous Khaatumo State of Somalia.[4]
Split of Khaatumo and dissolution of Ali Khalif group
Within a year of its founding, Khaatumo began to dissolve due to a lack of palpable results[5] and by 2015 the proto state practically ceased to function,[6] with the idea of an autonomous Khaatumo state having lost ground among the Dhulbahante, the clan that inhabits the area, a year after its establishment.[7]
In August 2016 Khatumo state commenced peace talks with Somaliland.[8][9] The talks, however, caused a major disagreement between the president and vice-president of the administration, Ali Khalif Galaydh and Abdulle Agalule respectively, which eventually produced two separate administrations that both claimed to be the legitimate government.[10] The group led by Ali Khalif reached an agreement with Somaliland, at the town of Aynabo in October 2017, which stipulated that under the condition of changing the constitution of Somaliland, the organization would become integrated within the Somaliland government.[11]
The agreement made by Ali Khalif Galaydh and Silanyo in October 2017 couldn't be implemented because it was rejected by Isaaq clan and also Muse Bihi, who won Somaliland's presidency in the November 2017 elections. This marked the end of the Khatuumo State until its reestablishment in 2023 during the 2023 Las Anod conflict.
On February 6, 2023, the Dhulbahante clan elders declared their intent to form a state government named "SSC-Khatumo" within Somalia.[12] On 19 March, the traditional leaders met with a delegation of MPs from Federal Government of Somalia.[13][14]
After mass protests continuing from December into January 2023, the retreat of the Somaliland troops paved the way for the return of the supreme Garad of Dhulbahante, Garad Jama Garad Ali – a community leader exiled from Las Anod since 2007.[15] Rumor spread of a grand meeting of all Dhulbahante clan elders, followed by speculation that the elders would vote to exile Somaliland security forces from the city.[16] On February 6, 2023, the Dhulbahante clan elders declared their intent to form a state government named "SSC-Khatumo" within the Federal Government of Somalia.[12] Fighting broke out earlier on the same day in Las Anod between Somaliland troops and Dhulbahante militias in the Sayadka Hill suburb (reportedly home to two committee members), with shots heard in the streets surrounding Hamd Hotel where Somaliland dignitaries were staying.[17]
On February 8, the supreme Garad of Dhulbahante, Garad Jama Garad Ali, accused the Somaliland government of genocide, called for peace and declared Las Anod's intent to be governed from Mogadishu under the Federal Government of Somalia.[18] Within the same week of February, fighting and civilian bombardments had killed at least 82 people in total and displaced 90% of the residents. The region had produced 185,000 internally displaced people and 60,000 refugees in February.[19] On March 2, the mayor of Las Anod reported that Somaliland forces were bombing public buildings from the surrounding countryside including government institutions and hospitals. The UN also reported a casualty count of over 200 deaths.[20]
A number of fellow Harti-Darod (including Warsangali & Majeerteen) clans local or the diaspora Canada and the United States, Somali diaspora have announced their support for the Las Anod unionist movement and sent money and armed militias to the city.[21][22] The Dhulbahante are receiving money, equipment and fighters from allied Darod-Harti clans in Somalia - the Warsangali and Majeerteen.[21][22]
On April 20, Amnesty International released a report concluding a 2-month human rights investigation into the Las Anod conflict. The report called for urgent investigation into the conflict, including interviews from local citizens describing shrapnel and mortar shell deaths.[23] The report also included photos of indiscriminate 107mm rocket shelling from Somaliland security forces – confirming use of weapons banned as part of the current UN Somali arms embargo.[23][24]
On June 7, the UN Security Council released a statement reaffirming its full respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence, and unity of Somalia. They also stated, "The members of the Security Council called for the immediate withdrawal of 'Somaliland' security forces and urged all parties to exercise restraint, refrain from provocative actions, incitement to violence, and inflammatory rhetoric. This is in order to de-escalate the situation on the ground, rebuild trust, and create the conditions for peace."[25] The following day, the Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement expressing their view that the UNSC "appears to be misinformed about the facts on the ground."[26]
