List of wars involving Morocco

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Morocco and the former entities that ruled the modern polity.

  Moroccan victory

  Moroccan defeat

  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

  Ongoing conflict

Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Battle of Salé (1260)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Castile is expelled from Salé.	Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq	Several killed 3,000 captured and taken as slaves in Seville [1]
Zayyanid Capture of Sijilmasa (1264)	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Kingdom	Defeat Zayyanid victory.
Battle of Écija (1275)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Decapitation of Nuño González de Lara.		Unknown
Battle of Martos (1275)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Capture and murder of Sancho of Aragon.		Unknown
Battle of Algeciras (1278)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile Order of Santa María de España	Victory Destruction of the entire Castilian fleet.		Unknown
Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Destruction of the entire Castilian fleet. Alfonso X of Castile signs a new truce in 1279.	Unknown
Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307)	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Kingdom	Defeat The Marinids abandons the siege.	Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr	Unknown
Third Siege of Gibraltar (Feb.–Jun. 1333)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Conquest of Gibraltar by the Marinids.	Abu al-Hasan Ali	Unknown
Fourth Siege of Gibraltar (Jun.–Aug. 1333)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory The Marinids retain control of Gibraltar. Castilian siege lifted.		Unknown
Siege of Tlemcen (1335–1337)	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Kingdom	Victory The Marinids annexe the Kingdom of Tlemcen.		Unknown
Battle of Vega de Pagana (1339)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Crown of Castile	Defeat Death of Abu Malik.		Unknown
Battle of Río Salado (1340)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Crown of Castile Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat The Marinid invasion decisively repelled.		Unknown
Battle of Estepona (1342)	Marinid Sultanate	Crown of Aragon	Defeat Rout of the Marinid fleet.		4 galleys captured 2 ships destroyed
Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Crown of Castile Republic of Genoa Kingdom of Aragon Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Crusaders	Defeat Conquest of Algeciras by Castile.		Unknown
Fifth Siege of Gibraltar (1349–1350)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Castilian withdrawal.	Abu Inan Faris	Unknown
Sixth Siege of Gibraltar (1411)	Marinid Sultanate	Emirate of Granada	Defeat Granada retains control of Gibraltar.	Abu Said Uthman III	Unknown
Conquest of Ceuta (1415)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat Conquest of Ceuta by Portugal.		Several thousands killed or taken prisoners 1 cannon captured [2]
Siege of Ceuta (1419)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Portugal retains control of Ceuta.		Unknown
Battle of Tangier (1437)	Marinid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Marinid victory Capture of Ferdinand the Holy Prince.	Abd al-Haqq II	Unknown

Wattasid Sultanate (1472–1554)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Conquest of Asilah (1471)	Wattasid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Conquest of Asilah and Tangier by Portugal.	Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Sheikh	2,000 killed 5,000 captured
Conquest of Melilla (1497)	Wattasid Sultanate	Castile–Aragon Union	Defeat Conquest of Melilla by Spain.		Unknown
Battle of Azemmour (1513)	Wattasid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Conquest of Azemmour by Portugal.	Muhammad al-Burtuqali	1,500 infantry killed 1000 cavalry killed 7 ships destroyed
Battle of Mamora (1515)	Wattasid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Portugal abandons its fort in Mamora (Mehdya).		Unknown

