List of wars involving Egypt

This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

  Egyptian victory

  Egyptian defeat

  Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Egypt, status quo ante bellum , or a treaty or peace without a clear result

Prehistoric Egypt (6200–3100 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
War at Jebel Sahaba	Qadan people	Qadan people	?	?	?
Siege of Naqada (c. 3270 BC)	Thinis	Naqada	Thinite victory Upper Egypt unified	Scorpion I	Unknown,but in the thousands king Taurus killed

Early Dynastic Period (3100–2890 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt	Upper Egypt	Lower Egypt	Upper Egypt victory Unification of Egypt	Narmer	?
Egyptian expedition to Nubia	First Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian people	Victory	Hor-Aha	?
Egypto-Nubian conflict (c. 3100–3000 BC)	First Dynasty of Egypt	A-Group culture (Nubia)	Victory A-Group culture destroyed by the pharaohs of Egypt. [1] Lower Nubia was not inhabited for centuries afterwards. [1]	Djer or Djet [2]	?
War of succession	Horus Bird	Sneferka	inconclusive Neither side wins Egypt reunified later on by Hotepsekhemwy	Hotepsekhemwy	?
War of the gods	Khasekhemwy	followers of the god Horus followers of the god Set	Pharaoh victory Lower and upper Egypt reunited	Khasekhemwy	?

Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Egyptian campaigns in Sinai	Third Dynasty of Egypt	Sinai inhabitants	Victory Local inhabitants were subdued	Djoser	?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia and Libya (c. 2600 BC) [3] [4] [5]	Fourth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians Libyans	Victory Thousands of cattle and prisoners taken as spoils	Sneferu	?
Egyptian campaign in Nubia,Sinai and southern Canaan	Sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians Bedouins Canaanites	Victory A booty of men and goods was brought back to Egypt for presentation to the pharaoh	Pepi I Meryre	?

First Intermediate Period of Egypt (2181–2055 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
The Theban-Hieraconopolis Struggle	Heracleopolis	Thebes Koptos Dendera	Theban Victory Koptos, Dendera and the three nomes of Hierakonpolis under Theban control, expanding the Theban kingdom 250 km northward with a border near Abydos.	Mentuhotep I Intef I	?
Sack of Thinis	Ninth Dynasty of Egypt	Thinis	Thinis Sacked	Nebkaure Khety	?

Middle Kingdom Period (2055–1650 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Reunification of Egypt	Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (Thebes)	Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (Heracleopolis)	Theban victory End of the First Intermediate Period	Mentuhotep II	?
Egyptian campaign in nubia	Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt	Nubia	Victory End of Nubian independence	Mentuhotep II	?
Expedition to Punt	Eleventh dynasty of Egypt	Land of Punt	Victory The region cleared of rebels 12 wells built for future expeditions Egyptians returned from Punt with many goods	Mentuhotep III	?
Egyptian Campaign in Lower Nubia (c. 1953 BC) [6]	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Various peoples in Lower Nubia.	Victory Nubians defeated and Egyptian colonisation of Lower Nubia.	Senusret I	?
Destruction of Iuai and Iasy	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Inhabitants of Iuai and Iasy	Victory Iuai and Iasy destroyed and looted	Amenemhat II	?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia (c. 1870–1859 BC) [7]	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Various Nubian peoples	Victory Nubians defeated and Egyptian expansion into Nubia. [8]	Senusret III	?
Egyptian Campaign in Canaan (Between c. 1880 and c. 1840 BC)	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Shechem Retjenu	Victory Both Shechem and Retjenu defeated by Egypt. [9]	Senusret III	?
Expedition to Nubia	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians	Victory	Amenemhat III	?

Second Intermediate Period (1650–1550 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Exile to southern Egypt	Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Victory for the Fourteenth Dynasty of egypt The 13th Dynasty have controlled Upper Egypt, while the 14th Dynasty ruled Lower Egypt	Yakbim Sekhaenre	?
Uprising of the 16th Dynasty	Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Defeat Uprising of the hyksos	Nebiryraw I	?
Separation of central Egypt	Abydos Dynasty	Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt	Victory for Abydos dynasty	Pantjeny	?
Theban-Hyksos conflict	Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt	Hyksos	Victory Fall of the Hyksos kingdom Egypt invades Levantine territory and gains a bridgehead in the Levant Beginning of the new kingdom period	Seqenenre Tao, Kamose, Ahmose I	?

New Kingdom Period (1550–1077 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Egyptian campaigns in the Levant and Syria	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Asiatics	Victory Hundreds of cities destroyed	Ahmose I	?
First Egyptian campaign in Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Kingdom of kerma	Victory Nubia became under Egyptian rule	Ahmose I	?
First Nubian Rebellion	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian rebels	Victory Revolt suppressed	Ahmose I	?
Qeheq invasion of western Delta	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Qeheq Peoples	Victory Qeheq people exiled from western Delta	Amenhotep I	?
Western desert campaign	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Qeheq Peoples	Victory Egypt spreads influence through the western desert	Amenhotep I	?
Second Egyptian campaign in Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians	Victory Nubian king killed by Thutmose I and hung from the prow of his ship Permanently extending the Egyptian military presence in Nubia	Thutmose I	?
Egyptian campaign in Mitanni	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Naharin	Victory First time Egyptians ever crossed the Euphrates River	Thutmose I	?
Egyptian campaign in the Levant and Syria	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Canaanites Naharin	Victory Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction First time Egyptians ever crossed the Euphrates River	Thutmose I	?
Capture of the hyksos	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Hyksos remnants	Victory End of the Hyksos power	Thutmose I	?
Second Nubian rebellion	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians rebels	Victory Nubian independence ended for 500 years Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings	Thutmose I	?
Third Nubian Rebellion	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian rebels	Victory Revolt easily crushed	Thutmose II	?
The Shashu Rebellion	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Shasu Bedouins	Victory Sinai remains under Egyptian control	Thutmose II	?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Cyprus	Victory Egyptian rule of Cyprus Inhabitants forced to pay tribute	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian conquest of Punt [10]	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Punt	Victory	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian Campaign in the Levant (1458–1457 BC)	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Canaanites Kadesh Megiddo Kingdom of Mitanni Hurrians	Victory Egyptian victory at the Battle of Megiddo, resulting in expansion of Egyptian empire. [11]	Thutmose III	4,000 at the Battle of Megiddo
Conquest of Syria	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Asiatics	Victory Many cities in Syria,Jordan,Lebanon and Canaan taken	Thutmose III	?
Invasion of Phoenicia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Phoenicia	Victory Many cities in Syria, and Lebanon were taken	Thutmose III	?
Ardata revolts	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Asiatics	Victory Revolt suppressed	Thutmose III	?
Egyptian attack on Mitanni	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Mitanni	Victory Mitanni conquered with little resistance Thutmose III went from city to city and pillaged them	Thutmose III	?
Nuhašše Rebellion	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nuhašše rebels	Victory north Syria remains under Egyptian rule	Thutmose III	?
Shasu campaign	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Shasu nomads	Victory	Thutmose III	?
Rebellions in the Arka	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Arkantu people	Victory Revolt suppressed	Thutmose III	?
Third Egyptian campaign in Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubia	Victory Expansion of the Egyptian empire	Thutmose III	?
First Syrian campaign	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Asiatics	Victory Many cities in Syria,Jordan,Lebanon and Canaan taken	Amenhotep II	?
Egyptian-Mitanni conflict	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Mitanni levantine rebels Mitanni vassals	Victory Egyptian rule in levant restored	Amenhotep II	?
Fourth Nubian Rebellion	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian rebels	Victory Revolt suppressed	Thutmose IV	?
Fifth rebellion in Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	kushite rebels	Victory Revolt suppressed	Amenhotep III	?
Fourth expedition to Nubia	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian nomadic tribes	Victory Revolt suppressed	Akhenaten	?
Clashes with the Nubians and Asiatics	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Asiatics Nubians	Victory	Tutankhamun	?
Campaigns aganist the Hittites	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Hittite empire Hittite vassals	Victory Egypt took control of some cities in the Levant	Seti I	?
Extermination of Sherden pirates	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Sherden pirates	Victory	Ramesses II	?
Egyptian-Hittite conflict	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Hittites	inconclusive [12] Egypt briefly recaptures southern Syrian territory from the Hittites Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty	Seti I, Ramses II	?
Fifth Nubian campaign	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubians	Victory	Ramesses II	?
Libyan campaigns	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	libu tribes	Victory	Ramesses II	?
Second Egyptian-Libu war	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	libu tribes Temehu Rebu Tehenu Meshwesh Sea Peoples	Victory Sea people and Libyans fail to conquer the Delta region	Merneptah	?
Suppression of revolts in Canaan	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt	Israelites	Victory Revolt suppressed	Merneptah	?
Sea Peoples' invasion of Egypt	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	Sea Peoples Libyan tribes Meshwesh Sherden Denyen Philistines	Victory Egyptians defeat the Sea Peoples in two land and sea battles invasion repelled	Ramses III	?
Invasion of Cyrenaica	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	Libyan tribes of Cyrenaica Meshwesh Rebu	Victory Egypt claimed overlordship of Cyrenaican tribes and controls Cyrenaica	Ramses III	?
Third campaign in libya	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	Libyan parties Meshwesh	Victory	Ramesses VI	?
Libyan invasion of upper egypt	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	Libyan parties Meshwesh	Victory Libyans switch to invade Delta after their defeat in upper Egypt	Ramesses X	?
Sixth nubian revolt	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	Nubian cheifdoms	Defeat Nubian declaration of Independence after 500 years of Egyptian rule	Ramesses XI	?
Priests of Amun war	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt	High Priest of Amun	defeat for Ramesses High Priest of Amun take control over upper Egypt Egypt becomes separated the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt	Ramesses XI	?

Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (1077 BC–664 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Theban revolt	Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt	High Priest of Amun	Victory for the Pharaoh Revolt was suppressed by Menkheperre	Ramesses XI	?
Unification of Egypt	Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt	High Priest of Amun	Victory	Shoshenq I	?
Battle of Bitter Lakes	Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt	Nomads	Victory	Shoshenq I	?
Jeroboam's Revolt	Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Kingdom of Israel	Kingdom of Judah	Victory Jerusalem sacked by the Egyptian army	Shoshenq I	?
Civil war of the meshwesh	Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt	Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt	Defeat Separation of Egypt into different Meshwesh cheifs	Osorkon II	?
Nubian invasion of Egypt	Meshwesh kingdoms	Nubia	Nubian Victory Nubian expansion through egypt	Piye	?
Egyptian influence extension in the Near East	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt	Near East kingdoms	Defeat	Piye	?
Philistia and Gaza rebellion	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt philistia and Gaza rebels	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Defeat	Piye	?
Conquest of the nile valley	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Assyrian Empire nilotic peoples	Victory Shebitku conquered the entire Nile Valley, including Upper Egypt	Shebitku	?
Ashdod rebellion	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Palestinian rebels	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Defeat	Shabaka	?
Siege of Judah (701 BC)	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Kingdom of Judah	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Victory	Taharqa	?
Assyrian conquest of Egypt (674 BC)	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Victory	Taharqa	?
Assyrian conquest of Egypt	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Defeat The Neo-Assyrian Empire controls Egypt for over a period of about 10 years.	Taharqa	?
Reconquest of Egypt	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Victory Taharqa reoccupied Memphis, as well as the Delta	Taharqa	?
Sack of Thebes	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Assyrian Empire Egyptian vassals	Defeat End of the 25th Dynasty	Tantamani	?

