Resolute Support Mission

Last updated
Resolute Support Mission
Resolute Support.svg
Official logo of RSM
Active1 January 2015–September 2021 [1]
CountryContributing states: see below
AllegianceFlag of NATO.svg  NATO [2]
SizePeak Strength: 17,178 (October 2019) [3]
Part of Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum [ citation needed ]American contingent responsible to:
United States Central Command
MacDill AFB, Florida, U.S.[ citation needed ]
Headquarters Kabul, Afghanistan [4]
Motto(s)تعلیمات، کمک، مشورت (training, assistance, advice) [5]
Engagements War in Afghanistan [6]
Commanders
Last Commander Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.
Notable
commanders		 Austin S. Miller
John W. Nicholson Jr.
John F. Campbell
Insignia
Flag Flag of the Resolute Support Mission.svg
Change of Mission Ceremony from ISAF to Resolute Support, 28 December 2014, Kabul Presentation of the Resolute Support Colors.jpg
Change of Mission Ceremony from ISAF to Resolute Support, 28 December 2014, Kabul
Badge used to identify personnel part of Resolute Support Mission NATO badge for Operation Resolute Support.svg
Badge used to identify personnel part of Resolute Support Mission

Resolute Support Mission (RSM) or Operation Resolute Support was a NATO-led multinational mission in Afghanistan. [7] [8] It began on 1 January 2015 as the successor to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which was completed on 28 December 2014. [9] [10] Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 2189 of 2014, [11] RSM was a noncombat mission aimed at advising and training Afghan security forces to provide long-term security to the country, under the aegis of the Security and Defence Cooperation Agreement BSA between the United States and Afghanistan, [11] [12] which was originally supposed to run from 1 January 2015 and "shall remain in force until the end of 2024 and beyond" unless terminated with two years' advance notice. [13] [14]

Contents

The number of troops and contributing nations would fluctuate throughout RSM's period of activity. [15] In October 2019, RSM had its largest size of troops, which was 17,178. [16] [17] Moreover, throughout 2015, the RSM had its peak of contributing nations, which was 42. [17] The US accounted for the largest contingent, while Italy, Germany, and Turkey served leading roles. [18] Intended to play a temporary and transitionary role, the mission gradually withdrew its forces, which numbered around 10,000 at the start of 2021. On 14 April 2021 via a North Atlantic Council Ministerial Statement, NATO announced a drawdown of RSM troops by 1 May, [19] and the mission was terminated early September 2021. [20] The last remaining RSM troops to leave was a U.S. military unit commanded by Major General Christopher T. Donahue, which were withdrawn on August 30, 2021. [21] [22]

The operation plan for the Resolute Support Mission (RSM) was approved by foreign ministers of the NATO members in late June 2014 and the corresponding status of forces agreement was signed by President of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani and NATO Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan Maurits Jochems in Kabul on 30 September 2014. [9] The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted United Nations Security Council Resolution 2189 in support of the new international mission in Afghanistan. [10]

Objectives and deployment

The objective of the mission was to provide training, advice and assistance for Afghan security forces and institutions in their conflict with extremist groups such as the Taliban, the Haqqani network, and ISIS-K. [23] [24] [25]

The Resolute Support Mission consisted of approximately 17,000 personnel from NATO and partner nations in Afghanistan. The leader of the operation was at all times identical with the commander of United States Forces - Afghanistan.

Forces were distributed between the central hub at Kabul and Bagram Airfield and four supporting spokes. [9] The spokes were formed by Train Advise Assist Commands (TAACs), which directly supported four of the six Afghan National Army Corps. Train Advise Assist Command - Capital replaced the former Regional Command Capital. TAAC East assisted the 201st Corps from FOB Gamberi in Laghman, TAAC South assists the 205th Corps from Kandahar International Airport, TAAC West assisted the 207th Corps in Herat and TAAC North covered the 209th Corps from Mazar-i-Sharif. [26]

The 203rd Corps located in the south-eastern part of the country saw advisers from time to time from TAAC East (one source described this as "fly to advise"). [27] The 215th Corps in the south-west is supported by TAAC South.