Saadi Sultanate (1510–1659)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Fall of Agadir (1541)	Saadi Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Morocco annexes Agadir. Portugal evacuates Azemmour and Safi.	Mohammed al-Shaykh	Unknown
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)	Saadi Sultanate Spanish Empire	Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Aït Abbas Zayyanid Kingdom	Defeat Algiers captures Tlemcen. The Moulouya River is imposed as the border.		Unknown
Capture of Fez (1554)	Saadi Sultanate	Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku Wattasid Sultanate Principality of Debdou	Defeat The Ottomans occupy Fez for four months. [3] Ali Abu Hassun rules Fez as an Ottoman vassal.		Unknown
Battle of Tadla (1554)	Saadi Sultanate	Wattasid Sultanate	Victory The Saadi dynasty becomes the undisputed ruler of Morocco. Death of Ali Abu Hassun and end of the Wattasid dynasty. Fez is no longer an Ottoman vassal. [4] [5]		Unknown
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Aït Abbas	Defeat Assassination of Mohammed al-Shaykh under the commands of Hasan Pasha.		Unknown
Battle of Wadi al-Laban (1558)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Inconclusive	Abdallah al-Ghalib	Unknown
Siege of Mazagan (1562)	Saadi Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Portugal retains control of Mazagan (El Jadida).		Unknown
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)	Muslims of Granada Support: Saadi Sultanate Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Defeat Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada. Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers.		Unknown
Capture of Fez (1576)	Saadi Sultanate Muhammad Abu Abdallah Forces	Saadi Sultanate Abd al-Malik Forces Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Abd al-Malik Forces Victory Ottoman Forces conquer Fez then Marrakesh. [6] Abd al-Malik assumes rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal. [7]	Abdallah Mohammed	Unknown
Battle of Alcácer Quibir (1578)	Saadi Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Death of Abd al-Malik, Abdallah Mohammed and Sebastian of Portugal. 1580 Portuguese succession crisis.	Abd al-Malik I	7,000 dead (Portuguese source) 1,500 dead (Spanish source)
Battle of Tondibi (1591)	Saadi Sultanate	Songhai Empire	Victory Collapse of the Songhai Empire. Formation of the Pashalik of Timbuktu.	Ahmad al-Mansur	Unknown
Battle of Jenné (1599)	Saadi Sultanate Timbuktu	Mali Empire	Victory Collapse of the Mali Empire.		Unknown
Succession War (1603–1627)	Saadi Sultanate Marrakesh Forces	Saadi Sultanate Fez Forces	Marrakesh Forces Victory Morocco is reunified under the rule of Abd al-Malik II.	Abd al-Malik II	Unknown