Late Period (c. 664-525 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Reunification of Egypt	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Kingdom of Lydia	kinglets of the Dodecarchy Libyan tribes Neo-Assyrian Empire	Victory In 654 BCE, Psamtik I was firmly in control of all Egypt Fall of Ashdod The capture of Ashdod may have effectively reflected part of the transfer of power from the crumbling Assyrian Empire to the new Egyptian 26th Dynasty	Psamtik I	?
Egyptian invasion of libya	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Libyan tribes	Victory Western desert and Cyrenaica were annexed by egypt	Psamtik I	?
Egyptian conquest of Judah (609 BC)	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Kingdom of Judah	Victory Routing of the entire Judean army Subjugation of Judah by Dynasty XXVI of Egypt	Necho II	Undetermined, but low
Egyptian Babylonian war	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Babylonian Empire Persians Scythians Medes	Victory Egyptian capture of Kummuh and Gaza	Necho II	?
Expedition to phoenicia	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Phoenicia	Victory	Necho II	?
Invasion of Nubia	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Meroë	Victory	Psamtik II	?
Palestinian expedition	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Palestinian rebels	Kingdom of Judah Neo-Babylonian Empire	Inconclusive	Psamtik II	?
Battle of Irasa	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Greek settlers of Cyrenaica	Defeat	Apries	?
Egyptian conquest of Cyprus	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Cyprus	Victory Egyptian control over Cyprus	Amasis II	?
First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt	Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt	Achaemenid Empire Arabian and Greek mercenaries	Defeat Egypt annexed by the Achaemenid Empire Fall of the 26th Dynasty of Egypt	Psamtik III	50,000

Achaemenid egypt (c. 525-330 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
Achaemenid expedition to siwa	Egyptian rebels	Achaemenid Empire	Victory Ehe entire Achaemenid army either lost or killed	Petubastis III	?
Petubastis III revolt	Egyptian rebels	Achaemenid Empire	Defeat Egypt along with the libyan desert were annexed by the Achaemenid Empire	Petubastis III	?
Psammetichus IV revolt	Egyptian rebels	Achaemenid Empire	Victory	Psammetichus IV	?
Wars of the Delian League	Egyptian rebels Delian League	Achaemenid Empire and it's allies	Inconclusive Persia loses control over Thrace, the Aegean sea and the western coast of Asia Minor. Greek expeditionary force defeated and repelled from Egypt.	Inaros II Pericles Charitimides Cimon	?
Inaros II revolt	Egyptian rebels	Achaemenid Empire and it's allies	Victory	Inaros II	Undetermined, but low
Battle of Mendesium	Egyptian rebels	Achaemenid Empire and it's allies	Defeat Inaros II was executed	Inaros II	?
Amyrtaeus revolt	Egyptian rebels	Achaemenid Empire	Victory	Amyrtaeus	?
Invasion of Asia Minor (396–394 BC)	Egypt Sparta	Achaemenid Empire and it's allies	Victory	Nepherites I	?
Persian attack on Egypt (385 BCE)	Egypt	Achaemenid Empire	Victory	Hakor	Undetermined, but low
Achaemenid invasion of Egypt (374 BCE)	Egypt	Achaemenid Empire Greek mercenaries Arabs	Victory Nectanebo takes over southern Egypt	Nectanebo I	?
Egyptian expedition into Palestine and Phoenicia	Egypt	Achaemenid Empire and it's allies	Victory Egypt takes over the levant	Teos of Egypt	?
Nakhthorheb rebellion	Teos of Egypt	Nakhthorheb	Victory for Nakhthorheb and his father Djedhor couldn't reach the Achaemenid capital which will lead to the second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt	Teos of Egypt	?
Phoenician rebellion	Egypt Phoenician rebels	Achaemenid Empire	Inconclusive	Nectanebo II	?
Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt	Egypt	Achaemenid Empire	Defeat Persians take over Egypt after 60 years	Nectanebo II	?
Wars of Alexander the Great	Macedonian Empire Hellenic League Egyptian rebels	Achaemenid Empire Illyrians Thracians Polis Bactria Sogdia Uxiians Pauravas Aśvaka Guraens Mallians Oxydracians Amvastha	Victory Macedonian Empire spans from the Balkans and Egypt in the west to Central Asia and India in the east Beginning of the Hellenistic period	Alexander the Great	~1 million

Ptolemaic Kingdom (310-30 BC)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh	Egyptian losses
First Syrian War (274–271 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Victory Ptolemaic rule extended into Caria and most of Cilicia (both in modern-day Turkey).	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Chremonidean War (267–261 BC)	Athens Sparta Ptolemaic Kingdom	Macedonia	Defeat Macedonian victory. Antigonid control over the city-states of Greece.	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Second Syrian War (274–271 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire Macedonia	Stalemate Cilicia, Pamphylia, Ionia, Miletus and Ephesus taken by the Selecuid Empire. Marriage of Antiochus II Theos to Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	?
Third Syrian War (246–241 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Stalemate Loss of Cyclades to Seleucid Empire. Ptolemaic kingdom awarded new territories in Syria, including Seleucia Pieria.	Ptolemy III Euergetes	?
Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire	Victory Ptolemaic victory at the Battle of Raphia and preserved control of Coele-Syria.	Ptolemy IV Philopator	2,200 at the Battle of Raphia
Upper Egyptian Revolt (204–196 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Hugronaphor Ankhmakis	Ptolemaic victory The rebel leaders were taken to Memphis and publicly executed on 26 March 196 BC	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	?
Fifth Syrian War (202–195 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	Seleucid Empire Macedonia	Defeat Coele-Syria taken by the Seleucid Empire. Conciliatory treaty signed in 195 BC. Ptolemy V agrees to marry Antiochus III's daughter Cleopatra I Syra.	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	?
Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC)	Ptolemaic Kingdom Roman Republic (168 BC)	Seleucid Empire	Victory Antiochus IV Epiphanes leaves Egypt after given ultimatum by Gaius Popillius Laenas.	Ptolemy VIII Physcon	?
Caesar's Civil War (49 BC–45 BC)	Caesarians Mauretania	Pompeians Numidia Ptolemaic Kingdom Kingdom of Pontus	Caesarian victory	Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator	?
War of Actium (32–30 BC)	Eastern Roman provinces Ptolemaic Egypt	Western Roman provinces	Defeat Rome annexes Egypt and control over eastern provinces reasserted	Cleopatra VII	?

Roman Egypt (30 BC – 395 AD)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Pharaoh/Emperor	Praefectus Aegypti	Egyptian losses
Subjugation of upper Egypt	Roman Empire	Rebels in Thebes	Roman victory Upper Egypt was brought under Roman control by force of arms Cornelius established a protectorate over the southern frontier district	Augustus	Gaius Cornelius Gallus	?
Conquest of Arabia Petraea and Arabia Felix	Roman Empire	Nabataeans Sabaeans [13]	Defeat The campaign was successful in the beginning before the Roman army reached Arabia Felix	Augustus	Gaius Aelius Gallus	?
Roman Campaign into the kingdom of kush	Roman Empire	Kingdom of Kush	Victory After the initial victories of Kandake Amanirenas against Roman Egypt, the Kushites of northern Nubia were defeated and Napata sacked [14] Kushites send ambassadors to negotiate a peace treaty between Rome and the kingdom of kush	Augustus	Gaius Petronius	?
Siege of Jerusalem	Roman Empire	Jewish rebels	Victory Roman rule of Jerusalem restored	Titus	Tiberius Julius Alexander	?
Diaspora Revolt	Roman Empire Local populations	Roman Jews rebels Judaea	Roman victory Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Egypt, Cyrenaica and Cyprus Halt of further Roman expansion to the east	Trajan	Marcus Rutilius Lupus	?
Bucolic War	Roman Empire	Isidorus	Roman victory Native Fellahin led by Isidorus defeated the Roman garrison of Egypt and took over all of Egypt with the exception of Alexandria Cassius managed to destroy the rebels by separating them from one another. the beginning of Egypt's economic decline	Marcus Aurelius	Avidius Cassius/Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes	?
Usurpation of Avidius Cassius	Avidius Cassius Gaius Calvisius Statianus Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius	Publius Martius Verus Herodes Atticus Gaius Vettius Sabinianus	Inconclusive When news of Aurelius' plans to invade reached Egypt, a centurion killed Cassius, and sent his head to Aurelius, who refused to see it, and ordered it buried Aurelius was forced to withdraw from his campaign against the Iazyges, and end the Marcomannic War	Marcus Aurelius	Gaius Calvisius Statianus	Avidius Cassius beheaded
Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus (261-262 CE)	Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Memor	Aurelius Theodotus	Revolt suppressed	Gallienus	Lucius Mussius Aemilianus	?
Palmyrene invasion of Egypt (270 CE)	Roman Empire	Palmyrene Empire Blemmyes	Defeat The Roman Empire loses Egypt Palmyrene annexation of Upper and Lower Egypt	Claudius II Gothicus	Tenagino Probus	?
Aurelian’s reconquest of Egypt (272 CE)	Roman Empire	Palmyrene Empire	Victory Fall of the Palmyrene Empire	Aurelian	Firmus	?
Revolt of Firmus	Roman Empire	Firmus	Victory	Aurelian	No clear Governor	?
Busiris–Coptos revolt (292–293 CE)	Roman Empire	Rebels at Busiris and Coptos	Revolt Suppressed	Diocletian	Galerius	?
Usurpation of Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus (297-298 CE)	Roman Empire	Domitius Domitianus Aurelius Achilleus	Revolt Suppressed	Diocletian	Galerius	?

Byzantine Egypt (395 – 642)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Basileus	Dux	Egyptian losses
Sasanian conquest of Egypt	Byzantine Empire	Sasanian Empire	Defeat Egypt annexed by the Sasanian empire	Phocas Heraclius	Nicetas	?
Muslim conquest of Egypt (639–642)	Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Makuria	Rashidun Caliphate	Defeat Rashidun Caliphate annexes Egypt, Cyrenaica, and Tripolitania	Heraclius	Cyrus of Alexandria Theodore	?

Rashidun Caliphate (642 – 661)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Caliph	Wali	Egyptian losses
Byzantine reconquest attempt of Egypt (645-646)	Rashidun Caliphate	Byzantine Empire	Victory	Uthman	Amr ibn al-As	?
Campaigns against Nubia	Rashidun Caliphate	Kingdom of Makuria	Peace treaty After two campaigns, the Muslims were unable to overpower Makuria, so they negotiated a mutual non-aggression treaty. Each side agreed to afford free passage to each other through their respective territories. Nubia agreed to provide 360 slaves to Egypt every year, while Egypt agreed to supply grain, horses, and textiles to Nubia according to demand.	Umar Uthman	Amr ibn al-As Abdullah ibn Saad	?
Rebellion of the Egyptian delegation	Rashidun Caliphate	Egyptian rebels	Rebels Victory Assassination of Uthman	Uthman	Abdullah ibn Saad	?
First Fitna	Rashidun Caliphate	Mu'awiya's forces and Aisha's forces Kharijites	Hasan–Muawiya treaty Stalemate between forces of Ali and forces of Mu'awiya Kharijites defeated Dissolution of the Rashidun Caliphate and establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate	Ali	Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr	?

Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Caliph	Wali	Egyptian losses
Second Fitna	Umayyad Caliphate	Zubayrid Caliphate Alids Kharijites	Umayyad Victory Dissolution of the Zubayrid Caliphate Defeat of several Alid revolts Kharijites decisively defeated	Yazid I	Marwan I	?
Third Fitna	Pro-Qays Umayyads Pro-Yaman Umayyads	Alids Kharijites Hashimiyya	Victory for the pro-Qays Victory of Marwan II and the pro-Qays faction in the inter-Umayyad civil war Umayyad authority weakened and overthrown in subsequent Abbasid Revolution	Marwan II	Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr	?
Abbasid revolution	Abbasid Caliphate	Umayyad Caliphate	Abbasid victory Fall of the Umayyad dynasty and the establishment of Abbasid rule	Marwan II	Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr	?