U.S. President Barack Obama, in an update given from the White House on 6 July 2016, stated that, following General John W. Nicholson's, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Joseph Dunford's, and U.S. Defense Department Secretary Ashton Carter's mutual recommendations, the U.S. would have about 8,400 troops remaining in Afghanistan through the end of his administration in December 2016. [23]

The residual force of 9,800 troops was withdrawn on 31 December 2016, leaving 8,400 troops stationed at four garrisons (Kabul, Kandahar, Bagram, and Jalalabad).

The Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) was appointed by the US Congress to oversee the $117.26 billion that Congress had provided to implement reconstruction programs in Afghanistan. The SIGAR's "April 30, 2018 Quarterly Report to Congress" says, "[As of January 31, 2018,] 14.5% of the country's total districts [were] under insurgent control or influence [& an additional 29.2% were] contested[.]" [28]

Collapse and dissection

Intended to play a temporary and transitionary role, the mission gradually withdrew its forces, which numbered around 10,000 at the start of 2021. On 14 April 2021 via a North Atlantic Council Ministerial Statement, NATO announced a drawdown of RSM troops by 1 May, [19] and the mission was terminated early September 2021. [20]

The US Forces Afghanistan Forward was the name given by US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin, and it continued to have a military presence in the country until all US forces were withdrawn by August 30, 2021. [21] [22]

In November 2021 NATO published a factsheet on its 'Afghanistan Lessons Learned Process'. Seven meetings of a committee of NATO civil servants were held and the result was termed a "comprehensive review". John Manza, the committee's chair and the contemporary Assistant Secretary General for Operations, presented a summary that was reviewed and discussed by the NAC Permanent Representatives and the NAC Foreign Ministers. NATO HQ felt it "should consider mechanisms to improve the timeliness and relevance of reporting from the field and for more interactive discussions in the Council." [29] [30]

SIGAR reported to Congress with the title "Collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces: An Assessment of the Factors That Led to Its Demise" in May 2022. [31] [32]

General David Petraeus, who had commanded for a time around 2010 the precursor ISAF mission to Afghanistan, described the end of the mission as "heart-breaking, tragic and disastrous" as he said "Afghanistan's gone back to the dark ages" in an interview on the release of the UK Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee report on the matter. [33] [34] The report said the fact that the then-Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab, his Permanent Secretary Philip Barton and Prime Minister Boris Johnson were all on summertime leave when the Taliban took Afghanistan's capital, Kabul, "marks a fundamental lack of seriousness, grip or leadership at a time of [British] national emergency", especially in light of the vacuum left by the flight of President Ashraf Ghani, his cabinet and vaporous government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. [34]

As of June 2022 the Afghanistan War Commission had yet to report. [35]

Contributing nations

Map of Resolute Support Mission that documents the partition of responsibilities between allies: TAAC - Capital, TAAC - North, TAAC - South, TAAC - East, TAAC - West Resolute Support Map.jpg
Map of Resolute Support Mission that documents the partition of responsibilities between allies: TAAC – Capital, TAAC – North, TAAC – South, TAAC – East, TAAC – West
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry speaks to soldiers at Resolute Support headquarters in Kabul, 9 April 2016 Secretary Kerry Speaks to Troops at Camp Resolute Support Headquarters (26325577455).jpg
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry speaks to soldiers at Resolute Support headquarters in Kabul, 9 April 2016
A Dutch soldier fires a Panzerfaust 3 in Afghanistan, 30 September 2020. Over 100 Netherlands Armed Forces personnel participated in the Resolute Support Mission. Panzerfaust 3 Afghanistan.jpg
A Dutch soldier fires a Panzerfaust 3 in Afghanistan, 30 September 2020. Over 100 Netherlands Armed Forces personnel participated in the Resolute Support Mission.