On July 11, Somaliland troops were reported to have shelled a health facility in Las Anod, destroying 2 ambulances and causing dozens of casualties (including healthcare workers and patients).[27] The World Health Organization published a press release condemning the attack on the facility and the shelling of hospitals.[28] In response, the Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs described the statement as "disturbing" and claimed that they were fighting clan militias and Al-Shabaab terrorists, to ensure "that those in need have access to these services and other humanitarian assistance".[29]
On 16 August, Somali traditional poet Abwan Jama Kadiye died in an incident that generated significant attention and concern. Reports suggest that he was a victim of indiscriminate mortar shelling in the vicinity of Goja Adde. While there have been claims attributing this incident to Somaliland, Somaliland has denied any involvement in these allegations.[30]
The incident has sparked strong emotions among the residents of SSC-Khatumo and the diaspora, who are understandably outraged by the loss of a respected poet and community member. Some individuals within this community have expressed a desire for justice and retribution in response to the incident. They have indicated a potential intent to take revenge on Somaliland, given their suspicions.[31]
On August 25, the SSC administration overran two strongholds of the Somaliland National Army in Maraaga and Goja’adde, capturing numerous weapons and vehicles. A spokesperson for SSC-Khatumo stated that they achieved a significant victory on Friday by capturing all nearby Somaliland military outposts and seizing their war vehicles, weapons, and ammunition stocks.[32] During the battle, General Faisal Abdi Bootan was taken as a Prisoner of War.[33] On the same day, the Somaliland Ministry of Defense released a statement saying, "The National Army is in the midst of reorganization and serious preparation to confront the enemy."[34]
Recognition
Interior Minister Fiqi (left) with Firdhiye (right)
In accordance with a joint press release, Abdulqadir Firdhiye, the President of the newly formed SSC-Khatumo interim administration, was invited, along with a delegation, to Mogadishu. During a 10-day period, extensive discussions were held on the political, security, and humanitarian situation in the disputed region.[35]
Ultimately, on 19 Octoboer 2023, the Federal Government agreed to endorse the statement by traditional elders during their conference in Las Anod on February 6, 2023, which stated that SSC-Khatumo was not under the authorities of Puntland or Somaliland, but under the Federal Government.[3]
Additionally, the Federal Government called on Somaliland authorities and SSC-Khatumo to halt hostilities and release prisoners, expressing readiness to facilitate associated activities.[35]
Government
Khaatumo's government structure comprises a legislative body and an executive body, with ongoing initiatives to establish a judicial body.
The Legislative Assembly Council of the SSC-Khaatumo administration commenced its term on July 7, 2023, with the swearing-in of 45 members. These members were selected by regional Garaads and Sultans on July 6, 2023.[36]
The SSC-Khatumo Legislative Assembly Council assembly convened on August 1, 2023, in Las Anod to select its leadership. Jama Yasin Warsame secured the position of Speaker, garnering 25 votes out of the available 45, while Jama Adan Osman was elected as the Vice Speaker.[37]
Abdiqadir Ahmed Aw-Ali (Firdhiye) became the President of the SSC-Khatumo Administration on August 7, 2023, receiving 30 out of 45 total votes. Mohamed Abdi Ismail (Shiine) was elected as the Deputy President.[38]
President Abdiqadir Ahmed Aw-Ali announced the appointment of cabinet secretaries on September 12, each nominated secretary underwent a vote of confidence from the SSC-Khaatumo 45-member committee to ensure their alignment with the administration's objectives.[39]
The Legislative Assembly Council unanimously approved the nine cabinet secretaries appointed by the President on September 26, officially concluding the formation and assembly of both the executive and legislative bodies of the government.[40]
Military
Khatumo maintains its own security forces. Exclusively financed by the state administration, they are tasked with assuring local security and defending the region's borders. According to Khatumo President Abdinuur Elmi Qaaji, the forces are well trained and armed.[41] Khatumo troops have been deployed in defense operations against invading Somaliland troops in Buhoodle and other disputed towns within SSC territory.[41][42] In 2012, Khatumo forces were led by Abdirisak Fanah, with Omar Jama Saleiman serving as official spokesman.[43][44]
Sool is an administrative region (gobol) in eastern Somaliland/north western Somalia. It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Nugal, Bari to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and SSC-Khatumo. The region is partially controlled by both polities.