Abbasid Caliphate (750–935)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Caliph	Egyptian losses
Tulunid loyalists rebblion	Abbasid Caliphate	Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji	Loyalist victory The loyalist Egyptian army entered the city of Ramla in Palestine and defeated the Abbasid army there, whose leader was Wasif bin Sawartkin the Younger. The Egyptian army reached Gaza and they were met by the Abbasid army stationed in Egypt,the Egyptian army won a landslide victory, then moved towards Arish and defeated the Abbasid garrison there, then to Farma and defeated the Abbasids there. Abbasid governor of Egypt, Isa al-Nushari, prepared a very large army and met the Egyptian army at Bilbeis in Sharqia. There the Egyptians won another decisive victory, and the road to the Egyptian capital, Fustat, was opened. Revival of the Tulunid emirate.	Al-Mu'tadid	?
Fall of the Tulunid emirate	Abbasid Caliphate	Tulunid Emirate	Abbasid victory The Egyptian army, led by Ibn al-Khalanji, was victorious in the Battle of al-Arish in the year 293 AH Muhammad Ibn al-Khalanji defeated Fatik al-Mu'tadidi and his army more than once, but Ibn al-Khalanji was defeated at Beni Suef after valiant resistance The Abbasids entered Fustat by land and sea and arrest Muhammad ibn Al-khalanji and his companions	Al-khalanji	?
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)	Abbasid Caliphate	Fatimid Caliphate	Stalemate Initial Fatimid success in Libya and western Egypt. Fatimids pushed back after failed attempts to conquer the Egyptian capital Fustat. al-Qa'im and the remnants of his army abandoned Alexandria and returned to Ifriqiya in May 915 after Abbasid reinforcements from Syria and Iraq under Mu'nis al-Muzaffar arrived to Egypt.	Al-Muqtadir	10,000 to 20,000 dead
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)	Abbasid Caliphate	Fatimid Caliphate	Abbasid victory Failure of the Fatimid invasion	Al-Muqtadir	?

Bashmurid state (720 – 832)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	leader	Egyptian losses
Bashmurian revolt (720)	coptic rebels	Umayyad Caliphate	Victory The northern Delta area does not appear to have been under Umayyad control at the time, and may have been controlled by rebels.	Mina, son of Apacyrus	?
Bashmurian revolt (749)	coptic rebels	Umayyad Caliphate	Victory The Bashmurians took Samannūd and sacked Rosetta	Mina, son of Apacyrus	?
Makurian invasion of southern Egypt	coptic rebels Makuria	Umayyad Caliphate	Victory Luxor and Aswan were subjugated to Makuria	unknown	?
Bashmurian revolt (767)	coptic rebels Arab settlers	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	unknown	?
Abbasid reconquest of Delta	coptic rebels	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat The Abbasids reconquered Egypt	unknown	?

Tulunid Emirate (868–905)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Alawite rebellion in Egypt	Tulunid dynasty	Alawite rebels	Victory Revolt suppressed	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Second Alawite rebellion in Egypt	Tulunid dynasty	Alawite rebels	Victory The Tulunid forces emerged triumphant, killing numerous rebels and capturing those who surrendered	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Tulunid-beja border conflict	Tulunid dynasty	Beja confederacy	Victory	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Ifriqiya campaign	Tulunid dynasty	Aghlabid dynasty	Defeat Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun defeated the local Aghlabid governor, Muhammad ibn Qurhub, sacked the town of Labda, and marched on Tripoli Despite initial victories,Abbas was defeated by Ilyas ibn Mansur al-Nafusi in winter 880/1	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Barqa revolt	Tulunid dynasty	Cyrenaican rebels	Victory Revolt suppressed	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Abbasid invasion of Egypt (877)	Tulunid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory Egypt remained independent	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Border Clashes with the Byzantines	Tulunid dynasty	Byzantine Empire	Victory ibn Tulun Captures Cyprus and attacks Aegean islands	Ahmad ibn Tulun	?
Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun's usurpation	Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun	Loyalist troops	Loyalist victory Abbas, with the remnants of his army, was captured outside Alexandria Abbas was executed Khumarawayh made heir in 882	Ahmad ibn Tulun	Abbas was commanded to execute or mutilate the most prominent of his followers
Qarmatian attack on levant	Tulunid dynasty	Qarmatians Abbasid Caliphate	Stalemate Status quo ante bellum	Khumarawayh	?
Tulunid invasion of hejaz	Tulunid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate Saffarids	Defeat	Khumarawayh	?
Tulunid-Abbasid conflict over the Levant	Tulunid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory Tulunids reaffirm rule over the Al-Sham region.	Khumarawayh Sa'd al-Aysar	?
Second Abbasid conquest of Levant	Tulunid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory Levant still remained under tulunid rule	Khumarawayh	?
Tulunid invasion of Jazira	Tulunid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory Tulunids conquered Upper Mesopotamia The caliphate added Armenia to Khumarawayh domains	Khumarawayh	?
Abbasid Caliphate invasion of Tulunid-controlled Syria and Egypt (904–905)	Tulunid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat The Tulunid troops deserted Harun ibn Khumarawayh was killed in an army mutiny ending the rule of the Tulunids.	Harun ibn Khumarawayh Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun	?

Ikhshidid Emirate (935–969)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Rise of the Ikhshidid dynasty	Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid	Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh Fatimids	Victory The Fatimid army captured the island of al-Rawda on the Nile and burned its arsenal. Ibn Tughj's admirals Ali ibn Badr and Bajkam defected to the Fatimids. The Fatimids retreated from Egypt to their base at Barqa.	Al-Radi	?
Shi'ite revolt (942)	Ikhshidid dynasty	Shi'ite rebels	Victory The revolt was swiftly suppressed	Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid	?
Conflict with Ibn Ra'iq	Ikhshidid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate	Stalemate Status quo ante bellum Abbasids failed to takeover Egypt Ikhshidids fail to take northern Syria	Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid	?
Hamdanid invasion of the Levant	Ikhshidid dynasty	Hamdanid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate Banu Kilab	Victory Both sides agreed to a treaty dividing the region along the lines of the agreement with Ibn Ra'iq was concluded in October	Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid	?
Bedouin raid on the Western desert	Ikhshidid dynasty	Bedouins	Inconclusive	Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid	?
Nubian attacks on Egypt	Ikhshidid dynasty	Makuria	Stalemate Status quo ante bellum	Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid	?
Ikhshidid fleet against the Byzantine navy	Ikhshidid dynasty	Byzantine Empire	Defeat Anti-Christian riots were provoked by a defeat of the Ikhshidid fleet against the Byzantine navy in 960/963, as well as the Byzantine offensives under Nikephoros Phokas in Cilicia and northern Syria	Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid	?
Hejazi campaign	Ikhshidid dynasty	Hejaz	Victory	Abu al-Misk Kafur	?
Ghalbūn rebellion	Ikhshidid dynasty	Ghalbūn	Victory	Abu al-Misk Kafur	?
Ikhshidid-Makurian conflict	Ikhshidid Emirate	Makuria	Victory Kafur al-Ikhshidi annexed Old Dongola and Qasr Ibrahim	Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid Kafur al-Ikhshidi	?
Qaramatian campaign in hejaz	Ikhshidid dynasty	Qarmatians	Victory Qaramatians were exiled from Hejaz and Levant	Abu al-Misk Kafur	?
Ikhshidid-Fatimid border conflict	Ikhshidid dynasty	Fatimid Caliphate	Victory The Fatimid were prevented from Invading Egypt for the third time	Abu al-Misk Kafur	?
Hamdanid Invasion of Syria	Ikhshidid dynasty	Hamdanid dynasty	Victory The Hamdanid recognized the lordship of the ikhshidid dynasty over parts of Syria	Abu al-Misk Kafur	?
Fatimid conquest of Egypt	Ikhshidid dynasty	Fatimid Caliphate	Fatimid victory Capitulation of Fustat and Egypt Foundation of Cairo and move of the Fatimid Caliphate's seat from Ifriqiya to Egypt Beginning of Fatimid expansion into the Levant and the Hejaz	Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali	?

Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Caliph	Egyptian losses
Expansion into Syria	Fatimid Caliphate	Byzantine Empire	Victory Fatimids take control of Palestine and south Syria while leaving Aleppo under the rule of the Byzantines	al-Aziz Billah	?
Fatimid Campaign against the Abbasids	Fatimid Caliphate	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	al-Aziz Billah	?
First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Qarmatians Banu Uqayl Tayy Egyptian rebels	Inconclusive Fatimid victory in Egypt Qarmatian victory in the Levant Fatimids remain control on Palestine and south syria	Ja'far ibn Fallah Jawhar	?
Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Qarmatians Banu Uqayl Tayy Egyptian rebels	Victory Egypt remains under Fatimid rule Qarmatians expelled from Egypt	Ja'far ibn Fallah Jawhar	?
Reconquest of Levant	Fatimid Caliphate	Byzantine Empire Qarmatians Damascus Emirate Buyid dynasty Bedouins : Tayy Banu Uqayl Hamdanid dynasty	Stalemate Manjutakin invaded the Hamdanid emirate conclusion of a ten-year truce in 1000 After al-Aziz Billah's death The Fatimids lost control of Tripoli Fatimids restore rule over the Levant	al-Aziz Billah	?
Bedouin revolt in Palestine and Syria	Fatimid Caliphate	Bedouin Confederation	Victory Revolt was suppressed brutally	al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah	?
Conquest of Aleppo	Fatimid Caliphate	Emirate of Aleppo	Victory Aleppo was annexed by the Fatimids	al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah	?
Expansion through Arabia	Fatimid Caliphate Sharifate of Mecca	Bedouin rioters Qarmatians(uncertain or minor involvement)	Victory	al-Aziz Billah	?
Persecution of the Druze	Fatimid Caliphate	Druze	Inconclusive 5,000 prominent Druze were killed in Antioch, followed by that of Aleppo. The Druze movement was able to resume two years after the death of al-Zahir	Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah	?
Nizar's rebellion	Loyalists	Nizar ibn al-Mustansir	Loyalist Victory Nizar's forces were placed under siege, until Nizar and his remaining followers were forced to surrender. Nizar was immured and left to die	Al-Musta'li	?
Seljuk invasion of the levant	Fatimid Caliphate	Seljuk Empire Governors of Damascus Abbasid Caliphate	Victory Invasion repelled	Al-Musta'li	?
Laguatan invasion of Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Laguatan Berbers	Victory Laguatan Berbers were driven back and forced to pay tribute	Al-Musta'li	?
Seljuk invasion of the levant	Fatimid Caliphate	Sulayhid dynasty Banu Hamdan	Victory ibn Najib al-Dawla had become the virtual ruler of the parts of Yemen recognizing Fatimid suzerainty	Al-Musta'li	?
First Crusade	Muslim States Seljuk Empire Emirate of Rum Danishmendids Fatimid Caliphate	Crusader armies Army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles Army of Godfrey of Bouillon Army of Robert Curthose Army of Robert II of Flanders Army of Hugh the Great Armies of Bohemond of Taranto Armies of the People's Crusade Byzantine Empire	Defeat The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states	Al-Musta'li	12,700 at least
Venetian Crusade	Fatimid Caliphate Burid dynasty	Republic of Venice Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli	Defeat Tyre captured by Jerusalem	Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah	4,000
Second Crusade	Fatimid Caliphate Seljuk Empire Almoravid dynasty	Kingdom of Jerusalem Byzantine Empire County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Knights Hospitaller Knights Templar Armenian Principality of Cilicia Kingdom of France Kingdom of Portugal Holy Roman Empire County of Barcelona Kingdom of England Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Castile and León	Inconclusive Lisbon captured by the Portuguese Tarragona and Tortosa captured by the Catalans	Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah	?
Crusader invasion of Egypt (1163–1169)	Fatimid Caliphate	Kingdom of Jerusalem Byzantine Empire County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Knights Hospitaller Knights Templar Armenian Principality of Cilicia French crusaders Zengid dynasty	Victory Crusaders withdraw from Egypt Fatimid-Crusader border changed Later establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty Zengids seize Egypt [15] [16]	Al-Adid	?
Fatimid-Zengid conflict	Kingdom of Jerusalem Fatimid Caliphate	Zengid dynasty	Peace treaty Both the Crusaders and Shirkuh's Zengid troops departed Egypt after the payment of tribute from the Fatimid treasury.	Al-Adid	?
Revolt of the Blacks	Fatimid Caliphate Black-African Elites of the Fatimid army Fatimid Officials in Cairo Pro-Fatimid citizens of Cairo	Ayyubid Sultanate Saladin's Syrian, Kurdish and Turkish forces Pro-Ayyubid Egyptian rebels	Ayyubid victory Decline and later fall of the Fatimid Caliphate in 1171 Founding and Establishment of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt	Al-Adid	?

Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1250)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Ayyubid conquest of North Africa	Ayyubid dynasty Banu Ghaniya	Almohad Berbers tribes	Victory Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush captured Siwa in 1172 and Cyrenaica in 1173. Qaraqush conquers Tripoli in the 1170s/early 1180s. Qaraqush's forces went on to capture most of Ifriqiya from the Almohads by 1185–1186.	Saladin	?
Almohad reconquest of Ifriqiya	Ayyubid dynasty Banu Ghaniya	Almohad	Defeat The Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur reconquered Ifriqiya from 1187 to 1188. The Ayyubids made no further attempts to intervene in the Maghreb after this.	Saladin	?
Ayyubid conquest of Yemen and Hejaz	Ayyubid dynasty	Arab tribes Hamdanid	Victory In May 1174, Turan-Shah conquered Zabid and later that year captured Aden. Ayyubids implemented a new tax which was collected by galleys. Turan-Shah drove out the remaining Hamdanid rulers of Sana'a, conquering the mountainous city in 1175. Uthman al-Zandjili, conquered the greater part of Hadramaut in 1180. Saladin effectively established Egypt's hegemony in the region	Saladin	?
Ayyubid conquest of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia	Ayyubid dynasty	Zengid Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar	Victory Saladin gains the title of "Sultan of Egypt and Syria"	Saladin	?
Battle of Hattin	Ayyubid Sultanate	Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Knights Templar Principality of Antioch Knights Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus Order of Mountjoy	Victory Saladin conquers Acre, Nazareth, Saffuriya, Haifa, Caesarea, Sebastia and Nablus, while al-Adil conquered Mirabel and Jaffa. On 26 July, Saladin returned to the coast and received the surrender of Sarepta, Sidon, Beirut, and Jableh. In August, the Ayyubids conquered Ramla, Darum, Gaza, Bayt Jibrin, and Latrun. Ascalon was taken on 4 September. In September–October 1187, the Ayyubids besieged Jerusalem, taking possession of it on 2 October, after negotiations with Balian of Ibelin Karak and Mont Real in Transjordan soon fell, followed by Safad in the northeastern Galilee. By the end of 1187 the Ayyubids were in control of virtually the entire Crusader kingdom in the Levant with the exception of Tyre	Saladin	?
Third Crusade (1189–1192)	Ayyubid Sultanate Sultanate of Rum Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins) Byzantine Empire Cyprus	Angevin Empire Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Republic of Genoa Kingdom of Navarre Republic of Pisa Kingdom of Jerusalem Principality of Antioch Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Teutonic Order	Stalemate Treaty of Jaffa Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories. Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States. The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant. The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims	Saladin	?
Crusade of 1197 (1197–1198)	Ayyubids	Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Cyprus Duchy of Brabant Duchy of Austria Landgraviate of Thuringia County Palatine of the Rhine Duchy of Merania Bishopric of Passau Bishopric of Hildesheim Bishopric of Halberstadt County of Gorizia	Indecisive Beirut restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem Jaffa recaptured by the Ayyubids after the Third Crusade Crusaders fail to recapture Jerusalem	Al-Aziz Uthman	?
Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)	Muslim forces: Ayyubid Sultanate	Crusaders: Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of France Kingdom of Germany Levant: Kingdom of Jerusalem Kingdom of Cyprus Latin Empire Military orders: Knights Templar Teutonic Order Knights Hospitaller	Victory Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders	Al-Kamil	?
Sixth Crusade (1227–1229)	Ayyubids of Egypt Ayyubids of Damascus	Holy Roman Empire Teutonic Knights Kingdom of Sicily	Defeat Treaty of Jaffa Jerusalem given back to the Crusaders Jerusalem, Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem relinquished to Crusaders.	Al-Kamil	?
Baron's Crusade (1239–1241)	Ayyubids of Damascus Ayyubids of Egypt	Kingdom of Jerusalem French and Navarre crusaders English crusaders County of Habsburg Military orders Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Teutonic Order	Defeat Kingdom of Jerusalem returned to largest size since 1187 Christians negotiated return of Jerusalem, Ascalon, Sidon, Tiberias, most of Galilee, [17] Bethlehem, and Nazareth	As-Salih Ayyub	?

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Sultan	Egyptian losses
Seventh Crusade (1248–1254)	Ayyubid Dynasty Bahris	Kingdom of France Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Kingdom of Navarre	Victory Status quo ante bellum	Aybak	?
Battle of al-Kura (1251)	Mamluks of Egypt	Ayyubids of Syria	Mamluk victory Faris al-Din Aktay led an attack on Palestine and captured Gaza. The Mamluks were able to stabilize their rule in Egypt, while the Ayyubids remained limited to Syria. Through the mediation of Caliph al-Musta'sim, this situation was deepened in a contract between Damascus and Cairo in April 1253, and Gaza was also returned to An-Nasir Yusuf.	Aybak	?
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323)	Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid remnants Nizari Ismailis of Syria Golden Horde (after 1264) Karamanid rebels Abbasids	Ilkhanate Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Georgia Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Antioch-Tripoli Golden Horde (before 1264) Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller	Victory Mongols temporarily conquer parts of Levant until repelled by the Mamluk Sultanate	Qutuz	?
Mamluk expeditions to the Levant and Anatolia (1265 – 1277)	Mamluk Sultanate	Cilician Armenia Knights Templar Ilkhanate County of Tripoli Isma'ili Shia Assassins	Victory Baybars launched expeditions against the Crusader fortresses throughout Syria, capturing Arsuf in 1265, and Halba and Arqa in 1266. Baybars pillages numerous Armenian villages. Baybars captured Safed from the Knights Templar, and shortly after, Ramla, both cities in interior Palestine. In 1268, the Mamluks captured Jaffa before conquering the Crusader stronghold of Antioch. In 1271, Baybars captured the major Krak des Chevaliers fortress from the Crusader County of Tripoli In 1277, Baybars launched an expedition against the Ilkhanids, routing them in Elbistan in Anatolia, but withdrew to avoid overstretching his forces and risk being cut off from Syria by a larger incoming Ilkhanid army.	Baybars	?
Baybars's expedition to the Horn of Africa(1265–1276)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Makuria Kingdom of al-Abwab	Victory In 1265, the Mamluks invaded northern Makuria, forcing the Nubian king to become their vassal. Baybars conquers the Red Sea areas of Suakin and the Dahlak Archipelago. In 1268, the Makurian king, David I, overthrew the Mamluks' vassal and in 1272, raided the Mamluk Red Sea port of Aydhab. In 1276, the Mamluks defeated King David of Makuria in the Battle of Dongola and installed their ally Shakanda as king. This brought the fortress of Qasr Ibrim under Mamluk suzerainty. The Mamluks received the submission of King Adur of al-Abwab further south.	Baybars	?
Fall of Outremer (1268–1302)	Mamluk Sultanate Order of Assassins	Kingdom of Jerusalem Kingdom of Cyprus Principality of Antioch Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Georgian Bagratids Tyre Templars Hospitallers Teutonic Knights Kingdom of France Kingdom of England Kingdom of Sicily Byzantine Empire	Victory The Mamluks capture all Crusade possessions in the Holy Land	Baibars Qalawun Khalil Al-Nasir Muhammad	?
Ninth Crusade (1271–1272)	Mamluk Sultanate Bahris	Kingdom of England County of Luxembourg Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of Jerusalem Antioch-Tripoli Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Teutonic Order Ilkhanate	Inconclusive Jerusalem remains under Mamluks control Arsuf, Safed, Jaffa, Antioch, Krak des Chevaliers, captured by the Mamluks Treaty of Caesarea Siege of Tripoli lifted Ten-year truce between Mamluks and Crusaders	Baibars	?
Alexandrian Crusade (1365)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Cyprus Republic of Venice Knights Hospitaller	Defeat The Cypriots controlled the city for 3 days and then abandoned it	Al-Ashraf Sha'ban	?
Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus (1424–1426)	Mamluk Sultanate	Kingdom of Cyprus	Victory Cyprus becomes a tributary state	Barsbay	?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491)	Mamluk Sultanate Supported By: Vasak tribe Turgudlu tribe	Ottoman Empire Beylik of Dulkadir Karamanids Supported By: Ramazanids	Victory Status quo ante bellum	Qaitbay	?
Mamluk-Portuguese War (1505–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate Supported by: Republic of Venice Kingdom of Calicut Ottoman Empire	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Portuguese dominance of most of the Indian Ocean secured. [18] [19] [20] The Mamluk Sultanate becomes financially crippled. [21] Failed Portuguese invasion of the Red Sea. [22] The Portuguese assert dominance over most of the Indian Ocean region and the spice trade. [18]	Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri	?
Mamluk-Tahirid war (1515–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Tahirid Sultanate	Victory The entire Tahirid realm fell under the Mamluks with the exception of Aden Mamluk fleet sets up a tributary regime in Zabid		?
Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)	Mamluk Sultanate	Ottoman Empire Mamluk rebels	Defeat Annexation of the Mamluk Sultanate by the Ottoman Empire Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo Proclamation of the Ottoman Caliphate		?

Ottoman Egypt (1517–1803)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
Spanish–Ottoman wars	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Ait Abbas Kuku Eyalet of Tunis Ottoman Tripolitania   Egypt Yemen Eyalet Habesh Eyalet Basra Eyalet Sultanate of Aceh Eyalet of Bosnia Eastern Hungary Transylvania Moldavia Wallachia Crimean Khanate Barbary corsairs Supported by: France Dutch Republic Kingdom of England Saadi Sultanate Sulu Sultanate Maguindanao Bruneian Empire Sultanate of Ternate Adal Sultanate Kathiri Sultanate Ajuran Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate Deccan Sultanates Ahmadnagar Sultanate Sultanate of Bijapur Zamorin of Calicut Huguenots Protestant German dissidents Morisco/Mudejar dissidents Marrano/Sephardic dissidents	Spain Naples Sicily Duchy of Milan Spanish Tripoli Spanish Oran Spanish Netherlands Philippines   Portugal Portuguese India Ormus Mozambique Papal States Order of Malta Republic of Venice Republic of Ragusa Holy Roman Empire Savoy Republic of Genoa Florentine Republic Tuscany Mantua Montferrat Ferrara Urbino Bavaria Austria Bohemian Crown Duchy of Carniola Flanders Hungary Croatia Holy League Supported by: Safavid Iran Kingdom of Kartli Hafsid Tunisia Kingdom of Tlemcen (Zayyanids) Sultanate of Tidore Ethiopian Empire Poland–Lithuania Tsardom of Russia Montenegro Serbian dissidents Greek dissidents Albanian dissidents Saadi Sultanate	Inconclusive Full territorial changes Divisio Imperii instead of Imperium Universale between Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire, in which both mutually recognise the other to be Roman Emperors. End of Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent aspirations for World domination or at least Indo-Mediterranean. Repartition of Sphere of Influences between both empires: Western Mediterranean, Southern Europe and East Indies for Iberians and Catholics. Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa and Middle East for Ottomans and Muslims. Turkish conquest of Cyprus, Crete, Morea, Ottoman Algeria, Ottoman Tunisia, Ottoman Libya and Habesh Eyalet. Deposition of Hafsids, Zayyanids and other anti-Ottoman Maghrebi dynasties Spanish Conquest of Spanish Oran, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Melilla and Philippines are recognised by Ottomans. Expulsion of the Moriscos and Mudejar community from Southern Spain by the Spanish branch, exterminating the historical presence of Muslims in Spain since Umayyad times to ensure Reconquista and end all Islamic hopes of restoring Al Andalus. Portuguese Conquest of Ceuta, Tangier, Mazagan, Portuguese India and Portuguese Insulindia are recognised by Ottomans. Conquest of Hungary-Croatia by the Austrian branch of Habsburg Monarchy Safavid Persia consolidates its western borders, expelling both Ottomans from Caspian Sea and Portuguese from Persian Gulf. Independence of Morocco and Hospitaller Malta as buffer states. Decadence of Venetian colonies, Genoese colonies, Barbary Coast, Ethiopian Empire, Gujarat Sultanate, Aceh Sultanate, Bruneian Empire, Sultanate of Ternate, Sulu Sultanate, Sultanate of Maguindanao. Catholic Evangelisation of Goa, East Timor and Philippines. Dutch Colonial Empire and English Colonial Empire consolidates in the Indian Ocean (Indonesia and India) in detriment of both exhausted Great Powers, dominating Indian Ocean trade against local Muslims and Catholics. Rise of Russian Empire in the Balkans in detriment of Habsburg Monarchy and Poland-Lithuania.	Lala Mustafa Pasha	?
Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)	Ottoman Empire Supported by: Adal Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate   Egypt	Portuguese Empire Kingdom of Hormuz Supported by: Ethiopian Empire Kathiri Sultanate	Stalemate Status quo ante bellum	Hadım Suleiman Pasha	?
Ottoman–Ethiopian War (1557–1589)	Ottoman Empire • Egypt Eyalet • Yemen Eyalet Medri Bahri Adal Sultanate	Ethiopian Empire Supported by: Portuguese Empire	Victory Peace treaty signed Ottoman victory in the coastline Decline and dissolution of the Adal Sultanate Establishment of Habesh Eyalet in Hergigo and Massawa The establishment of Ottoman Zeila Annexation of an Eritrean port by the Ottomans	Koca Sinan Pasha	?