Alaouite Sultanate (1668–1912)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Siege of Tangier (1680)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of England Tangier	Defeat	Ismail Ibn Sharif
Siege of Mehdya (1681)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Victory Morocco recaptures Mehdya.		Unknown
Siege of Larache (1689)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Victory Morocco annexes Larache. [8]		Unknown
Siege of Asilah (1691)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Victory Morocco annexes Asilah. [9]		Unknown
Battle of Moulouya (1692)	Alaouite Sultanate	Deylik of Algiers	Defeat The Moulouya River is imposed as the border. [10]		5,000 killed
Siege of Oran (1693)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire Deylik of Algiers	Defeat Rout of the Moroccan troops. [11]		Unknown
Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)	Alaouite Sultanate Support: Kingdom of England (Until 1707) Great Britain (From 1707)	Spanish Empire	Withdrawal Moroccan retreat following the death of Moulay Ismail. Spain retains control of Ceuta.		Unknown
Maghrebi War (1699–1702)	Beylik of Tunis Alaouite Sultanate Pashalik of Tripoli (Until 1700)	Deylik of Algiers Pashalik of Tripoli (From 1700)	Stalemate Algiers' ambitions halted Morocco fails to expand. Fall of the Muradid dynasty in Tunis. Civil war in Tripoli.		3,050 killed (Battle of Chelif)
Laghouat Expedition (1708–1713)	Alaouite Sultanate	Laghouat Aïn Madhi Aïn Séfra Boussemghoun	Victory The oases around Laghouat become tributaries of Morocco.		Unknown
Larache Expedition (1765)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of France	Victory Rout of the French fleet. Signing of a truce and a treaty in 1767.	Mohammed III	30 killed
Siege of Mazagan (1769)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Victory Morocco recaptures Mazagan.		Unknown
Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)	Alaouite Sultanate Support: Great Britain	Kingdom of Spain	Defeat Treaty of Aranjuez. Morocco recognises Spanish rule of Melilla. Spain cedes territories to Morocco.		600 dead or wounded
Dutch-Moroccan War (1775–1777)	Alaouite Sultanate	Dutch Republic	Defeat Release of all Dutch slaves. Freeing of the Dutch Republic from paying tributes and sending gifts to Morocco.		Several ships destroyed and captured
Capture of the Rif (1792)	Alaouite Sultanate	Deylik of Algiers	Defeat Conquest of the eastern Rif region by Algiers.	Slimane ben Mohammed	Unknown
First Barbary War (1802–1804)	Pashalik of Tripoli Alaouite Sultanate	United States Sweden (1802) Sicily	Inconclusive Peace treaty.		None
French conquest of Algeria (1830–1844)	Deylik of Algiers Emirate of Mascara Support: Alaouite Sultanate	France French Algeria	Defeat France pacifies resistance forces. Franco-Moroccan War.	Abd al-Rahman ben Hisham	Unknown
Franco-Moroccan War (1844)	Alaouite Sultanate	France French Algeria	Defeat Treaty of Tangier. Morocco recognises Algeria as part of the French Empire. Treaty of Lalla Maghnia. France annexes El Bayadh, Chellala, Boussemghoun and Tiout.		870 killed 28 cannons lost
Bombardment of Salé (1851)	Alaouite Sultanate	France	Inconclusive Moroccan political victory. [12] French military victory. [12]		24 killed 47 injured
Battle of Tres Forcas (1856)	Alaouite Sultanate	Prussia	Victory Prussian withdrawal. Adalbert of Prussia and Eduard von Knorr wounded.		Unknown
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spain	Defeat Treaty of Wad Ras. Morocco recognises Spanish rule of Ceuta and Melilla. Retrocession of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña. Morocco pays war reparations of 20 million duros.	Mohammed IV	6,000 killed
Tarfaya Expedition (1886–1888)	Alaouite Sultanate	United Kingdom British North West Africa	Victory Treaty of Cape Juby. Retrocession of Tarfaya in 1895.	Hassan I	Unknown
Margallo War (1893–1894)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spain	Defeat Treaty of Fez. Melilla hinterlands ceded to Spain. Morocco pays war reparations of 20 million pesetas and pledges to pacify northern provinces.		Unknown
Bou Hmara Rebellion (1902–1909)	Alaouite Sultanate	Bou Hmara's Domains	Victory Execution of Bou Hmara.	Abd al-Aziz ben Hassan	Unknown
Al-Raysuni Rebellion (1903–1908)	Alaouite Sultanate	Al-Raysuni's Domains	Compromise Pacification of al-Raysuni after appointment as Pasha of Tangier.		Unknown
Pacification of Mauritania (1904–1908)	Emirate of Adar Support: Alaouite Sultanate	France French Mauritania	Defeat Assassination of Xavier Coppolani. Conquest of Adrar by France.		Unknown
French conquest of Morocco (1907–1912)	Alaouite Sultanate	France French Algeria Spain	Defeat Treaty of Fes. Morocco becomes a French protectorate.		Unknown