Las Anod is the administrative capital of the Sool region, currently controlled by Khatumo State forces aligned with Somalia.
The Dhulbahante is a Somali clan family, part of the Harti clan which itself belongs to the largest Somali clan-family — the Darod. They are the traditional inhabitants of the physiographic Nugaal in its topographic sense, and its pre-independence administrative sense, which included Doollo. The clan's progenitor is buried at Badweyn.
Taleh is a historical town in the eastern Sool region of SSC Khaatumo. As of September 2015, both Khatumo and Somalia had nominal influence or control in Taleh and it's vicinity. The town served as the capital of the pre-independence Dervish movement.
Sarmaanyo is a town in the Sool region of Somalia/Somaliland. (Sometimes considered in the Sanaag region. ) The town is predominantly inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Dhulbahante sub-clan of the Harti Darod especially well represented.
The Puntland–Somaliland dispute is a territorial dispute over the provinces of Sool, Sanaag and the Buuhoodle district of Togdheer region between the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and the Puntland state of Somalia.
Bo'ame is an ancient town in the eastern Sool region. It is the capital of Bo'ame district which includes the small towns of Karin-gorfood, Fardhidin, Dan-Gudban, Caleeli, Buura-wadal and Garaca Dacare and Biriqodayaga.
Buuhoodle, also known as Bohotle, is the largest city in the Togdheer region of Somalia. It serves as a significant border town for the movement of goods between Somalia and the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The surrounding district is rich in livestock with growing agricultural activities.
Yagori is a town in the northernSool Region of Somaliland.
Sahdheer is a town in southern Sool region of Somalia.
Garad Jama Garad Ali is the 21st supreme traditional clan Sultan (Garaad) of the Dhulbahante. He has significant influence in Somalia's current politics, particularly in North Somalia.
Garad Saleban Garad Mohamed was a Somali clan leader. He was the supreme Garad of the Mohamoud Garad and the second most senior traditional leader of the Dhulbahante clan.
Dharkayn Geenyo is a town in the southern Sool region of Somalia.
Tukaraq is a small town in the eastern Sool region of Somalia. The town is located on the road between Las Anod and Garowe in Las Anod District. Khatumo State has had effective control there since 2023, but Puntland also has a territorial claim.
Ahmed Abdi Mohamud Sugulle "Habsade" is a Puntland and Somaliland politician. He was a decorated Colonel in the Somali Armed Forces and the second in command of the Somali Custodial Corps equivalent to that of the Italian Arma dei Carabinieri but the Custodial Corps fall under the Ministry of the Interior and are part of the Police Force. A politician and respected elder later in life (he was instrumental in the founding of Somaliland and became the Speaker of the Somaliland House of Representatives. In 1998, he was appointed Minister of the Interior of Puntland but was dismissed in 2007 after a conflict with Mohamud Muse Hersi, who became President of Puntland in 2006. In 2007, he brought Somaliland troops into Las Anod, leading to Somaliland's effective control of the Sool region. He served as various Somaliland Ministers of state from 2008. In 2014, Abdiweli Gaas became President of Puntland and he come back to Puntland.
'SSC or HMB-SSCUnity and Salvation Authority of the SSC regions of Somalia' or HBM-SSC was the name of the self-proclaimed autonomous government of the Dhulbahante clan living between Somaliland and Puntland, which was active from 2009 to around 2012. It claimed possession of the so-called SSC regions of Sool (S), Sanaag (S), and Cayn (C).
The Las Anod conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Somaliland National Army and the SSC-Khatumo forces of the Dhulbahante in Las Anod, the capital of the Sool region. Fighting erupted on February 6 after Somaliland security forces held a violent crackdown on civil protests. On February 8, the supreme Garad of Dhulbahante, Garad Jama Garad Ali, declared an intent to secede and reunite with the Federal Government of Somalia.
Garad Mukhtar Garad Ali Burale is one of the traditional leaders in the Sool region.
Garad Jama Garad Ismail Duale is the third-highest traditional leader in the Sool region of SSC-Khaatumo State of Somalia
Abdikhadir Ahmed Aw-Ali, nicknamed Firdhiye, is a Somali politician who serves as the current president of Khatumo State of Somalia.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