Beylik of Egypt (1760–1803)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
Great Mamluk revolt	Beylik of Egypt	Ottoman Empire	Victory Mamluks return to power	Ali Bey al-Kabir	?
Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774)	Russian Empire Collegium of Little Russia 1764–1786 (former Hetmanate) Zaporozhian Host Kalmyk Khanate Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom of Imereti Beylik of Egypt Emirate of Palestine Greek insurgents	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Emirate of Mount Lebanon Pashalik of Scutari Circassia Bar Confederation	Victory Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Ottoman Empire cedes Kerch, Enikale and part of Yedisan to Russia. Crimean Khanate becomes a Russian client state.	Ali Bey al-Kabir Abu al-Dhahab	?
Campaigns in levant	Beylik of Egypt Emirate of Palestine	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Ali Bey al-Kabir Zahir al-Umar	?
Subjection the Hawwara	Beylik of Egypt	Hawwara	Victory Upper Egypt Egypt was subjected to the Beylik	Ali Bey al-Kabir Abu al-Dhahab	?
Ottoman reconquest of Egypt	Beylik of Egypt	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Ottomans reconquer Egypt	Ali Bey al-Kabir	?
French invasion of Egypt and Syria	Ottoman Empire   Egypt Mamluks Regency of Algiers [23]   Great Britain (1798–1800)   United Kingdom (1801) Irregular and auxiliary forces: Nablus tribesmen [24] Bedouin tribesmen (1798–1799, 1801) Albanian bashi-bazouks	French Republic Coptic Legion	Victory	Ibrahim bey	50,000 killed and wounded
Muhammad Ali's rise to power	Mameluks   Great Britain   Ottoman Empire	Muhammad Ali forces	Muhammad Ali victory Muhammad Ali Pasha becomes ruler of Egypt Egypt Eyalet established End of Mamluk power in Egypt Ottomans expelled from Egypt Egypt Eyalet becomes an autonomous Ottoman Vassal and a de facto independent sovereign state	Muhammad Ali of Egypt	3,000 Turkish-Egyptian Mamluks

Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Khedivate of Egypt (1803–1914)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
Fraser Expedition (1807)	Egypt Eyalet	United Kingdom	Victory Mohammed Ali seizes power in Egypt	Muhammad Ali of Egypt	?
Bedouin attack on Bilbeis	Egypt Eyalet	Bedouins	Inconclusive the Bedouin couldn't continue on attacking other cities		200 Fellahin
Expulsion of the Hawwara	Egypt Eyalet	Hawwara Confederation	Victory ibrahim pasha crushed their dominant influence, and made them flee in masses to the Sudan.		?
Egyptian–Saudi War (1811–1818)	Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt	Emirate of Diriyah	Victory Execution of Abdullah bin Saud.		8,000 casualties [25]
Conquest of eastern Libya	Egypt Eyalet	Ottoman Tripolitania	Victory Egypt expands to siwa and jilf and expands influence through western desert		?
Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)	Egypt	Sennar Sultanate Shayqih Kingdom Sultanate of Darfur	Victory Invasion of Egypt into Sudan adding it to Egypt Eyalet.		?
Shendi and Sennar rebellion	Egypt Eyalet	Sennar rebels	Victory Revolt suppressed Egypt maintains control over sudan		?
Ahmad Revolt	Egypt Eyalet	Followers of Ahmad	Defeat Revolt suppressed		?
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829)	Ottoman Empire Supported by:   Egypt   Regency of Algiers   Tripolitania   Tunis Danubian Sich	Greek Revolutionaries In detail: Klephts Armatoloi Filiki Eteria [a]   Sacred Band [a] Messenian Senate [a] Peloponnesian Senate [b] Senate of Western Continental Greece [b] Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece [b] Temporary regime of Crete Military-Political System of Samos After 1822: First Hellenic Republic Military support: Philhellenes Carbonari revolutionaries [26] Serbian revolutionaries Romanian revolutionaries [c] Russian Empire [d]   Kingdom of France [d]   United Kingdom [d] Diplomatic support:   Haiti [e] United States	Defeat Independence of Greece The Peloponnese, Saronic Islands, Cyclades, Sporades and Continental Greece ceded to the independent Greek state Crete ceded to Egypt		over 8,000 [27]
First Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)	Egypt Supported by: Shihab dynasty Soran Emirate	Ottoman Empire Russian Empire (1833)	Victory Convention of Kütahya Egypt becomes an autonomous vassal of the Ottoman Empire and a de facto independent state Unresolved tensions result in a second war six years later Ottoman cession of Syria to Egypt		3,392–3,792
Syrian peasant revolt (1834–1835)	Egypt Eyalet	Alawite clans Urban notables of: Nablus Jerusalem Hebron Safed	Victory revolt suppressed		?
Peasants' revolt in Palestine	Egypt Eyalet Abd al-Hadi clan of Arraba Abu Ghosh clan of Jerusalem region (From July 1834) Supported by: Shihab dynasty	Urban notables of Nablus, Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed In detail: Rural clans and Bedouin tribes of Palestine Qasim, Jarrar, Barqawi, al-Hajj Muhammad and Jayyusi families of Jabal Nablus Simhan family of Ras Karkar Barghouti family of Bani Zeid Abu Ghosh clan of Jerusalem region (Until July 1834) Madi family of Acre region 'Amr tribe of Hebron Hills Hawwara tribe of Galilee Ta'amirah and Fawaghrah tribes of Bethlehem region Awawna and Jabarat tribes of Gaza region Supported by: Majali family of al-Karak	Victory Rebel leaders executed Egyptian rule reasserted Conscription orders carried out 10,000 peasants deported to Egypt		Several thousand
Alawite revolt (1834–1835)	Egypt Eyalet Supported by: Emir Bashir's Christian forces	Alawite clans	Victory revolt suppressed Egyptian rule restored		?
1834 looting of Safed	Egypt Eyalet	jews	Victory revolt suppressed		?
Ottoman-Ethiopian border conflicts (1832–1848)	Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt	Ethiopia	Egyptian military Victory Egypt occupies Metemma, Kassala and Teseney Ethiopia fails to reoccupy Eastern sudan Ottoman-Egyptians expand south into the Great Lakes region		?
Mek Nimir Rebellion	Eyalet of Egypt	Ethiopia Mek Nimir	Victory		?
Battle of Debre Tabor	Loyalists to Ali Eyalet of Egypt	Ethiopia Loyalists to wube Haile Maryam	Victory revolt suppressed		?
Expedition to Najd (1836) (1836)	Ottoman Empire Egypt Eyalet	Emirate of Najd	Victory Mehmet Ali occupies Najd, al-Hasa and Qatif and gains the submission of Bahrain, Qatar and Trucial Oman		?
1838 Druze revolt (1838)	Egypt Eyalet Shihab's forces supported by: Anaza tribe Wuld Ali tribe Sulut tribe of Laja (since March 1838)	Druze clans supported by: Sulut tribe of Laja (until March 1838) Maydan quarter of Damascus	Victory Revolt suppressed Peace agreement signed Egyptian rule restored Druze exempted from conscriptions		~400 [28]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)	Egypt	Ottoman Empire Allies: United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia	Defeat Egyptian retrocession of Syria, Crete, and the Hejaz to the Ottoman Empire		1,100+
Crimean War (1853–1856)	Ottoman Empire   France [f] United Kingdom [f] Sardinia [g]	Russia   Greece [h]	Victory Russia loses the Danube Delta and Southern Bessarabia	Abbas I of Egypt	?
British expedition to Abyssinia	Egypt United Kingdom   India Ethiopian rebels	Ethiopia	Victory Release of European hostages Suicide of Emperor Tewodros II Destruction of Magdala fortress	Isma'il Pasha	?
Cretan revolt (1866–1869)	Ottoman Empire Egypt	Greek Revolutionaries Supported by: Kingdom of Greece	Victory Suppression of the revolt		1,333
Conquest of Darfur (1873–1874)	Egyptian Empire	Sultanate of Darfur	Victory fall of the darfur Sultanate Darfur becomes a province of Sudan the dynasty re-established the sultanate in al-Fashir under Ali Dinar in 1898		?
Egyptian invasion of Bogos	Egyptian Empire	Ethiopia	Victory Bogos lands were annexed to Egypt Werner Munzinger purchased the province of Eilat.		?
Ethiopian invasion of Eastern Sudan	Egyptian Empire	Ethiopia	Victory Besides the Ethiopians looting the area, the Egyptian forces have forced them to surrender		?
Ethiopian–Egyptian War (1874–1876)	Egyptian Empire	Ethiopia	Defeat Status quo ante bellum both sides didn't achieve their goals A huge economical loss for Egypt		13,000+ [29]
Kassala rebellion	Egyptian Empire	Sudanese slave soldiers	Victory Revolt suppressed		?
Invasion of Juba	Egyptian Empire	Shilluk Kingdom	Victory Egypt takes control of South sudan		?
Expansion through lake victoria	Egyptian Empire	Kingdom of Bunyoro Turkana people kingdom of buganda	Victory Egypt controls bunyoro Egypt expands it's influence through lake victoria Establishment of Hatt-ı Üstuva vilayet		?
Invasion of the equatoria	Egyptian Empire	Dinka tribe Nuer people Azande cheifdoms Bande tribe Mangbetu tribe Sultanate of Bagirmi Murle people other Bantu tribes	Victory Egypt controls parts of Congo and Central Africa Establishment of the Egyptian Equatoria		?
Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa (1874–1885)	Khedivate of Egypt	Oromo Emirate of Harar Sultanate of Aussa Afran Qallo	Victory Occupation of Hararghe and northern Somali coast Establishment of the Khedivate's Somali Coast Egyptian forces retreat to Zeila and Mount Hakim [30] Egyptian-controlled Harari Emirate disestablished in 1885 Annexation of Emirate of Harar and northern Somali coast		?
Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)	Ottoman Empire Egypt Albanian volunteers	Serbia   Montenegro   Russia Bulgarian Volunteers	Defeat De jure independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire		?
‘Urabi Revolt (1879–1882)	Khedivate of Egypt (Khedivalist forces) United Kingdom   India	ʻUrabilist forces	Defeat of ‘Urabi Revolt suppressed ʻUrabi exiled British intervention in Egypt	Tewfik of Egypt	2,250 [31]
Mahdist War (1881–1899)	United Kingdom  •  Egypt  •  India [32]  • Canada [33] [34]  • Colony of New South Wales [35]   Italy [36]  • Colony of Eritrea   Ethiopia Congo Free State	Mahdist State	Victory Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a condominium known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Kassala temporarily occupied by Italy Congo secures the Lado Enclave until 1910		13,102 [37] [38] : 30, 33

Sultanate of Egypt (British Protectorate) (1914–1922)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War I (1914–1918)	Allied Powers:   France   United Kingdom  and Empire: Australia Canada   Ceylon   Egypt Newfoundland New Zealand   India   South Africa Russia [i]   Italy (from 1915)   United States (from 1917)   Japan and others ...	Central Powers:   Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire   Bulgaria (from 1915) and others ...	Victory Partition of the Ottoman Empire, dissolution of Austria-Hungary, transfer of German colonies and territories to other countries Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as Poland, Yugoslavia, Weimar Germany, Soviet Russia and Soviet Union, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Hejaz, and Yemen	Hussein Kamel	14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition (1916)	British Empire Sultanate of Egypt	Sultanate of Darfur Supported by: Ottoman Empire Senussi	Victory Darfur becomes a province of Sudan		5
Egyptian Revolution (1918-1919)	Britain Sultanate of Egypt Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Australia [39] New Zealand	Egyptian protesters Wafd Party	Wafd Victory Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence Implementation of the 1923 Constitution of Egypt Establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt	Fuad I	800