In 2019, the forces that contributed to the mission were 8,475 Americans that trained and helped Afghan forces, approximately 5,500 Americans engaged in counter-terrorism missions, 8,673 allied soldiers and 27,000 military contractors. [36]

A new type of U.S. unit, the Security Force Assistance Brigades, deployed to Afghanistan in February 2018 to support the mission. [37]

The United Kingdom announced in July 2018 that it sent 440 more British personnel to Afghanistan. Around half of the additional personnel were deployed in August 2018 and the other half followed by February 2019. This increased the total number of British personnel in the country from 650 to 1,090 by early 2019. [38]

The countries that had personnel in Afghanistan as of February 2021 (with complete statistics last published prior to withdrawal) are as follows. The mission was terminated on 12 July 2021, and several countries had personnel in place, before all were withdrawn before 31 August 2021. [7]

CountryNumber of personnel
(September 2021)		Number of personnel
(February 2021)		Date withdrawn
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 9921 June 2021 [39]
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 1214 March 2021 [40]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 801 July 2021 [41]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 1618 June 2021 [42]
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 120 [43] 26 August 2021 [44]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 7214 June 2021 [45] [46]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia-Herzegovina 6623 June 2021 [47]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 11724 June 2021 [48]
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 107 (in February 2020) [49] 13 September 2020 [50]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 5227 June 2021 [51]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 13522 June 2021 [46]
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 4523 June 2021 [52]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 208 June 2021 [53]
Flag of France.svg  France 26628 August 2021 [54]
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 86028 June 2021 [51]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 1,30029 June 2021 [55]
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 114 July 2021
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 88 June 2021 [56]
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 3 (in June 2019) [57] Specific date unknown,

but withdrawn by October 2019

Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 7 (in March 2016)6 March 2016 [58]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 89529 June 2021 [59]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 23 July 2021 [60] [ citation needed ]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 40Late June 2021 [61] [62]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 219 May 2021 [63]
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 23307 June 2021 [64] [65]
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 322021
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 16024 June 2021 [46]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 629 March 2021 [66]
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 1729 June 2021 [67]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 10126 June 2021 [46]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 29030 June 2021 [68]
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 17423 May 2021 [69]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 61926 June 2021 [46]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 2516 June 2021 [70]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 620 May 2021 [71]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 2413 May 2021 [72]
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 1625 May 2021 [72]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 60027 August 2021 [73]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 105 June 2021 [74]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 75028 August 2021 [75]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 3,500 [76] 30 August 2021 [77]
Total010,624

List of commanders

The USFOR-A Commander reports to the Commander, United States Central Command (CENTCOM), who reports directly to the Secretary of Defense. This reporting relationship is prescribed in 10 USC Section 164(d)(1). The Resolute Support Mission Commander (COMRS) does not have a direct reporting relationship with the Secretary of Defense. Rather, he reports through the Commander, U.S. CENTCOM. COMRS reports to the NATO chain of command through the Commander of Joint Forces Command – Brunssum, who reports to the NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). [78]

No.CommanderTerm
PortraitNameTook officeLeft officeDuration
1
CampbellRS2015.png
General
John F. Campbell
(born 1957)		December 28, 2014March 2, 20161 year, 65 days
2
General John W. Nicholson, Jr. (cropped).jpg
General
John W. Nicholson Jr.
(born 1957)		March 2, 2016September 2, 20182 years, 184 days
3
General Austin S. Miller.jpg
General
Austin S. Miller
(born 1961)		September 2, 2018July 12, 20212 years, 313 days
4
General Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr (USCENTCOM).jpg
General
Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.
(born 1956 or 1957)		July 12, 2021August 31, 202150 days

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Security Assistance Force</span> NATO-led security mission in Afghanistan from 2001–2014

The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a multinational military mission in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. It was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386 according to the Bonn Agreement, which outlined the establishment of a permanent Afghan government following the U.S. invasion in October 2001. ISAF's primary goal was to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in rebuilding key government institutions; it gradually took part in the broader war in Afghanistan against the Taliban insurgency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afghan Army</span> Land service branch of the Afghan military

