2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests

Last updated

2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests
Part of War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Bagram Air Field 081111-F-0168M-032.jpg
Bagram Airfield, where the Quran burnings took place.
Date22 February 2012 (2012-02-22) [1] – 27 February 2012
Location
34°56′46″N69°15′54″E / 34.94611°N 69.26500°E / 34.94611; 69.26500
Caused by Quran desecration
Methods Demonstrations, riots and assassinations
Casualties and losses
Deaths: 41 [2]
Injuries: At least 270 [3]

The 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests were a series of protests of varying levels of violence which took place early in 2012 in response to the burning of Islamic religious material by soldiers from the United States Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan. On 22 February 2012, U.S. troops at Bagram Base disposed of copies of the Quran that had been used by Taliban prisoners to write messages to each other. As part of the disposal, parts of the books were burned. Afghan forces working at the base reported this, resulting in outraged Afghans besieging Bagram AFB, raining it with molotov cocktails and stones. [4] After five days of protest, 30 people had been killed, including four Americans. Over 200 people were wounded. [5] International condemnation [6] followed the burning of copies of the Quran, on 22 February 2012, from the library that is used by inmates at the base's detention facility. The protests included domestic riots which caused at least 41 deaths and at least 270 injuries. [3] [7]

Contents

Background

Bagram Airfield was one of the largest American military bases in Afghanistan, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of the Afghan capital Kabul. [8] The Parwan Detention Facility, located at the base, housed hundreds of Taliban, al Qaeda and other captured militants.

In February 2012, two Afghan-American interpreters at the base removed 1,652 damaged books and Islamic texts from the library at the Parwan Detention Facility (including 48 copies of the Quran), and boxed them for storage. On 22 February, several members of the United States armed forces sent them to an incinerator to be burned. Several Afghan garbage collectors working at the base reported finding a number of charred books and quickly notified an Afghan National Army commander. [3] [9] [10]

John R. Allen, commander of ISAF and US forces in Afghanistan, [7] said the books were taken from the library that is used by inmates at the detention facility. He said the religious material was removed from the library due to the presence of "extremist inscriptions" on them, further noting "an appearance that these documents were being used to facilitate extremist communications." [11]

Protests and violence

Some Muslims responded by participating in nationwide protests. [12] [13] Protesters expressed anti-American sentiments, and also dissatisfaction with the Afghanistan president, with the media reporting chants such as "Death to America, death to Obama, death to Karzai." [14] Despite apologies from US President Barack Obama and US-ISAF commander John R. Allen, demonstrators attacked French, Norwegian and US bases, including those at Mihtarlam and Kapisa. [15] [16] A post on CBS News read:

Most of the rioting against the United States, however, has taken place not in the Pashtun areas where the Taliban have influence, but in Kabul, the capital, a Tajik city in the north ... Most of the anger against U.S. comes from Tajiks: The second largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, our allies who headed the Northern Alliance. Why are they burning the American flag? Why do they, when their dogs lose in their dog fights, call them Americans? ... The Ministry of the Interior, in Kabul, is controlled by Tajiks of the Northern Alliance. The two U.S. officers who died last week were probably murdered by a former ally. [17]

Jere Van Dyk, CBS News consultant

Twenty-three people were reported killed from the three days of protesting and riots, including four members of the United States armed forces, [18] two of which resulted after someone in the uniform of the Afghan National Security Forces [19] (ANSF) turned their weapons on them; over 55 others were also wounded. [5] John Allen visited the base in Nangarhar and urged forces under his command not to seek retribution. [7] On 25 February, the Taliban claimed responsibility for the deaths of four American military personnel. [20] Two of the other dead were high-ranking US military advisors working inside the Afghan Interior Ministry in Kabul. The Taliban asserted that one of its operatives was assisted by someone to get into the ministry and to the Americans. [21] Commander Allen called the shooting of the two senior US officers at the Ministry of Interior "cowardly". [22]

Protests on 26 February in northern Kunduz Province left one protester dead, seven US military personnel injured by a grenade, and 16 other protesters injured in an attack on the police chief's office with grenades, pistols, knives, sticks, and stones. [23] Rioters also tried to burn down the UN building. [11] [24] On the morning of 27 February a suicide car bomb attack at the entrance to Jalalabad Airport left nine people dead and 12 others wounded. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack as "revenge" for the desecrations of Quran.[ citation needed ] Afghans became aware that their feelings were being exploited by militant groups such as the Taliban and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami. Deutsche Welle reported:

Ahmad Jawed, a protester from Herat, said it was wrong to respond to the burning of the Koran with violence. 'Those who have used violence in the past days are harming the Afghan people. Unfortunately, some politically-motivated groups are exploiting the peaceful intentions.' 'We not only condemn the US for the burning of the Koran but also those who are committing crimes in the name of the Koran and its desecration,' he stated angrily. Yunus Fakoor, a political expert in Kabul, said radical religious groups were pouring oil on the fire for their own purposes. 'This is not a defense of faith. They are exploiting the religious feelings of people.' [25]

Investigation

A joint investigation by U.S. and Afghan authorities as well as a second investigation by the U.S. army into the incident concluded in early April 2012. [26] [27] According to a U.S. Army investigation report released on 27 August 2012, members of the Military Police and Theater Intelligence Team had discovered that Bagram detainees were using library books to pass notes and messages, and up to 100 Qurans and other religious materials were burned in the incinerator at Bagram Air Field on 20 February 2012. [28]

Officers at the Parwan detention center on the edge of Bagram Air Base worried that some detainees were communicating through notes written in library books, potentially to plan an attack. As a precaution, the officers assigned two Afghan-American interpreters to sort through the library's books and identify those that might contain messages that could pose a security risk. [29] By the time the interpreters were finished, nearly 2,000 volumes, including copies of the Quran and other religious texts, had been set aside for removal. According to the investigation, one interpreter reported that up to 75 percent of the books in the library contained extremist content. But high-ranking Afghan religious officials who conducted their own inquiry said at the time that they doubted the writing in the books was anything other than personal notations, and that some of it was simply notes of detainees' imprisonment, their names, their fathers' names and the locations and times of their arrest. [29] Still, the books were deemed "sensitive material" by American military officials, who said they decided to burn them because there was no place to store them all. [29] and so soldiers were ordered to remove the books as contraband. [28]

In all, about 2,000 books, including Qurans and other religious material, were set to be destroyed. An Afghan National Army soldier and an interpreter warned the troops not to dispose of the religious texts, but soldiers took some 100 books to the burn pit anyway. [28] As workers began heaving them into the flames, an Afghan laborer offered to help – and then started screaming when he realized what they were. [29] He grabbed a front-end loader and doused the entire burn pit to extinguish the flames. [28] The Afghan laborer also called for help from other workers, and they turned off the burner and began to douse the flames with water. [30] The Americans immediately stopped, but by then at least four Qurans had been badly burned. [29] An angry crowd of Afghans gathered around the U.S. service members who drove the truck to the burn pit and were burning the material. [28] The three service members disposing of the books "became frightened by the growing, angry crowd and rapidly departed the area" in the truck, the investigation said. [30]

"I absolutely reject any suggestion that those involved acted with any malicious intent to disrespect the Quran or defame the faith of Islam," an investigator, Brigadier General Bryan Watson, [31] wrote. "Ultimately, this was a tragic incident (that) resulted from a lack of cross-talk between leaders and commanders, a lack of senior involvement in giving clear guidance in a complex operation" and "distrust among our service members and our partners." [28] The investigators of the incident concluded that the involved soldiers did not follow proper procedures, were ignorant of the importance of the Quran to Afghans and got no clear guidance from their leaders in a chain of mistakes. [29] Specifically, the report found that the service members relied too heavily on one linguist's conclusion that the Qurans, which also had militant messages in them, were rewritten versions that were extremist and would not be considered real Qurans. It also said the service members mistakenly interpreted a commander's order to get rid of the books as permission to take them to the burn pit. The report also found that only one of the service members assigned to transport the books to the burn pit knew they were carrying religious books. Even after commanders at the detention center realized a mistake was being made, the troops they dispatched to stop the burning went to the wrong location and didn't find the truck with the books. [30]