Kingdom of Egypt (1919–1953)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Egyptian losses
World War II (1939–1945)	Allies Soviet Union United States United Kingdom   China France Poland   Yugoslavia   Greece Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Denmark Norway   Czechoslovakia Canada Australia Kingdom of Egypt New Zealand   India   South Africa Philippines Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Mongolia	Axis   Germany   Japan   Italy   Hungary   Romania   Bulgaria Slovakia   Croatia Finland   Iraq Thailand	Victory Collapse of the German Reich and the Empire of Japan Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War	Farouk I	1,125 [40]
1935–1936 protests in Egypt	Kingdom of Egypt United Kingdom	Protestors	Protestors Defeat		100
Abdeen Palace incident (1942)	Kingdom of Egypt	United Kingdom	Defeat King Farouk capitulates		None
First Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)	Arab League :   Egypt All-Palestine Protectorate [j] Holy War Army [j] Transjordan Syria Lebanon [k] Saudi Arabia   Yemen [42] Irregulars: Arab Liberation Army Al-Najjada Holy War Army	Israel Before 26 May 1948: Yishuv Paramilitary groups: Haganah Palmach Hish Him Irgun Lehi Allied Bedouin tribes [43] [44] After 26 May 1948: Israel Defense Forces Minorities Unit Foreign volunteers: Mahal	Defeat Establishment of the State of Israel, Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight Beginning of the Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency		1,161- 2,000 [45]
Battle of Ismailia (1952)	Egypt	United Kingdom	Defeat Cairo fire Attacks on British soldiers by Egyptian guerrillas in the Suez Canal Zone increase and get more violent Egyptian Revolution of 1952		56 killed 73 wounded
Cairo Fire (1952)	Egypt	European Civilians	Victory		Unknown
Egyptian Revolution (1952)	Kingdom of Egypt Supported by: United Kingdom France	Free Officers Movement Supported by: United States [46] [47]	Free Officers' Victory End of rule of the Muhammad Ali dynasty The Kingdom of Egypt becomes the Republic of Egypt End of British influence in Egypt Dictatorship imposed until the 2011 revolution Independence of Sudan in 1956 Beginning of the Nasser era Revolutionary wave across the Arab world		2

Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
						Military	Civilians
Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959)	Imamate of Oman Supported by: Republic of Egypt Saudi Arabia	Sultanate of Muscat United Kingdom	Defeat (Limited involvement) Dissolution of the Imamate of Oman	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Abdel Hakim Amer	None	None
Suez Crisis (1956)	Egypt	Israel United Kingdom   France	Inconclusive Egyptian political victory Coalition military victory			1,650– 3,000	~1,000
Syrian Crisis of 1957	Second Syrian Republic Soviet Union Republic of Egypt	Turkiye United States Baghdad Pact	Victory Egypt successfully opposed Turkey's plans to invade Syria, backed by U.S. support.			None	None

United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
						Military	Civilians
Lebanon crisis (1958)	Najjadeh Party Progressive Socialist Party Lebanese Communist Party Al-Mourabitoun Supported by: United Arab Republic	Lebanese Armed Forces Kataeb Party Syrian Social Nationalist Party ARF Supported by: United States	Inconclusive Reconciliation Government formed	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Abdel Hakim Amer	None	None
Mosul uprising 1959	Arab nationalists Ba'ath Party Sympathetic Arab tribes Supported by: United Arab Republic [48] [49] [50] United States [51] CIA (alleged)	Iraqi Government Communist Party Kurdistan Democratic Party [52] [53] Arab, Kurdish, and Assyrian peasants [54] [55]	Defeat (Limited involvement)			None	None
Syrian coup d'état (1961)	United Arab Republic	Syrian Arab Republic Supreme Arab Revolutionary Command of the Armed Forces National Party People's Party Muslim Brotherhood Communist Party Ba'ath Party Arab Liberation Movement	Coup successful Syrian independence restored Repeal of socialist UAR's laws, reversal of nationalization of several industries and currency unification Writing of a new constitution, Constitution of 1950 in force Series of coups and counter-coups culminate in the coup of 8 March 1963			None	None
North Yemen Civil War (1962–1967)	Yemen Arab Republic United Arab Republic	Kingdom of Yemen Saudi Arabia	Stalemate Khartoum Resolution, Egyptian withdrawal Eventual Republican victory in 1970.		Abdel Wahab el-Beshry	26,000 dead [56]	None
Sand War (1963)	Algeria United Arab Republic	Morocco	Stalemate The closing of the border south of Figuig			Unknown	None
Aden Emergency (1963–1967)	NLF FLOSY Supported by: United Arab Republic	United Kingdom Federation of South Arabia Protectorate of South Arabia	Strategic Victory			300 Dead	Minimal to none
Ethiopian–Somali Border War	Somalia Supported by: Egypt [57] [58]	Ethiopia Supported by: United States	Stalemate			Minimal to none	Minimal to none
Six-Day War (1967)	Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq [59] Minor involvement: Lebanon [60]	Israel	Defeat Israel occupies a total of 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi) of territory: [61] The Golan Heights from Syria The West Bank including East Jerusalem from Jordan The Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt [62] [63]		Shams Badran	9,800–15,000 killed or missing [64] [65]	Unknown
War of Attrition (1967–1970)	Egypt   Soviet Union Kuwait [66] PLO   Jordan   Syria [67]   Cuba	Israel	Inconclusive	Mohamed Fawzi	2,882 [68] –10,000 [69]
Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)	Nigeria United Arab Republic	Biafra	Victory(Limited Involvement) Reincorporation of Biafra into Nigeria.		Unknown	None

Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)

Conflict	Egypt and allies	Opponents	Results	Head of State	Minister of Defense	Egyptian losses
						Military	Civilians
Yom Kippur War (1973)	Egypt Syria Expeditionary forces Saudi Arabia [70] Algeria [71] Jordan Libya Iraq Kuwait [72] Tunisia Morocco [73] Cuba North Korea [74] [75]	Israel	Inconclusive Analyses differ on the militarily outcome of the war; as an Israeli victory by some military historians, and by others, as a military stalemate. At the final ceasefire: Egyptian forces held 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi) on the eastern bank of the canal. [76] Israeli forces held 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) on the western bank of the canal. [77] Israeli forces held 500 km2 (193 sq mi) of the Syrian Bashan region of the Golan Heights.	Anwar Sadat	Ahmad Ismail Ali	5,000 [78] –15,000 [79] dead	Unknown
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Egypt	FNLC	Victory FNCL expelled from Katanga		Mohamed el-Gamasy	None	None
Egyptian–Libyan War (1977)	Egypt	Libya	Ceasefire Libyan Armed Forces expelled from Egypt Egyptian armed forces success Anwar El Sadat declaration of a ceasefire			~100	Unknown
Chadian–Libyan War (1978–1987)	Anti-Libyan Chadian factions FAT (1978–1979) FAN (1978–1983) FANT (1983–1987) GUNT (1986–1987) France Zaire Nigeria Senegal NFSL Supported by: DR Sudan Sudan Egypt Israel Iraq Algeria United States	Libya Pro-Libyan Chadian factions FROLINAT GUNT (1979–1986) Codos (1983–1986) FAP (1978–1986) PLO (1987) [80] [81] Abu Nidal Organization [82] Supported by: Algeria [83] East Germany Soviet Union	Victory Chad regains control of the Aouzou Strip.		Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala	1,000 Dead	Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot (1986)	Egyptian Army	Central Security Forces	Egyptian Army Victory Riot suppressed Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps	Hosni Mubarak		107 [84]	None
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Qatar Australia	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure		Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb	11 [85] [86]	None
Algerian Civil War (1992-2002)	Government of Algeria Minor involvement: Egypt [87] [88] Tunisia [87] [88] France [88] [89] European Union [89] South Africa [90]	Islamic Salvation Front loyalists Morocco [88] [91] [92] Libya (until 1995) [88] Saudi Arabia (pre-war) [89] Iran (alleged) [89] Saudi private donors [89] Armed Islamic Group (from 1993) Minor involvement: Sudan (alleged) [93] [94] [95] Iran (alleged) [93] [94] [95] Egyptian Islamic Jihad (until 1995) [96] Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (from 1998) Minor involvement: Al-Qaeda [93]	Algerian Government Victory		Mohamed Tantawi	None	None
War on terror (2001–present)	United States United Kingdom France Russia NATO members: Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Other participant countries: Algeria Angola Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Benin Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brunei Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Chad China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominican Republic Cyprus Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Ethiopia Finland Gabon Georgia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Honduras India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021) Israel Ivory Coast Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Liberia Libya Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia    Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Sudan Sweden   Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Zimbabwe International missions: NATO—ISAF Resolute Support Mission Operation Enduring Freedom Allies Northern Alliance Multi-National Force – Iraq Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations)	ISIL Sinai Province Libya Province Algeria Province Central Africa Province West Africa Province Die Wahre Religion Katibah Nusantara Islamic State in the Greater Sahara Khorasan Province Yemen Province [97] Boko Haram Ansar Khalifa Philippines Caucasus Province ISS Abu Sayyaf [98] Al-Khansaa Brigade Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade National Thowheeth Jama'ath Profetens Ummah Islamic Muthanna Movement MIT Afghan Taliban (until 2021) Pakistani Taliban Other groups: East Turkestan Islamic Movement Osbat al-Ansar Haqqani network TNSM Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Lashkar-e-Taiba Lashkar-e-Omar Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Hizbul Mujahideen Iraqi Insurgents Ansaru Mullah Dadullah Front Fidai Mahaz Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) Hamas Hezbollah Islamic Jihad Union Masked Brigade Jaish-e-Mohammed Ahrar ash-Sham Fatah al-Islam Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid Jaish al-Islam Indian Mujahideen Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Soldiers of Egypt Mujahideen Pattani Movement Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Rajah Sulaiman movement Somali pirates Salafia Jihadia Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) Ansar al-Sharia (Morocco) Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt) Ansar al-Sharia (Yarmouk Area) Jemaah Islamiyah [99] Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) Former groups: Islamic Courts Union (until 2006) JTJ (until 2004) Free Aceh Movement (until 2005) al-Qaeda in Iraq (until 2006) Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (until 2007) Tunisian Combatant Group (until 2011) Islamic State of Iraq (until 2013) MOJWA (until 2013) Ansar al-Islam (until 2014) Jundallah [100] Tehreek-e-Khilafat [101] (until November 2014) Hizbul Islam (until 2014) Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until March 2015) [102] Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2015) Ansar al-Sharia (Syria) (until 2016) Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (until 2016) Caucasus Emirate (until 2016) Al-Nusra Front (until 2017) Harakat Sham al-Islam (until 2017) Jund al-Aqsa (until 2017) Ansar Dine (until March 2017) [103] Al-Mourabitoun (until March 2017) [103] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (until May 2017) [104] [105] [106] Maute Group (until 2017) Islamic Emirate of Waziristan (until 2017/2018) Ansar al-Sharia (Derna, Libya) (until 2018) Turaifie group (until 2019) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (until 2018) Jund al-Khilafah (2014) Dokumacılar (until 2017) Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade (until 2016) Jaysh al-Jihad (until 2016) IMU (until 2015) Rajah Sulaiman Movement (until ?) Islamic Jihad of Yemen (until ?) Black Banner Organization (until ?) Iraqi Baath Party loyalists (until ?)	Ongoing Ongoing conflict			?	?
Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon (2011– 2017)	Lebanon Lebanese Armed Forces Internal Security Forces Hezbollah Lebanese Resistance Brigades [107] Support: Australia [108] Canada [109] China [110] Cyprus [111] Czech Republic [112] Egypt [113] France [114] Germany [115] Iran [116] Italy [117] Jordan [118] Syria [119] Netherlands [120] Russia [121] Saudi Arabia [114] South Korea [122] Spain [123] Turkey [124] United Kingdom [125] [126] United States [114] Pro-Assad militant groups: PFLP-GC [127] Amal Movement [128] Syrian Social Nationalist Party [129] DFLP [130] Popular Nasserist Organization [131] As-Sa'iqa [132] Fatah al-Intifada [133] Arab Democratic Party (until 2014) [134] Armenian Revolutionary Federation [135] Arab Movement Party [136] Support: Syria [137] Iran [138] Russia [139] Other militias: Lebanese Communist Party [140] Fatah [141] [142]	Syrian militant forces: Free Syrian Army [143] Saraya Ahl al-Sham   [144] Islamic Front (until 2015) [145] Jaysh al-Islam [146] Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (from 2017)  [147] Future Movement [148] Support: Saudi Arabia [149] Al-Qaeda and allies: Al-Nusra Front (until 2017) [a] [150] Fatah al-Islam [151] Ghuraba al-Sham (until 2013) Jund al-Sham [152] Abdullah Azzam Brigades [153] [154] Osbat al-Ansar [155] Sunni Resistance Committees [156] Muslim Youth [157] Islamic State   [158] (from 2013) Military of ISIL Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade [159]	Lebanese victory The Lebanese Army and Hezbollah expelled IS militants as well as fighters of Al-Qaeda and its allies from Lebanon entirely in 2017 and reestablished control across all Lebanese territory. [160] [161]
2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)	Pro-Government: National Democratic Party Central Security Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Police forces State Security Intelligence Supreme Council of the Armed Forces	Opposition Groups: 6 April Youth Movement Muslim Brotherhood Kefaya	Pro-Government Victory Toppling of the Mubarak government Resignation of Prime Ministers Nazif and Shafik [162] Assumption of power by the military [163] Suspension of the Constitution and dissolution of the Parliament [164] Disbanding of the State Security Investigations Service [165] Dissolution of the NDP (former ruling party) and transfer of its assets to the state [166] Arrest and prosecution of Mubarak, his family and former ministers [167] [168] [169] 31-year state of emergency lifted [170] Democratic election to replace Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi elected as new president [171] Protests in response to Morsi's temporary constitutional declaration.			* During revolution: 846 [172] [173] Post-Revolution: 300+ [174]
First Libyan civil war (2011)	Anti-Gaddafi forces Qatar [175] [176] [177] NATO Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway [178] Poland (only humanitarian and medical aid) [179] Romania Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Other countries Jordan [180] Sweden United Arab Emirates [181] Minor border clashes: Tunisia Tunisian Army Tunisian Police Supported by:   Egypt [182] [183]	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	Libyan opposition/NATO victory Complete overthrow and collapse of the Gaddafi regime. Killing of Muammar Gaddafi and end of his rule over Libya on 20 October 2011 Start and continuation of the Libyan Crisis Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council (NTC); remained in power until August 8, 2012 UN authorisation of NATO led military intervention Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU Factional violence in the aftermath of the war leading to another civil war between 2014-2020. [184]	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces		?	?
Sinai Insurgency (2011–2023)	Egypt Israel United Arab Emirates	Islamic State	Ongoing Ongoing Conflict			3,277 killed (2013-2022) 12,280 Injured (2013–2022) [185]	1,539+ Egyptian, [186] [187] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian, [188] 3 South Koreans, [189] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans, [190] 1 Croatian [191]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état (2013)	Egyptian Government Muslim Brotherhood Freedom and Justice Party Islamists Egyptian Islamic Labour Party Pro-Morsi protesters Supported by:   Turkey   Qatar   Jordan	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Egyptian Armed Forces Egyptian Police Nasserists National Democratic Party Al-Azhar University Al-Nour Party	Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Victory President Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army Constitution suspended, and a transitional roadmap declared Adly Mansour becomes interim president Arrests and detention of Muslim Brotherhood leaders and members, including Morsi Closure of perceived pro-Muslim Brotherhood media outlets Dissolution of Shura Council [192] Escalation of militant attacks in the Sinai Peninsula Increasing unrest and instability in response to coup Temporary suspension of Egypt from the African Union New presidential election held in 2014 Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood figures jailed on various charges Crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Morsi dies during his court trial on 17 June 2019	Mohamed Morsi	Abdel Fattah al-Sisi	1,150+ [193] [194]
Second Libyan Civil War (2015–2020)	Libya Egypt United Arab Emirates	GNC Shura Council Islamic State	House of Representatives Victory(limited involvement) Egyptian military intervention	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Sedki Sobhi	None	21
Intervention In Yemen (2015–)	Hadi government Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Jordan Morocco Egypt France	Revolutionary Council Houthis Saleh loyalists	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government. Houthis take control of northern Yemen.			None	None

