List of wars involving Sudan

"Sudan War" redirects here. For the ongoing conflict in Sudan, see Sudanese civil war (2023–present).

This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Sudan and its predecessors.

Mahdist Sudan (1885–1899)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Mahdist War (1881–1899)	Mahdist State	United Kingdom  •  Egypt  •  India [1]  • Canada [2] [3]  • Colony of New South Wales [4]   Italy [5]  • Colony of Eritrea   Ethiopia Congo Free State	Defeat Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy Congo secures the Lado Enclave until 1910

Post-independence (from 1956)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
South Sudanese wars of independence (1955–2005)	Sudan Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) Arab militias Arab Tribes in Sudan	South Sudan Anyanya South Sudan People's Defence Forces South Sudan Liberation Movement Different Factions and splinter groups	Stalemate [6] Comprehensive Peace Agreement Independence of the Republic of South Sudan following a 2011 referendum Unresolved issues result in the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict, and the South Sudanese Civil War
First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972)	Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1955–1956) Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) Democratic Republic of the Sudan (1969–1972) Combat support: Uganda (Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969) [7] Libyan Arab Republic (From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970) [8] Non-combat support: United Arab Republic [8] [9] Soviet Union [10] [9] United Kingdom [9] [11] China [9] [11] Yugoslavia [9] [11] East Germany [9] [11] Czechoslovakia [11] Saudi Arabia [11] Kingdom of Libya (until 1969) [11] Algeria [11] United States [12] West Germany [12]	SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias ALF (1965–1970) Anyanya (from 1963) [13] Israel (from 1969) [14] [15] [16] Supported by: Ethiopia [17] [18] Uganda (from about 1970) [17] [15] Congo-Léopoldville [19] Kenya [17] France [20]	Stalemate Addis Ababa Agreement Establishment of the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region with various defined powers
Lebanese Civil War (1976–1979)	ADF Syria Saudi Arabia Sudan UAE Libya South Yemen	LF	Withdrawal End of ADF mandate following the Hundred Days' War
Iran–Iraq War (1982–1988) [21]	Iraq MEK DRFLA KDPI Sudan	Iran KDP PUK Badr Brigades	Stalemate Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598
Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)	Sudan Armed Forces PDF Army of Peace Muraheleen Ex-FAR and Interahamwe [22] SSDF SPLA dissidents SPLA-Nasir SPLA-United [23] SSIM/A Nuer White Army Ugandan insurgents: LRA [24] WNBF [25] UNRF (II) [25] Zaire (1994–1997) [26] [27] al-Qaeda (1991–1996) [28] [29] [ irrelevant citation ] Iraq [a] China [b] Combat aid: Libya (1986–1991) [33] [34] DR Congo (1998–2003) Non-combat aid: Iran [35] Belarus (from 1996) [36] [37]	SPLA SPLA-Mainstream [23] SPLA-Agar SPDF ALF Titweng [38] SSLM NDA Sudanese Alliance Forces [39] Anyanya II Eastern Coalition Derg (until 1987) [40] PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991) [40] FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998) [29] Eritrea (1996–1998, 2002–2005) [41] Uganda (from 1993) [42] [43] Non-combat aid: Libya (1983–1985) [44] [45] Israel [46] Cuba (until 1991) [47]	Stalemate Comprehensive Peace Agreement Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement Independence of the Republic of South Sudan following a 2011 referendum Unresolved issues result in the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict, and the South Sudanese Civil War
First Congo War (1996–1997)	Zaire FAZ White Legion Sudan [26] Chad [48] Ex-FAR/ALiR Interahamwe CNDD-FDD [49] UNITA [50] ADF [51] FLNC [52] Supported by: France Central African Republic China [53] Israel [53] Kuwait (denied) [53] Mai-Mai [c]	AFDL Rwanda Uganda [57] Burundi [58] Angola [58] SPLA [26] Eritrea [59] Supported by: South Africa [60] Zambia [61] Zimbabwe [60] Ethiopia [62] Tanzania United States (covertly) [63] Mai-Mai [c]	AFDL victory Overthrow of the Mobutu regime Zaire renamed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president Beginning of Second Congo War
War in Darfur (2003–2020)	Sudan SAF Janjaweed RSF Chadian rebel groups [64] Anti-Gaddafi forces (2011) [65] Supported by: Libya (2011–2020) [66] China [67] Iran (until 2016) [68] Russia [69] Belarus [70] Syria (2000s, alleged) [71]	SRF [d] (2006–2020) JEM (2003–2020) SLA (some factions) (2003–2020) LJM (2010–11) [e] SLA (some factions) SARC (2014–2020) SLFA (2017–2020) [73] SLA-Unity SLMJ JEM (Jali) Supported by: South Sudan [74] Chad (2005–2010) [75] Eritrea (until 2008) [76] Libya (until 2011) [77] Uganda (until 2015) [78] UNAMID (2007–2020)	Stalemate Intertwined with the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (Until 2020) Comprehensive peace agreement signed with most rebel groups Darfur Peace Agreement
Invasion of Anjouan (2008)	African Union Comoros Senegal Sudan Tanzania Supported by: France (logistical support) [79] Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (logistical support) United States	Anjouan	Victory Mohamed Bacar flees to Mayotte Autonomous government of Anjouan is replaced
War in South Kordofan (2011–2020)	Sudan	SRF (until 2020) JEM SPLM–N SLA [80] Alleged support: Ethiopia [81]	Stalemate Comprehensive peace agreement signed between some rebel factions and the transitional government Strongest rebel faction in South Kordofan and Blue Nile refuses to sign peace deal, continues opposition to government
Heglig Crisis (2012)	Sudan	South Sudan JEM [82] SPLM-N [82]	Victory South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig Agreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 September [83]
Saudi-led intervention in Yemen (2015–)	Hadi government Southern Movement Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Bahrain Kuwait Qatar Jordan Morocco Sudan Egypt Senegal	Houthi government	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government Houthis take control of northern Yemen
Al-Fashaga conflict (2020–2022)	Sudan	Amhara militias Alleged: Ethiopia Eritrea [84]	Status quo ante bellum Disengagement and de-escalation Sudan recaptures all of the border territory with Ethiopia. [85] [86] Sudan and Ethiopia agree to settle all disputes peacefully. [87]
Sudanese civil war (2023 –present)	Sudanese government Sudanese Armed Forces PDF [88] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [89] JEM [90] SLM (Minnawi) SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Supported by: Ukraine [91] [92] [93] Turkey [94] [95] Iran [96] [97] Saudi Arabia [98]	Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [99] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) Tamazuj (from August 2023) Libyan National Army [100] [101] Desert Wolves [102] Supported by: United Arab Emirates [103] [104] [105] [106] Wagner Group [107] [108] Chad (alleged) [109] SLM (al-Nur) [110] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025)	Ongoing Rapid Support Forces occupy most of Darfur, and parts of Kordofan. [111] [112] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan. [113] [114] [115] SLM (al-Nur) control parts of Darfur Sudanese Armed Forces retake the Khartoum area by 20 May 2025. [116]