Kingdom of Morocco (1956–present)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Ifni War (1957–1958)	Morocco	Spain Spanish West Africa France French Mauritania	Victory No longer tied down in conflicts with the French, committed a significant portion of its resources and manpower to gain independence from Spain. Treaty of Angra de Cintra	Mohammed V	1,000 killed [13]
Rif Revolt (1958–1959)	Morocco	Riffian insurgents	Victory Rebellion suppressed		~1,000 killed [14]
Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974)	FNLA UNITA Support: Morocco Bulgaria China North Korea Romania Tunisia United States Zaire Zambia	Portugal Portuguese Angola Support: Israel Rhodesia South Africa	Victory Independence of Angola Carnation Revolution in Portugal	Hassan II	Unknown
Tuareg Rebellion (1962–1964)	Mali Support: Morocco Algeria	Tuareg insurgents	Victory Rebellion suppressed		Unknown
Sand War (1963)	Morocco Support: France	Algeria Support: Cuba [15] United Arab Republic	Stalemate The closing of the border south of Figuig Demilitarized zone established		39 killed, 57 captured or 200 killed [16]
October War (1973)	Egypt Syria Expeditionary forces Saudi Arabia [17] Algeria [18] Jordan Libya Iraq Kuwait [19] Tunisia Morocco [20] Cuba North Korea [21] [22]	Israel	Defeat [23] (Strategic Political Gains) [24] At the final ceasefire: Egyptian forces held 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi) on the eastern bank of the canal. [25] Israeli forces held 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) on the western bank of the canal. [26] Israeli forces held 500 km2 (193 sq mi) of the Syrian Bashan region of the Golan Heights.		6 captured
Green March (1975)	Morocco	Spain Spanish Sahara	Victory Madrid Accords Spain leaves the territory		Unknown
Western Sahara War (1975–1991)	Morocco Mauritania (Until 1979) France (Opération Lamantin, aid from 1978) Support: Saudi Arabia United States	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Polisario Front Algeria (Amgala I, aid from 1976) [27] Support: Libya (Until 1984)	Stalemate Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976) Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims Military Stalemate Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991) Morocco controls 75% of the Western Sahara, the Polisario Front controls 25%		Unknown 2,155– 2,300 captured
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Belgium Egypt France	FNLC	Victory FNLC expelled from Katanga The FNLC withdrew to Angola and possibly to Zambia		8 killed
Shaba II (1978)	Zaire Morocco Belgium France United States	FNLC	Victory Non-aggression pact of 1979 mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups		1 paratrooper killed
Gulf War (1990–1991)	United States United Kingdom Egypt France Kuwait Saudi Arabia Morocco Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Canada Czechoslovakia Denmark Italy Netherlands New Zealand Oman Pakistan Poland Portugal Qatar Senegal South Korea Spain Syria United Arab Emirates other allies	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Kuwaiti independence restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure		Unknown
Operation Restore Hope (1992–1993)	UNITAF: Morocco Australia Bangladesh Belgium Botswana Canada Egypt Ethiopia France Germany Greece India Italy Kuwait Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Saudi Arabia Spain Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Zimbabwe	Somali National Alliance	Victory		None
Perejil Island crisis (2002)	Morocco	Spain	Defeat Status quo ante bellum	Mohammed VI	6 soldiers captured and released on the same day [28]
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–)	Morocco Algeria Libya Mali Mauritania Niger Tunisia Support: Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Netherlands Russia Sweden United Kingdom United States	Al-Qaeda Da'ish	Ongoing Islamists capture Northern Mali Islamists capture territory in Libya as a result of the Libyan Civil War		Unknown
Operation Scorched Earth (2009–2010)	Yemen Saudi Arabia Morocco Jordan	Houthis Iran	Stalemate Houthis consolidate control over Sa'dah [29] Ceasefire after rebels accepted the government's truce conditions.		None
Central African Republic Civil War (2013–)	Central African Republic Morocco MICOPAX: Angola Burundi Cameroon Chad DR Congo Congo Republic Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Uganda MINUSCA (From 2014) Russia (From 2018) France (Until 2021) South Africa (2013) MISCA (Until 2014) EUFOR RCA: (2014–2015) Estonia Finland Georgia Italy Latvia Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Spain	CPC PRNC LRA	Ongoing As of July 2021 government controls more territory than at any point since the war began in 2012 [30]		None
Intervention In Iraq (2014–2016)	CJTF–OIR: United States Morocco Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Jordan Netherlands New Zealand Turkey United Kingdom Iraq	Da'ish White Flags	Victory Iraqi government forces regain control of all parts of Iraq previously controlled by ISIL. [31] Heavy damage dealt to ISIL forces; military defeat in Iraq [32] [33] Iraq declares military victory against ISIL on 9 December 2017		Unknown
Intervention in Syria (2014–2016)	CJTF–OIR: United States Morocco Australia Bahrain Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany (From 2015) Italy Jordan Netherlands Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates United Kingdom	Da'ish Al-Qaeda Turkistan Islamic Party Syria Russia Iran	Victory ISIL had lost 25 percent of the territory it possessed in Syria.		Unknown
Intervention In Yemen (2015–2019)	Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Morocco Bahrain Egypt Jordan Kuwait Qatar (Until 2017) Senegal Sudan Support: Germany United Kingdom (Until 2017) United States	Supreme Revolutionary Committee–Supreme Political Council Houthis Iran North Korea	Stalemate Military stalemate in 2019. [34] Morocco ended their participation in 2019 due to deterioration of Morocco–Saudi Arabia relations [35]		10 killed 1 F-16 shot down
Western Saharan clashes (2020–)	Morocco	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Polisario Front	Ongoing Morocco secured the Guerguerat border crossing.		At least 2 soldiers killed [36] [37]