Notes and references

Notes

1. Only in 1821
2. From 1821–1823.
3. From 1821.
4. From 1826.
5. Haiti was the first nation to recognize the independence of Greece.
6. From 1854
7. From 1855
8. Until 1854
9. The Russian Empire during 1914–1917, the Russian Republic during 1917. The Bolshevik government signed a separate peace with the Central Powers shortly after their armed seizure of power, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the Eastern Front of the war, and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the Western Front, and the end of the war.
10. After 22 September 1948
11. Lebanon had decided to not participate in the war and only took part in the battle of al-Malikiya on 5–6 June 1948. ^[41]

References

1. "Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC". The Oriental Institute. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
2. Somaglino, Claire; Tallet, Pierre (2015). "Gebel Sheikh Suleiman : a First Dynasty Relief after all..." Archéo-Nil 25.
3. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. p. 144.
4. The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. p. 100.
5. Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. p. 107.
6. Simpson, William K. (1984). "Sesostris II". In Wolfgang Helck (ed.). Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 895. ISBN   3447024895.
7. Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. pp. 640–673.
8. Breasted, J.H. (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One. Chicago. p. 652.
9. Pritchard, James B. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN   978-1-4008-8276-2.
10. Scott, Emmet (2012). Hatshepsut, Queen of Sheba. Algora Publishing. ISBN   978-0-87586-947-6.
11. Steindorff, George; Seele, Keith (1942). When Egypt Ruled the East. University of Chicago. p. 55.
12. Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.
13. Strabo, xvi. p. 780-783
14. Arthur E. Robinson, "The Arab Dynasty of Dar For (Darfur): Part II", Journal of the Royal African Society 28 (1928), pp. 55–67
15. Souad, Merah, and Tahraoui Ramdane. 2018. “INSTITUTIONALIZING EDUCATION AND THE CULTURE OF LEARNING IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM: THE AYYŪBIDS (569/966 AH) (1174/1263 AD) LEARNING PRACTICES IN EGYPT AS A CASE STUDY”. Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), January, 245-75.
16. Legitimising the Conquest of Egypt: The Frankish Campaign of 1163 Revisited. Eric Böhme. The Expansion of the Faith. Volume 14. January 1, 2022. Pages 269 - 280.
17. Madden 2006, p. 168.
18. Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order by Adas, Michael p.113
19. Saturnino Monteiro (2011), Portuguese Sea Battles Volume I – The First World Sea Power p. 273
20. Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the first Global Empire by Roger Crowley
21. Trade and civilisation in the Indian Ocean by K. N. Chaudhuri p.67
22. Meloy, J. L. (2010). Imperial power and Maritime Trade: Mecca and Cairo in the later Middle Ages. Published by the Middle East Documentation Center on behalf of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Chicago. 223, citing Gaspar Correa's Lendas da India
23. Panzac 2005, p. 236. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPanzac2005 (help)
24. Strathern 2008, p. 351. sfn error: no target: CITEREFStrathern2008 (help)
25. The era of Muhammad Ali, pp. 131-pg. 132 by Abd al-Rahman al-Rafei.
26. Sakalis, Alex (25 March 2021). "The Italians Who Fought for Greek Independence". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
27. Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241.
28. Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75
29. Dunn, John P. (2005). Khedive Ismail's Army. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN   9780714657042.
30. Caulk, Richard A. (1971). "The Occupation of Harar: January 1887". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 9 (2): 1–20. JSTOR   41967469.
31. Wright, William (2009). A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882. Spellmount.
32. "Egypt and the Sudan | National Army Museum". www.nam.ac.uk.
33. "Nile Expedition". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
34. International, Radio Canada (26 January 2015). "Canada's first military mission overseas".
35. "Sudan (New South Wales Contingent) March-June 1885". 28 July 2021.
36. Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman (2010). Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
37. Snook, op.cit., p.13
38. Churchill, Winston (1902). The River War. Longmans, Green, and Co.
39. "Australian War Memorial – Egyptian Uprising 1919".
40. Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p.  227. ISBN   978-90-04-18545-6.
41. Morris (2008), p. 260.
42. Morris, Benny (2008), 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press, p. 205, New Haven, ISBN   978-0-300-12696-9.
43. Palestine Post, "Israel's Bedouin Warriors", Gene Dison, August 12, 1948
44. AFP (24 April 2013). "Bedouin army trackers scale Israel social ladder". Al Arabiya English. Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
45. "Wars of the World: Israeli War of Independence 1948–1949". Onwar.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
46. Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. pp.  135–139. ISBN   978-0465019656. ... whether or not the CIA dealt directly with the Free Officers prior to their July 1952 coup, there was extensive secret American-Egyptian contact in the months after the revolution.
47. Morsy, Laila Amin (1995). "American Support for the 1952 Egyptian Coup: Why?" . Middle Eastern Studies. 31 (2): 307–316. doi:10.1080/00263209508701055. ISSN   0026-3206. JSTOR   4283718.
48. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
49. Wolf-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2011). The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972. Stanford University. p. 36.
50. Davies, Eric (2005). Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq. University of California Press. p. 118. ISBN   9780520235465.
51. "Exclusive: Saddam key in early CIA plot - UPI.com". UPI. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
52. Entessar, Nader (2010). Kurdish Politics in the Middle East.
53. McDowall 2005, p. 304. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcDowall2005 (help)
54. Batatu (25 January 2013). The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq. ISBN   9780863567711.
55. Mohammed Mughisuddin (1977), p. 153
56. Pollack (2002), p. 56
57. Mekonnen, Teferi (2018). "The Nile issue and the Somali-Ethiopian wars (1960s–78)". Annales d'Éthiopie. 32: 271–291. doi:10.3406/ethio.2018.1657.
58. Thanoun, Ahmed Tahsin; Abd, Ahmed Hussein (2020). "Egypt's Position on the Somali – Ethiopian Conflict in 1964". Journal of Al-Farahidi's Arts (in Arabic). 12 (40). University of Tikrit: 177–189.
59. Krauthammer, Charles (18 May 2007). "Prelude to the Six Days". The Washington Post. p. A23. ISSN   0740-5421. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
60. Oren (2002), p. 237. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOren2002 (help)
61. Arnold, Guy (2016). Wars in the Third World Since 1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 299. ISBN   9781474291019.
62. "Milestones: 1961–1968". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018. Between June 5 and June 10, Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria and occupied the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights
63. Weill, Sharon (2007). "The judicial arm of the occupation: the Israeli military courts in the occupied territories". International Review of the Red Cross. 89 (866): 401. doi:10.1017/s1816383107001142. ISSN   1816-3831. S2CID   55988443. On 7 June 1967, the day the occupation started, Military Proclamation No. 2 was issued, endowing the area commander with full legislative, executive, and judicial authorities over the West Bank and declaring that the law in force prior to the occupation remained in force as long as it did not contradict new military orders.
64. El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
65. Herzog 1982, p. 165.
66. Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 596. ISBN   9781851098422.
67. "The War: Lebanon and Syria". Dover.idf.il. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
68. Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of Suez. p. 195. ISBN   978-0-9604562-2-2.
69. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001, Random House (1999), page 362. ISBN   978-0-679-74475-7.
70. O'Ballance (1979), pp. 201. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFO'Ballance1979 (help)
71. Shazly (2003), p. 278. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShazly2003 (help)
72. Rabinovich (2004), pp. 464–465. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRabinovich2004 (help)
73. Mahjoub Tobji (2006). Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006 (in French). Fayard. p. 107. ISBN   978-2-213-63015-1.
74. Shazly (2003), pp. 83–84. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShazly2003 (help)
75. Cenciotti, David. "Israeli F-4s Actually Fought North Korean MiGs During the Yom Kippur War". Business Insider.
76. Rabinovich (2004), p. 467. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRabinovich2004 (help)
77. Morris (2011), p. 437. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMorris2011 (help)
78. Garwych, p. 243.
79. Herzog, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing House, 1974, p. 87.
80. "قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني ... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد". Raseef22 . 4 December 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
81. Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. Nova Publishers. ISBN   9781590336496 – via Google Books.
82. Seale 1992, p. 289. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeale1992 (help)
83. Middle East Review. World of Information. 1988. p. 30.
84. Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East & North Africa, Volume 50: p.303
85. Schmitt, Eric (22 March 1991). "After the War". The New York Times.
86. "Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents' Doorstep". Associated Press. 22 March 1991.
87. Rex Brynen; Bahgat Korany; Paul Noble (1995). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol. 1. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 289. ISBN   978-1-55587-579-4.
88. Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008". In Lane, Jan-Erik; Redissi, Hamadi; Ṣaydāwī, Riyāḍ (eds.). Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization. Ashgate. pp. 241–243. ISBN   978-0-7546-7418-4.
89. Karl DeRouen Jr.; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. ABC-CLIO. pp. 115–117. ISBN   978-1-85109-919-1.
90. Arms trade in practice, Hrw.org, October 2000
91. Yahia H. Zoubir; Haizam Amirah-Fernández (2008). North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation. Routledge. p. 184. ISBN   978-1-134-08740-2.
92. "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Community abroad". UN Algeria. 16 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
93. Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8. ISBN   978-0-7425-3525-1.
94. Cordesman, Anthony H. (2002). A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-275-96936-3.
95. Brosché, Johan; Höglund, Kristine (2015). "The diversity of peace and war in Africa". Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN   978-0-19-873781-0.
96. Tabarani, Gabriel G. (2011). Jihad's New Heartlands: Why The West Has Failed To Contain Islamic Fundamentalism. AuthorHouse. p. 329. ISBN   978-1-4678-9180-6.
97. "Wilayat al-Yemen: The Islamic State's New Front". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
98. Penney, Joe (5 October 2011). "The 'War on Terror' rages in the Philippines". Al Jazeera. Qatar. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
    Abuza, Zachary (September 2005). "Balik-Terrorism: The Return of the Abu Sayyag" (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. United States Army. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
99. "Jemaah Islamiyah". Mapping Militant Organizations. Stanford University. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
    "Profile: Jemaah Islamiah". United Kingdom: BBC News. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
100. "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters . 18 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
101. "ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag". Daily Intelligencer. 23 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
102. "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation". Reuters. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
103. "Islamic extremist groups to merge in Mali, pledge allegiance to al-Quaida". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017.
104. Thomas Joscelyn (19 November 2014). "UN recognizes ties between Ansar al Sharia in Libya, al Qaeda". Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
105. Irshaid, Faisal (13 June 2014). "Profile: Libya's Ansar al-Sharia". BBC News.
106. Hashem, Mostafa (27 May 2017). "Libyan Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia says it is dissolving". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 28, 2017.