The Islamic National Army, also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Army and the Afghan Army, is the land force branch of the Afghan Armed Forces. The roots of an army in Afghanistan can be traced back to the early 18th century when the Hotak dynasty was established in Kandahar followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power. It was reorganized in 1880 during Emir Abdur Rahman Khan's reign. Afghanistan remained neutral during the First and Second World Wars. From the 1960s to the early 1990s, the Afghan Army was equipped by the Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bismillah Khan Mohammadi</span> Afghan politician

Bismillah Khan Mohammadi, or Bismillah Khan, is an Afghan politician who served as the defense minister of Afghanistan from 2012 to 2015 and for two months in 2021. From 2002 to 2010, he served as Chief of Staff of the Afghan National Army, and from 2010 to 2012 he held the post of Interior Minister of Afghanistan. He has an anti-Taliban background and once served as a senior commander under Ahmad Shah Massoud. He was one of the first ministers to stop attending meetings and gatherings, having fled even before Kabul fell, regarding to the SIGAR-22-35 report.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taliban insurgency</span> Insurgency during the War in Afghanistan

The Taliban insurgency began after the group's fall from power during the 2001 War in Afghanistan. The Taliban forces fought against the Afghan government, led by President Hamid Karzai, and later by President Ashraf Ghani, and against a US-led coalition of forces that has included all members of NATO; the 2021 Taliban offensive resulted in the collapse of the government of Ashraf Ghani. The private sector in Pakistan extends financial aid to the Taliban, contributing to their financial sustenance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Herrick</span> British operations in Afghanistan 2002–2014

Operation Herrick was the codename under which all British operations in the War in Afghanistan were conducted from 2002 to the end of combat operations in 2014. It consisted of the British contribution to the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), and support to the American-led Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), within the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jalalabad Airport</span> Airport in Jalalabad, Afghanistan

Jalalabad Airport, also known as Nangarhar Airport, is located next to the Kabul–Jalalabad Road, about 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of Jalalabad, which is the capital of Nangarhar Province in Afghanistan. It is a domestic airport under the country's Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation (MoTCA), and serves the population of not only Nangarhar but also neighboring Kunar, Nuristan and Laghman provinces. It is also used by the Ministry of Defense for military purposes. Security in and around the airport is provided by the Afghan National Security Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</span>

The following items form a partial timeline of the War in Afghanistan. For events prior to October 7, 2001, see 2001 in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Combined Security Transition Command – Afghanistan</span> Military unit

The Combined Security Transition Command – Afghanistan was a multinational, U.S. led, military organization during the War in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</span> Conflict between NATO Western forces and the Taliban

The War in Afghanistan was an armed conflict that took place from 2001 to 2021. Launched as a direct response to the September 11 attacks, the war began when an international military coalition led by the United States invaded Afghanistan, declaring Operation Enduring Freedom as part of the earlier-declared war on terror, toppling the Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate, and establishing the Islamic Republic three years later. The Taliban and its allies were expelled from major population centers by US-led forces supporting the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance; Osama bin Laden, meanwhile, relocated to neighboring Pakistan. The conflict officially ended with the 2021 Taliban offensive, which overthrew the Islamic Republic, and re-established the Islamic Emirate. It was the longest war in the military history of the United States, surpassing the length of the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by approximately six months.

Train Advise Assist Command – Capital was a multinational military formation, part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission within Afghanistan. The headquarters was in Kabul. Prior to 2014 it was designated Regional Command Capital of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). Regional Command Capital was in turn a redesignation of the former Kabul Multinational Brigade, the change taking place on 6 August 2006. The KMNB usually had about three battlegroups, each responsible for a sector of Kabul.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)</span> 2011-2016 partial withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan

The withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan describes the drawdown of United States Armed Forces in the Afghanistan war and the plans after its post-2014 presence when most combat troops had left Afghanistan at the end of 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ANA Special Operations Command</span> Military unit

The Afghan National Army Special Operations Command was a special forces formation of the Afghan National Army, established in 2011.

The NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan (NTM-A) activated the NATO Air Training Command-Afghanistan (NATC-A) in September 2010 while simultaneously deactivating its predecessor, the Coalition Air Power Transition Force (CAPTF). This reflected a change from a primarily US led and staffed mission to one that encompassed many other countries within the larger NATO training mission in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Toral</span> British presence within Afghanistan post 2014 as part of NATOs Resolute Support Mission

Operation Toral was the codename for the British presence within Afghanistan post-2014 as part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission. UK forces had two major tasks: training and mentoring Afghan Forces, and providing force protection for NATO advisors via the Kabul Security Force/Kabul Protection Unit.

Train Advise Assist Command – Air was a multinational military formation, part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission within Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John W. Nicholson Jr.</span> U.S. Army general

John William "Mick" Nicholson Jr. is a retired United States Army four-star general who last commanded U.S. Forces – Afghanistan (USFOR-A) and the 41-nation NATO-led Resolute Support Mission from March 2, 2016, to September 2, 2018, succeeding General John F. Campbell. He was the longest-serving commander of NATO forces in Afghanistan until 2021, having been the senior officer in theatre for 2 years, 6 months. He was previously commanding general, Allied Land Command from October 2014 and commander of the 82nd Airborne Division. Nicholson is the son of John W. "Jack" Nicholson, also a retired general officer in the United States Army, and is distantly related to British brigadier general John Nicholson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Freedom's Sentinel</span> 2015–2021 US military operation during the War in Afghanistan

Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) was the official name used by the U.S. government for the mission succeeding Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in continuation of the War in Afghanistan as part of the larger Global War on Terrorism. Operation Freedom's Sentinel is part of the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission, which began on January 1, 2015. OFS had two components: counterterrorism and working with allies as part of Resolute Support.

This article summarizes the history of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan</span> End of the 2001–21 war; second beginning of Taliban rule

The United States Armed Forces completed their withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30th, 2021, marking the end of the 2001–2021 war. In February 2020, the Trump administration and the Taliban signed the United States–Taliban deal in Doha, Qatar, which stipulated fighting restrictions for both the US and the Taliban, and in return for the Taliban's counter-terrorism commitments, provided for the withdrawal of all NATO forces from Afghanistan by May 1, 2021. Following the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks on the Taliban at the detriment of the ANSF fighting the Taliban insurgency. The Biden administration's final decision in April 2021 to begin the withdrawal as planned on May 1, 2021, but delay the final pull-out of all US troops until September 2021, triggered the start of the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). This collapse led to the Taliban takeover of Kabul on 15 August 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Afghan Armed Forces (2002–2021)</span> History of the Afghan Armed Forces 2002–2021

After the formation of the Karzai administration in late 2001, the Afghan Armed Forces were gradually reestablished by the United States and its allies.