Punishment

No U.S. military persons, be it officers or enlisted personnel, had been disciplined as of 19 April 2012 for their roles in the incident according to The Atlantic magazine. [27] As of 7 May 2012 it was not clear what actions the ISAF commander General John Allen took against the U.S. military personnel involved in the incident. His options included to take no action, to recommend criminal charges or to issue written reprimands. [26] Six U.S. Army soldiers and one US sailor faced administrative punishments for their role in the incident; punishment could range from letters of reprimand to reductions in pay, but criminal charges were not recommended. [32]

On 27 August 2012 the U.S. Army announced that six Army soldiers received administrative non-judicial punishments for their role in the inadvertent burning of Qurans in Afghanistan. [33] The Army found no ill intent on the part of the soldiers, [28] meaning they will not face criminal charges for the incident that set off deadly protests in Afghanistan in January. [33] [29]

The six soldiers being disciplined included four officers and two enlisted soldiers—a warrant officer is among the four officers. [33] A Navy sailor was also investigated for his alleged role, but the admiral who reviewed his case determined he was not guilty and that no further disciplinary action was warranted. [33] The investigation against the sailor was dropped when it was determined he was simply ordered to drive the truck with the material to the burn site at the base. [28] The U.S. Army did not specify exactly how the soldiers had been punished, but generally non-judicial administrative punishments can include, among other things, a reprimand, reductions in rank, forfeiting pay, extra duties or being restricted to a military base. The punishments remain on a service member's permanent record and can prevent further promotion. [33]

Reactions

Domestic
Supranational bodies
States

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bagram Airfield</span> Military base in Afghanistan

Bagram Airfield-BAF, also known as Bagram Air Base, is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southeast of Charikar in the Parwan Province of Afghanistan. It is under the Afghan Ministry of Defense. Sitting on the site of the ancient Bagram at an elevation of 1,492 metres (4,895 ft) above sea level, the air base has two concrete runways. The main one measures 3,602 by 46 metres, capable of handling large military aircraft, including the Lockheed Martin C-5 Galaxy. The second runway measures 2,953 by 26 metres. The air base also has at least three large hangars, a control tower, numerous support buildings, and various housing areas. There are also more than 13 hectares of ramp space and five aircraft dispersal areas, with over 110 revetments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quran desecration</span> Improper treatment of Islams holy book

Quran desecration is the treatment of the Quran in a way that might be considered insulting.

During the War in Afghanistan, according to the Costs of War Project the war killed 176,000 people in Afghanistan: 46,319 civilians, 69,095 military and police and at least 52,893 opposition fighters. However, the death toll is possibly higher due to unaccounted deaths by "disease, loss of access to food, water, infrastructure, and/or other indirect consequences of the war." According to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, the conflict killed 212,191 people. The Cost of War project estimated in 2015 that the number who have died through indirect causes related to the war may be as high as 360,000 additional people based on a ratio of indirect to direct deaths in contemporary conflicts.

The following lists events that happened during 2002 in Afghanistan.

Events from the year 2010 in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dove World Outreach Center</span> Church in Florida, United States

Dove World Outreach Center is a 50-member non-denominational charismatic Christian church led by pastor Terry Jones and his wife, Sylvia. After spending more than 25 years in Gainesville, Florida, the church sold its 20 acres of property in July 2013 and plans to relocate to Tampa. The church first gained notice during the late 2000s for its public displays and criticism of Islam and gay people, and was designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center. It became widely known for its pastor's controversial plan to burn Qur'ans on the ninth anniversary of the September 11 attacks.

In July 2010, Terry Jones, the pastor of the Christian Dove World Outreach Center in Gainesville, Florida, U.S., announced he would burn 200 Qurans on the 2010 anniversary of the September 11 attacks. He gained media coverage, resulting in international outrage throughout the Islamic world over his plans and pleas from world leaders to cancel the event. Jones' threat sparked protests in the Middle East and Asia, in which at least 20 people were killed. In early September 2010, Jones cancelled and pledged never to burn a Quran.

Events from the year 2011 in Afghanistan.

The 2011 Mazar-i-Sharif attack occurred on 1 April 2011 when a group of demonstrators attacked the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) compound in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, killing seven foreigners, including three United Nations staff members and four Nepalese guards. Additionally, five protesters died in the violence.