References

1. Mrini, Driss; Alaoui, Ismaïl (1997). Salé: Cité Millénaire (in French). Editions Eclat, Rabat. pp. 45–46.
2. Chase, p. 109
3. Mercier, Ernest (1891). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1930) (in French). Ernest Leroux.
4. "The great Muslim empires: Ottomans, Saffavids and Mughals" , Discovering Islam, Routledge, pp. 85–109, 2002-11-01, doi:10.4324/9780203406304-9, ISBN   978-0-203-40630-4 , retrieved 2021-05-04
5. Spear, Thomas (2011-12-08), "Ogot, Bethwell Allan" , African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49688, ISBN   978-0-19-530173-1 , retrieved 2021-05-04
6. Charles, Eunice A.; Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1979). "Dictionary of African Historical Biography" . ASA Review of Books. 5: 97. doi:10.2307/532419. ISSN   0364-1686. JSTOR   532419.
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9. Ogot, Bethwell (1998). International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa, p. 176
10. Galibert, Léon (1843). Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois (in French). Furne.
11. Hamet, Ismaël (1857-1932) Auteur du texte (1923). Histoire du Maghreb : cours professé à l'Institut des hautes études marocaines / Ismaël Hamet,...
12. Brown, Chester. Chester Brown : conversations. ISBN   978-1-62103-969-3. OCLC   841518502.
13. Jung, Dietrich; Schlichte, Klaus; Siegelberg, Jens; Bach, Jonathan P.G. (2018-04-24), "Evaluating War Since 1945" , Warfare Since the Second World War, Routledge, pp. 73–168, doi:10.4324/9781351289726-4, ISBN   978-1-351-28972-6 , retrieved 2021-03-14
14. Mouline, Nabil (December 2016). "Qui sera l'État ? Le soulèvement du Rif reconsidéré (1958-1959)". Le carnet du Centre Jacques Berque (in French). Retrieved 2022-03-20.
15. Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN   978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
16. Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland. ISBN   978-0-7864-3319-3.
17. O'Ballance (1979), pp. 201. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFO'Ballance1979 (help)
18. Shazly (2003), p. 278. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShazly2003 (help)
19. Rabinovich (2004), pp. 464–465. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRabinovich2004 (help)
20. Mahjoub Tobji (2006). Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006 (in French). Fayard. p. 107. ISBN   978-2-213-63015-1.
21. Shazly (2003), pp. 83–84. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShazly2003 (help)
22. Cenciotti, David. "Israeli F-4s Actually Fought North Korean MiGs During the Yom Kippur War". Business Insider.
23. References:
    • Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
    • Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
    • Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
    • Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
    • Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN   0-313-31302-4
    • Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
    • Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society ^{[ permanent dead link ]}Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
24. Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review . p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
25. Rabinovich (2004), p. 467. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRabinovich2004 (help)
26. Morris (2011), p. 437. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMorris2011 (help)
27. "Argelia acusa la derrota de Angola". ABC (in Spanish): 41. 1976-02-07. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
28. "Spanish troops recapture Parsley island". the Guardian. 2002-07-18. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
29. Zimmerman, Katherine L. Yemen's Pivotal Moment. Critical Threats Project of the American Enterprise Institute, 2014.
30. "Central African Republic Control Map & Timeline - July 2021" . Retrieved 2022-03-21.
31. George, Susannah; Abdul-Zahra • •, Qassim (5 February 2018). "US Declares Victory Over ISIS, Starts Iraq Drawdown". NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
32. "ISIS Lost 40 Percent of Its Territory in Iraq, Syria: Coalition". NBC News. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
33. "Iraq holds victory parade after defeating Islamic State". Reuters. 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
34. "Yemeni Separatists Relinquish Control of Buildings in Aden" . The New York Times. Reuters. 17 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-17. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
35. Aljazeera (8 February 2019). "Morocco suspends participation in Saudi-led war in Yemen". news24. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
36. "Time for International Re-engagement in Western Sahara". Crisis Group. 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
37. "Algeria and Morocco: The Conflict on Europe's Doorstep". 2 November 2021.