See also

• East African Campaign (World War II)

Bibliography

First Sudanese Civil War:

• Assefa, Hizkias. 1987. Mediation of Civil Wars, Approaches and Strategies – The Sudan Conflict. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
• Eprile, Cecil. War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955 – 1972. David and Charles, London. 1974. ISBN   0-7153-6221-6.
• Johnson, Douglas H. 1979. "Book Review: The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972 by Edgar O'Ballance". African Affairs 78 (310):132–7.
• O'Ballance, Edgar. 1977. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. (Faber and Faber edition ISBN   0-571-10768-0).
• Poggo, Scopas Sekwat. 1999. War and Conflict in Southern Sudan, 1955–1972. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Notes

1. Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments; ^[30] according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi". ^[31] The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops. ^[32]
2. Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry. ^[32]
3. Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees. ^[54] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL. ^[55] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL. ^[56]
4. Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.
5. Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011. ^[72]

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Sources

• Bassil, Noah (2013). The Post-Colonial State and Civil War in Sudan: The Origins of Conflict in Darfur. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN   978-1780760858.
• Connell, Dan (August 1998). "Sudan: Global Trade, Local Impact. Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 10 (4 (A)).
• Debos, Marielle (2016) [1st pub. 2013]. Living by the Gun in Chad. Combatants, Impunity and State Formation. Translated by Andrew Brown (Revised, Updated, and Translated ed.). London: Zed Books. ISBN   978-1-78360-532-3.
• DeRouen, Karl R.; Heo, Uk (2007). Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.
• de Waal, Alex (April 2007). "Sudan: international dimensions to the state and its crisis" (PDF). Occasional Papers (Crisis States Research Centre) (2). ISSN   1753-3082.
• Khalid, Mansour (2010) [1st pub. 2003]. War & Peace in the Sudan. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN   978-0-7103-0663-0.
• LeRiche, Matthew; Arnold, Matthew (2013). South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-933340-0.
• Leopold, Mark (2001). "'Trying to Hold Things Together?' International NGOs caught up in an Emergency in North-Western Uganda, 1996–97". In Ondine Barrow; Michael Jennings (eds.). The Charitable Impulse: NGOs & Development in East & North-East Africa. Oxford, Bloomfield: James Curry Ltd; Kumarian Press. pp. 94–108. ISBN   9781565491373.
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• O'Ballance, Edgar (1977). The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN   0-571-10768-0.
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• Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)". African Affairs. 103 (412): 359–383. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh050. JSTOR   3518562.
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External links

Second Sudanese Civil War:

• Background Q & A: The Darfur Crisis, Esther Pan, Council on Foreign Relations, cfr.org
• Price of Peace in Africa: Agreement in Sudan Between Government and Rebel
• Photojournalist's Account – Displacement of Sudan's second civil war
• In pictures: Sudan trek – of returning refugees after the war, BBC, 14 June 2005
• With Peace, Sudan Faces Hard Choices, Washington Post, 28 July 2005
• The Nuba Mountains Homepage
• Bishop calls for Churchwide day of prayer and fasting for an end to Sudan violence on 26 June 2011 – leading up to the 9 July expected day of new independence for the Southern Sudan.

War in Darfur:

• Sudan: Passion of the Present, includes list of web news and resources
• Rashdan, Abdelrahman, FAQs on Darfur IslamOnline.net. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
• Darfur Report Archived 2007-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
• Analyzing Darfur's Conflict of Definitions: Interview with Prof. Mahmood Mamdani. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
• "Khartoum bashing": an article in the TLS by Justin Willis, 7 November 2003
• Rule of Law in Armed Conflict – Sudan
• Insight on Conflict, SIRC Archived 2011-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
• The Small Arms Survey – Sudan
• Photojournalist's Account – Displacement caused by the genocide in Darfur
• ODI HPG Policy Brief: Humanitarian Advocacy in Darfur: the challenge of neutrality Archived 2009-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
• Darfur Story: an article in Islam Story by Dr Ragheb Elsergany, 16 March 2009
• Genocide – A Penn State Conversation about Darfur
• "On our Watch": PBS Frontline documentary
• Darfuri Children's Drawings at the University of South Florida
• Crisis in Darfur, Sudan, Web Archive, 2006 from the U.S. Library of Congress