2003 in Afghanistan. A list of notable incidents in Afghanistan during 2003

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 NATO attack in Pakistan</span> Afghanistan-Pakistan border skirmish

The 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan was a border skirmish that occurred when United States-led NATO forces engaged Pakistani security forces at two Pakistani military checkposts along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border on 26 November 2011, with both sides later claiming that the other had fired first. Two NATO Apache helicopters, an AC-130 gunship and two F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets entered as little as 200 metres (660 ft) to up to 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) into the Pakistani border area of Salala at 2 a.m. local time. They came from across the border in Afghanistan and opened or returned fire at two Pakistani border patrol check-posts, killing 28 Pakistani soldiers and wounding 12 others. This attack resulted in deterioration of relations between Pakistan and the United States. The Pakistani public reacted with protests all over the country and the government took measures adversely affecting the American exit strategy from Afghanistan, including the evacuation of Shamsi Airfield and closure of the NATO supply line in Pakistan. Pakistan also rejected a U.S. offer of compensation for the killing of its soldiers in the NATO attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 in Afghanistan</span>

Events from the year 2012 in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters</span> 2012 shock video

A video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters was posted to websites in January 2012. The video was widely viewed on YouTube, TMZ and other sites, and caused anger and outrage in Afghanistan and the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kandahar massacre</span> 2012 murders by a U.S. soldier in Afghanistan

The Kandahar massacre, also called the Panjwai massacre, was a mass murder that occurred in the early hours of 11 March 2012, when United States Army Staff Sergeant Robert Bales murdered 16 Afghan civilians and wounded six others in the Panjwayi District of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. Nine of his victims were children, and 11 of the dead were from the same family. Some of the corpses were partially burned. Bales was taken into custody later that morning when he told authorities, "I did it".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement</span> Bilateral accords reached in 2014 between the US and allied Afghans on defense matters

The U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement (SASPA), officially titled Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America, was an agreement between the former government of Afghanistan and the United States of America that provides the long-term framework for the relationship between Afghanistan and the United States of America after the drawdown of U.S. forces in the Afghanistan war. SASPA went into effect on 4 July 2012, as stated by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who said on 8 July 2012, at the Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan: "Like a number of countries represented here, the United States and Afghanistan signed a Strategic Partnership Agreement that went into effect four days ago." SASPA was broadened by the Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA) that both countries were obliged to negotiate within one year, which resulted on 30 September 2014 in the "Security and defense cooperation agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America" (SADCA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. soldiers posing with body parts of dead Afghans</span>

On April 18, 2012, the Los Angeles Times released photos of U.S. soldiers posing with body parts of dead insurgents, after a soldier in the 82nd Airborne Division gave the photos to the Los Angeles Times to draw attention to "a breakdown in security, discipline and professionalism" among U.S. troops operating in Afghanistan. The pictures had been taken at a police station in Zabol province in February 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insurgents' bodies incident</span>

The Insurgents' bodies incident is an incident involving American soldiers and Afghan policemen who posed with body parts of dead insurgents during the War in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)</span> 2011-2016 partial withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan

The withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan describes the drawdown of United States Armed Forces in the Afghanistan war and the plans after its post-2014 presence when most combat troops had left Afghanistan at the end of 2014.

The following lists events that happened in 2013 in Afghanistan.

This article summarizes the history of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021).