References

  1. ↑ "Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan (2015-2021)".
  2. ↑ "Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan (2015-2021)".
  3. ↑ "RSM-Placemat" (PDF).
  4. ↑ "Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan (2015-2021)".
  5. ↑ "Resolute Support Light: NATO's New Mission versus the ANSF Political Economy". 12 January 2015.
  6. ↑ "Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan (2015-2021)".
  7. 1 2 "Resolute Support Mission: Key Facts and Figures" (PDF). NATO. February 2021.
  8. ↑ "NATO chief, Afghan president welcome "new phase" as combat role ends". DPA. DPA. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 "NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan". NATO. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Afghanistan: Security Council backs agreement on new non-combat NATO mission". United Nations News Centre. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  11. 1 2 "S/RES/2189(2014) - e - S/RES/2189(2014) -Desktop".
  12. ↑ "Statement by the President on the Signing of the Bilateral Security Agreement and NATO Status of Forces Agreement in Afghanistan". The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. 30 September 2014.
  13. ↑ Thom Shanker and Rod Nordland (20 November 2013). "Pact May Extend U.S. Troops' Stay in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  14. ↑ "Senators Suggest Termination of US-Afghan Pact". Ariana News. 8 January 2017.
  15. ↑ NATO (23 May 2017). "NATO AND AFGHANISTAN: RSM Placemats Archive".
  16. ↑ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures for October 2019" (PDF).
  17. 1 2 NATO. "Archive ISAF Placemats". NATO. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  18. ↑ NATO. "Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan". NATO. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
  19. 1 2 "NATO RESOLUTE SUPPORT Mission Is Ending". April 14, 2021.
  20. 1 2 NATO. "Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan (2015-2021)". NATO. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
  21. 1 2 "Last troops exit Afghanistan, ending America's longest war". AP NEWS. 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
  22. 1 2 Lubold, Nancy A. Youssef and Gordon. "Last U.S. Troops Leave Afghanistan After Nearly 20 Years". WSJ. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
  23. 1 2 "An Update On Our Mission in Afghanistan". whitehouse.gov . 6 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016– via National Archives.
  24. ↑ Rosenberg, Matthew (October 15, 2015). "In Reversal, Obama Says U.S. Soldiers Will Stay in Afghanistan to 2017". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  25. ↑ Velloso, Sophie (2020-06-07). "US launches airstrikes against Taliban in Afghanistan". International Insider. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  26. ↑ Operation Resolute Support, TAAC North Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ "Resolute Support". Afghan War News. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  28. ↑ "April 30, 2018 Quarterly Report to Congress" (PDF).
  29. ↑ "Afghanistan Lessons Learned Process" (PDF). NATO. November 2021.
  30. ↑ Rynning, Sten; Hilde, Paal Sigurd; Cox, Michael (2022). "Operationally Agile but Strategically Lacking: NATO's Bruising Years in Afghanistan" (PDF). LSE Public Policy Review. 2 (3). doi: 10.31389/lseppr.55 . S2CID   248622315.
  31. ↑ Sopko, John F. (12 May 2022). "Collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces" (PDF). Office of the Special Inspector G. Office of Inspector General (United States).
  32. ↑ "US withdrawal prompted collapse of Afghan army: Report". Al Jazeera Media Network. 18 May 2022.
  33. ↑ Mee, Sarah-Jane (24 May 2022). "'Afghanistan's gone back to the dark ages,' says General Petraeus". Sky News. YouTube.
  34. 1 2 Nevett, Joshua (24 May 2022). "Afghanistan: UK's withdrawal a disaster, inquiry concludes". BBC.
  35. ↑ "Research expert disagrees with recent SIGAR report on Afghanistan". Sinclair Broadcast Group. GOVERNMENT MATTERS. 5 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  36. ↑ "Operation Freedom's Sentinel: Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, April 1, 2019 – June 30, 2019" (PDF). Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General. 20 August 2019. pp. 47–48. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  37. ↑ "First troops among new front-line adviser brigade arrive in Afghanistan". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  38. ↑ "Afghanistan: UK to send 440 more non-combat troops". BBC News. 10 July 2018.
  39. ↑ "Kthehen në atdhe pas misionit në Kabul e Afganistan kontingjentet "Resolute Support Mission"". Ministry of Defence (in Albanian). 21 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  40. ↑ "Armenian Peacekeepers Left Afghanistan in March". hetq.am.
  41. ↑ "'It's really hard to say it was worth it': Final Australian troops leave Afghanistan, 20 years after mission began". www.abc.net.au. June 30, 2021.
  42. ↑ "Letzter österreichischer Soldat verlässt Afghanistan". ORF (in German). 16 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  43. ↑ 120 troops guarding in Kabul airport