108. "Australia grants Lebanese Army helicopter parts". The Daily Star . 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
109. "UK, Canada Sign Partnership Agreement to Help Lebanese Army". Naharnet. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
110. "Lebanese Army receives second weapons shipment from China". The Daily Star . 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
111. Agency, National News. "Bassil thanks Cypriot counterpart for contribution to Lebanese Army". National News Agency. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
112. "Lebanon is the only country that defeated Islamic State, declared Czech FM". 12 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
113. "Egypt ready to assist Lebanon against jihadis". The Daily Star . 5 December 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2016.^{[ dead link ]}
114. "Saudis give $1bn to Lebanon amid fighting". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
115. Joseph A. Kechichian Senior Writer. "Aid packages reaffirm importance of Lebanese army". GulfNews. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
116. Naylor, Hugh (4 November 2014). "Rivals Tehran, Riyadh pledge billions to Lebanon's army". Washington Post . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
117. "Italy donates spare equipment, parts to Lebanese Army". Lebanese Examiner. 14 February 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
118. "Jordan sends military aid to Lebanon: Army". Al-Ahram . 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
119. "Islamic State prepares to evacuate Syria-Lebanon border zone". Reuters. 28 August 2017.
120. "Dutch support for Lebanon in the fight against armed extremism". 3 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
121. "Machnouk discusses security cooperation in Russia". The Daily Star. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
122. "China, S.Korea, Jordan offer to help equip Lebanese Army". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
123. "Spain pledges to help Lebanon over Syria crisis". Daily Star Lebanon. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
124. "Turkey Willing to Provide $1.1 Million Military Aid to Lebanon". Naharnet. 20 February 2016. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
125. "The British watchtowers beating back jihadists". The Telegraph. 30 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
126. "Islamic State crisis: UK gives £20m to keep Lebanon safe". BBC. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
127. "Report: Clashes between Palestinian Group, Nusra Front in Bekaa". Naharnet . 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
128. "Reports of Amal Movement sending fighters to Syria". Syria Direct. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
129. "The SSNP 'Hurricane' in the Syrian Conflict: Syria and South Lebanon Are the Same Battlefield". Al Akhbar . 3 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
130. "Double displacement: Palestinians flee violence in Syria, then Lebanon". The Electronic Intifada . 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
131. "Gunfight in Sidon between Assir and local rivals wounds five". The Daily Star. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
132. "7 Palestinians wounded in Lebanon camp clashes". Ma'an News Agency . 14 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
133. "Palestinian commander shot dead in refugee camp". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed . 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
134. Kullab, Samya. "Jabal Mohsen leaderless and exposed, locals say". The Daily Star . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
135. "Lebanon – At the Crossroads". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
136. Engel, Andrew (21 May 2012). "Syria's crisis reaches Beirut". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
137. "Syrian air strikes kill three near Lebanese border". Reuters. 28 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
138. "Hezbollah says gets support, not orders, from Iran". Reuters. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
139. "Russia Is Arming Hezbollah, Say Two of the Group's Field Commanders". The Daily Beast . 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
140. "Lebanese communist fighters gear up to battle ISIL". Al-Jazeera. 20 September 2015. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
141. "Renewed fighting in Lebanon Palestinian refugee camp kills one". Reuters . 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
142. "Fattah colonel killed in Lebanon's largest refugee camp". Al Arabiya . 25 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
143. "FSA 'Arsal Commander' Shot Dead in Town's Square". Naharnet . 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
144. "Last rebel faction leaves mountains on Syrian-Lebanese border alongside displaced". Syria Direct . 14 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
145. "Islamist Mergers in Syria: Ahrar al-Sham Swallows Suqour al-Sham". Carnegie Middle East Center. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
146. "Jaish al-Islam confronts Islamic State in Arsal". Al-Monitor . 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015.
147. Jesse Marks (10 August 2017). "Preventing Forced Return in Lebanon and the Greater Levant". The Stimson Center . Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
148. "Sectarian clash erupts south of Beirut". NOW News . 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
149. Khatib, Lina. "Regional Spillover: Lebanon and the Syrian Conflict". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
150. "Syria Islamist factions, including former al Qaeda branch, join forces – statement". Thomson Reuters Foundation. 28 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
151. Abu Amer, Adnan (4 September 2015). "Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon becomes battlefield for Fatah-Islamist conflict". Al-Monitor . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
152. Masi, Alessandria (12 April 2016). "Palestinian Fatah Leader Killed In Lebanon Refugee Camp Bomb". International Business Times . Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
153. Wood, Josh (4 April 2012). "Syria War Triggers Rifts in Palestinian Camps in Lebanon". New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
154. "Lebanon arrests top al-Qaeda linked fighter". Al-Jazeera . 12 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
155. Abu Amer, Adnan (15 June 2015). "Hamas working to lower tensions in Lebanese camps". Al-Monitor . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
156. ""Sunni Resistance Committees in Lebanon" Releases Video on Arsal Attack". SITE Intelligence Group . 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
157. "Palestinians vow to disband Islamist group in volatile Lebanese camp". Reuters . 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
159. "Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade pledges allegiance to IS caliphate". Ya Libnan . 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
160. "Islamic State prepares to evacuate Syria-Lebanon border zone". Reuters. 28 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
161. Ensor, Josie (29 August 2017). "Isil fighters bussed from Lebanon-Syria border after first deal to surrender". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
162. "Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army". Forexyard.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
163. Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over, The Wall Street Journal, 11 February 2011.
164. "Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution". Haaretz. Reuters. 29 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
165. "Egyptian state security disbanded". 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
166. "Egypt dissolves former ruling party". Al Jazeera . 2011-04-16. Archived from the original on 2011-04-19.
167. "How the mighty have fallen". Al-Ahram Weekly . 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
168. Kirkpatrick, David D.; Stack, Liam (13 March 2011). "Prosecutors Order Mubarak and Sons Held". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
169. "Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters". Reuters. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
170. "Egypt's state of emergency ends after 31 years". The Daily Telegraph. London. 31 May 2012.
171. "Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president". CBS News. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
172. "846 killed in Egypt uprising". Haaretz. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
173. "924 killed in Egyptian Revolution". 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
174. "Activists on Facebook: the military killed 99 and wounded 2702 in 10 months". Tahrirnews.com. 30 December 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
178. "Last Libyan Mission for Norway's F16S To Fly Tomorrow". Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. 29 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
179. "Libia - Polska w Libii - Portal Gov.pl".
180. "Jordanian Fighters Protecting Aid Mission". The Jordan Times. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
181. "UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973". Emirates News Agency. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
182. "Egypt arming Libya rebels: Report". Reuters. 18 March 2011.
183. "Egypt Said to Arm Libya Rebels". Wall Street Journal. 17 March 2011.
185. "Egypt has lost more than 3,000 in fight against militants since 2013, says El Sisi". The national News. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
186. "The Heavy Civilian Toll in Sinai". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
187. "Death toll in Egypt mosque attack rises to more than 300". 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
188. "Russian plane crash in Egypt: It's too early to determine cause, officials say". 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
189. "South Korean church mourns after Egypt bombing". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
190. "Three Vietnamese tourists, guide killed by Egypt roadside bomb". The Straits Times. 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
191. "Croatian hostage 'killed by IS in Egypt'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
192. "BREAKING: Egypt's interim president dissolves Shura Council: State TV". Ahram Online. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
193. "Egypt: Rabaa Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity". Human Rights Watch . 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
194. "90 Egyptians killed in week's clashes". World Bulletin. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

Sources

• Егоршина, Петрова (2023). История русской армии[The history of the Russian Army] (in Russian). Moscow: Moskva. ISBN   978-5-699-42397-2.
• Airapetov, Oleg (2017). Крымская война[Crimean War] (in Russian). Regnum. ISBN   978-5-91150-036-8.
• Arnold, Guy (2002). Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-0-81086613-3.
• Badem, Candan (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). BRILL. doi: 10.1163/ej.9789004182059.i-432 . ISBN   978-90-04-18205-9. JSTOR   10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1kf. OCLC   1247557705, 668221743.
• Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN   978-0786474707.
• Dumas, S.; Vedel-Petersen, K.O. (1923). Losses of Life Caused By War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 41–42.
• Figes, Orlando (2010). Crimea: The Last Crusade. London: Allen Lane. ISBN   978-0-7139-9704-0.
• Figes, Orlando (2011). The Crimean War: A History. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN   978-1429997249.
• Greenwood, Adrian (2015). Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde. UK: History Press. p. 496. ISBN   978-0-7509-5685-7. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
• Kissinger, H. (2012). Diplomacy. Simon & Schuster UK. ISBN   978-1-4711-0449-7 . Retrieved 2024-05-29.
• Marriott, J.A.R. (1917). The Eastern Question. An Historical Study in European Diplomacy. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
• Small, Hugh (2007), The Crimean War: Queen Victoria's War with the Russian Tsars, Tempus
• Tarle, Evgenii Viktorovich (1950). Crimean War (in Russian). Vol. II. Moscow and Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk.
• Tarle, Yevgeny (1959). Writings (in Russian). Vol. 9. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Press.
• Madden, Thomas F. (2006). The New Concise History of the Crusades. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-0-7425-3823-8.
• Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers. Vol. I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
• Royle, Trevor (2000), Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN   1-4039-6416-5
• Taylor, A. J. P. (1954). The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918. Oxford University Press.
• Troubetzkoy, Alexis S. (2006). A Brief History of the Crimean War. London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN   978-1-84529-420-5.