References

  1. "9 killed in Quran burning protests in Afghanistan". China Daily. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  2. "Gunmen kill NATO forces in southern Afghanistan". Edition.cnn.com. March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 Quinn, Patrick; Faiez, Rahim (3 March 2012). "Official: Mistakes led to Afghan Quran burnings". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  4. "Koran Burning by US troops in Afghanistan provokes outrage and revolts". National Turk. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  5. 1 2 "Obama forced to apologise to Karzai for Koran burnings in Afghanistan". Agence France-Presse (AFP). The Australian. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  6. "Interfax-Religion". Interfax-Religion. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kuz, Martin. "Afghanistan suffers deadliest day of protests". Stripes.com. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  8. "Rocket Attack on U.S. Base in Afghanistan Kills 2 Troops, Wounds 6 Americans". Foxnews.com. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  9. "U.S. apologizes for Koran burning as Afghans storm Bagram airbase | News | National Post". News.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  10. "Obama Prosecuting U.S. Soldiers for Koran Burning? – Koran – Fox Nation". Fox News. 1 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Apology for Quran burning not enough, Muslim scholars say". CNN. 2 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  12. Obama apologizes as Afghan Quran protests rage [ dead link ]
  13. "Riots over Koran burning end in death in Afghanistan". Thespec.com. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  14. 1 2 "Anti-US protests rage on in Afghanistan". Dw.de. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  15. AFP (24 February 2012). "Obama apologises over Quran burning – The Express Tribune". Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Shahid, Aliyah (24 February 2012). "Newt Gingrich rips President Obama's apology to Afghanistan's Hamid Karzai over Koran burnings". New York Daily News. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  17. "U.S. talks with Taliban unsettle the streets of Kabul". CBS News . 5 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  18. Harooni, Mirwais (24 February 2012). "Twelve killed in protests across Afghanistan". Reuters.com. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  19. 1 2 Afghan soldier kills two NATO troops in Qur'an protests: ISAF [ dead link ]
  20. Riechmann, Deb (26 February 2012). "Afghan protesters angry over Quran burnings attack US base with grenades". Daily Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 February 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  21. Walsh, Nick Paton; Popalzai, Masoud (25 February 2012). "2 American officers killed in Afghan ministry". CNN. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  22. 1 2 "Britain withdraws civilians from Afghanistan". Kuwait News Agency. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  23. Walsh, Nick Paton; Popalzai, Masoud (26 February 2012). "U.S. service members wounded in protest over burned Qurans". CNN. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  24. King, Laura (2 March 2012). "In Afghanistan, two more U.S. troops killed over Koran burning". Chicago Tribune. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  25. Hasrat-Nazimi, Waslat (24 February 2012). "Extremist propaganda and illiteracy fuel Afghan protests". Deutsche Welle. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  26. 1 2 Starr, Barbara (4 April 2012). "Quran burning investigations completed". CNN. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  27. 1 2 Dreazen, Yochi J. (19 April 2012). "The U.S. Military Is Struggling to Police Itself in Afghanistan". The Atlantic . Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Miklaszewski, Jim; Kube, Courtney (27 August 2012). "Military punishes soldiers for Quran burning, Marines for urinating on Taliban corpses". NBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bumiller, Elisabeth (28 August 2012). "US troops punished for Quran burning, urination video". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  30. 1 2 3 Baldor, Lolita C. (27 August 2012). "U.S. military: No charges in Quran burning, video". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  31. Stewart, Phil; Alexander, David (27 August 2012). "U.S. troops punished over Koran burning, urination video". Reuters. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  32. Martinez, Luis. "Afghanistan Koran Burning: Investigators Recommend Administrative Punishments". ABCNews. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Martinez, Luis (27 August 2012). "No Criminal Charges for Soldiers in Koran Burning". ABCNews. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  34. VOA News (25 February 2012). "NATO Recalls Staff from Afghan Ministries After Shooting". Voice of America. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  35. 1 2 Rubin, Alissa J. (22 February 2012). "Koran burning at US Base Incites Afghans for 2nd Day". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  36. 1 2 2 US troops shot dead inside Afghan ministry [ dead link ]
  37. Walsh, Nick Paton; Popalzai, Masoud (24 February 2012). "Deadly violence as commander warns against 'vengeance'". CNN. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  38. Ferris-Rotman, Aime (4 March 2012). "Afghan army chief warns against another NATO blunder". Reuters . Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  39. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. Peter, Tom A. (7 February 2012). "What happens when troops – and money – leave Afghanistan?". Christian Science Monitor. Csmonitor.com. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  41. "Foreign troop presence termed insult to Islam". Pajhwok.com. 3 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  42. "Taliban: Kill NATO troops over Quran burning". We Should Have Listened to the Prophets. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  43. "Koran Burning by US troops in Afghanistan provokes outrage and revolts". Nationalturk.com. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  44. "German army pulls out of Afghan base over Qur'an unrest". The Province. Agence France-Presse. 24 February 2012.
  45. "Iran condemns desecration of Quran by US forces in Afghanistan". Tehran Times. 26 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  46. "Iran seeks UN condemnation of Koran-burning in Afghanistan". Monsters and Critics. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  47. Spetalnick, Matt (23 February 2012). "Obama apologizes for Koran burning in Afghanistan". Reuters.com. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  48. AFP Wednesday, 7 March 2012 (7 March 2012). "Most Australia graves in Libya cemetery vandalised: PM". News.asiaone.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)