  44. ↑ "Azerbaijani peacekeepers are withdrawn from Afghanistan". Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  45. ↑ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Schmitt, Eric (June 29, 2021). "Security in Afghanistan Is Decaying, U.S. General Says as Forces Leave". The New York Times.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 "Last German, Italian troops leave Afghanistan after nearly 20 years". euronews. June 29, 2021.
  47. ↑ "Bh. vojnici vratili se iz Afganistana, pogledajte emotivne susrete s porodicama". Klix.ba (in Bosnian). 23 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  48. ↑ "The Bulgarian military return from Afghanistan". bnr.bg.
  49. ↑ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures-Feb 2020" (PDF).
  50. ↑ "Last Croatian troops in NATO leave Afghanistan". The Frontier Post. 2020-09-13. Archived from the original on 2022-11-08. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  51. 1 2 "Czech, Georgia complete troops withdrawal from Afghanistan". menafn.com.
  52. ↑ "Ceremony marks end of Estonia's 18 year Afghanistan presence". www.news.err.ee. 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  53. ↑ "Viimeiset suomalaissotilaat palasivat Afganistanista kotimaahan". Maavoimat. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  54. ↑ Франция завершила эвакуацию людей из Афганистана // информагентство "Интерфакс" от 28 августа 2021
  55. ↑ "Germany pulls last troops from Afghanistan, ending nearly 20-year mission | DW | 29.06.2021". DW.COM.
  56. ↑ "Last Hungarian Afghanistan Mission Soldiers Arrive Back – with PHOTOS!". June 9, 2021. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  57. ↑ "Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures-June 2019" (PDF).
  58. ↑ "Ireland declares 'End of Mission' at Camp Resolute Support, Kabul".
  59. ↑ "L'Italia si è ritirata dall'Afghanistan Ammainato il tricolore a Herat, finisce dopo 20 anni la missione più difficile". Corriere della Sera. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  60. ↑ "Latvija izvedusi visus karavīrus no Afganistānas". delfi.lv. July 3, 2021.
  61. ↑ "Lithuania completes withdrawal from Afghanistan, troops to receive awards in Vilnius". lrt.lt. July 9, 2021.
  62. ↑ "The last of Lithuanian soldiers returned home from Afghanistan, ending a 19-year involvement in the country". July 10, 2021.
  63. ↑ "Two Luxembourgish soldiers return from Afghanistan". RTL Today. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  64. ↑ "Дэслэгч генерал Д.Ганзориг: МАНАЙ ЦЭРГҮҮДИЙН ҮҮРЭГ ГҮЙЦЭТГЭЛТ ХОЁР УЛСЫН НАЙРАМДАЛТ ХАРИЛЦААГ УЛАМ БЭХЖҮҮЛЖ ЧАДЛАА". General Staff of the Mongolian Armed Forces - "At a time when the last military security team, which has been working with the US Armed Forces on NATO's "Decision-Making Support" in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, has recently returned home to Mongolia." (in Mongolian). 17 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  65. ↑ The Mongolian soldiers at last returned to their home country the first week of June this year.
  66. ↑ "New Zealand Defence Force withdraws remaining personnel from Afghanistan". Army Technology. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  67. ↑ "European Troops Return Home From Afghanistan As U.S. 'Days Away' From Completing Pullout". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
  68. ↑ "European troops quietly return from Afghanistan". Associated Press. June 30, 2021.
  69. ↑ Portugal has completed withdrawal of its troops.
  70. ↑ "SVK Armed Forces end their 20-year-long engagement in Afghanistan". Ministry of Defence of the Slovak Republic. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  71. ↑ "Slovenian soldiers already pulled out of Afghanistan". STAnews. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  72. 1 2 "Most European troops exit Afghanistan quietly after 20 years". AP NEWS. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  73. ↑ "Türk askerinin Afganistan'dan tahliyesi tamamlandı". Habertürk. 27 August 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  74. ↑ Ponomarenko, Illia (9 June 2021). "Ukraine withdraws its troops from Afghanistan". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  75. ↑ Walker, Peter (28 August 2021). "Final British troops leave Afghanistan to end 20-year campaign". TheGuardian.com . Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  76. ↑ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (March 14, 2021). "U.S. Has 1,000 More Troops in Afghanistan Than It Disclosed" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on Oct 8, 2023.
  77. ↑ "Final US planes leave Kabul airport after two decades of war in Afghanistan". Deutsche Welle. August 31, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  78. ↑ "Advance Policy Questions for Lieutenant General Austin Miller, U.S. Army Nominee for Commander, Resolute Support Mission and Commander, United States Forces-Afghanistan" (PDF). Senate Armed Services Committee. 19 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on Sep 3, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.